北京市应急避难场所的空间布局与服务效能评估
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摘要
基于GIS空间分析技术和实际调查数据,通过构建避难场所综合服务效能指数,对北京市应急避难场所的空间分布特征及其服务效能进行了评估。结果表明:北京市应急避难场所分布具有明显的空间不均匀性,其综合服务效能大体可以分为4个层级,综合服务效能最低的地区主要集中于北京城市发展新区和生态涵养发展区。北京市避难场所总体分布与人口分布趋势基本一致,但其总体设计容量远低于需求容量,且区域间差异明显。北京市主城区基本都是避难场所服务配置缺口面积较高的区域。综合考虑多方面影响因素,加强避难场所布局与人口避难需求之间的协调统一,是提高应急避难场所服务效能的根本途径。
Based on GIS spatial analysis technique and investigation data,we assessed the spatial distribution and service efficiency of emergency shelters in Beijing by constructing a complex service index. The results showed that the distribution of emergency shelters has obvious spatial heterogeneity in Beijing. The service efficiency of different administrative districts could be divided into 4 levels in Beijing,the lowest level of which mainly located in the new urban development zone and the ecological conservation development zone. The overall distribution of shelters is basically consistent with the trend of population distribution,but the overall design capacity of shelters is much lower than the demand capacity in Beijing. The main urban areas of Beijing are basically areas with high service allocation gap in shelters. Considering various factors comprehensively,strengthening the coordination and unification between the distribution of emergency shelters and the population is the fundamental way to improve the service efficiency of emergency shelters.
Based on GIS spatial analysis technique and investigation data,we assessed the spatial distribution and service efficiency of emergency shelters in Beijing by constructing a complex service index. The results showed that the distribution of emergency shelters has obvious spatial heterogeneity in Beijing. The service efficiency of different administrative districts could be divided into 4 levels in Beijing,the lowest level of which mainly located in the new urban development zone and the ecological conservation development zone. The overall distribution of shelters is basically consistent with the trend of population distribution,but the overall design capacity of shelters is much lower than the demand capacity in Beijing. The main urban areas of Beijing are basically areas with high service allocation gap in shelters. Considering various factors comprehensively,strengthening the coordination and unification between the distribution of emergency shelters and the population is the fundamental way to improve the service efficiency of emergency shelters.
引文
陈志芬,顾林生,陈晋,等.2010a.城市应急避难场所层次布局研究(I)—层次性分析[J].自然灾害学报,19(3):151-155.
陈志芬,李强,陈晋.2010b.城市应急避难场所层次布局研究(II)—三级层次选址模型[J].自然灾害学报,19(5):13-19.
高伟,程家莹,何宏林,等.2018.社区级地震应急避险场所分布的时空差异性评价—以北京丰台区长辛店地区为例[J].震灾防御技术,13(2):447-459.
黄典剑,吴宗之,蔡嗣经,等.2006.城市应急避难所的应急适应能力—基于层次分析法的评价方法[J].自然灾害学报,15(1):52-58.
黄静,叶明武,王军,等.2011.基于GIS的社区居民避震疏散区划方法及应用研究[J].地理科学,31(2):204-210.
李志强,杨国宾,李晓丽.2013.我国地震应急避难场所的现状与思考[J].中国应急救援,(4):36-42.
刘少丽.2012.城市应急避难场所区位选择与空间布局—以南京市为例[D].南京:南京师范大学.
聂丽,王艳慧.2017.基于两步移动搜寻法的居民应急避难场所可达性分析—以北京西部城区为例[J].地理信息世界,24(6):98-101.
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史晓瑞,商彦蕊,胡佳,等.2016.石家庄市应急避难场所适应性评价.震灾防御技术,11(3):656-666.
苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.2004a.防灾公园的减灾功能[J].防灾减灾工程学报,24(2):232-235.
苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.2004b.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点[J].灾害学,19(1):87-91.
王海鹰.2005.城市地震应急避难场地、道路选择合理性初探—以福清市为例[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
熊焰,梁芳,乔永军,等.2014.北京市地震应急避难场所减灾能力评价体系的研究[J].震灾防御技术,9(4):921-931.
修济刚,胡平,杨国宾.2006.地震应急避难场所的规划建设与城市防灾[J].防灾技术高等专科学校学报,8(1):1-5.
徐礼鹏,刘启蒙,孙娇娇.2012.基于GIS的安庆市应急避难场所空间布局特征分析与优化[J].测绘与空间地理信息,35(2):151-155.
袁昀,刘杨,朱思洪,等.2015.应急避难场所选址最大准备度覆盖模型及其算法[J].自然灾害学报,24(2):8-14.
周爱华,张景秋,张远索,等.2016.GIS下的北京城区应急避难场所空间布局与可达性[J].测绘通报,(1):111-114.
周玉科,刘建文,梁娟珠.2018.基于改进灰色关联的福州市避难所适应性综合评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,34(6):63-70.
Bigman D,ReVelle C.1978.The theory of welfare considerations in public facility location problems[J].Geographical Analysis,10(3):229-240.
Cooper L.1963.Location-allocation problems[J].Operations Research,11(3):331-343.
Emily T.1997.The social equity of urban service distribution:an exploration of park access in Pueblo,Colorado,and Macon,Georgia[J].Urban Geography,18(6):521-541.
Huang R B.2006.Network location problems with multiple types of facilities[M].Toronto:University of Toronto.
Naess P.2006.Accessibility,activity participation and location of activities:exploring the links between residential location and travel behavior[J].Urban Studies,43(3):627-652.
Ribeiro A,Antunes A.2002.A GIS-based decision-support tool for public facility planning[J].Environment & Planning,29(4):553-569.
Talen E.2001.School,community,and spatial equity:an empirical investigation of access to elementary schools in West Virginia[J].Annals of the Association of American Geograhphers,91(3):465-486.
Teitz M B.1968.Toward a theory of public facility location[J].Papers of the Regional Science Association,21(1):35-51.
DB11/224—2004,地震应急避难场所标志[S].
GB21734—2008,地震应急避难场所场址及配套设施[S].
陈志芬,李强,陈晋.2010b.城市应急避难场所层次布局研究(II)—三级层次选址模型[J].自然灾害学报,19(5):13-19.
高伟,程家莹,何宏林,等.2018.社区级地震应急避险场所分布的时空差异性评价—以北京丰台区长辛店地区为例[J].震灾防御技术,13(2):447-459.
黄典剑,吴宗之,蔡嗣经,等.2006.城市应急避难所的应急适应能力—基于层次分析法的评价方法[J].自然灾害学报,15(1):52-58.
黄静,叶明武,王军,等.2011.基于GIS的社区居民避震疏散区划方法及应用研究[J].地理科学,31(2):204-210.
李志强,杨国宾,李晓丽.2013.我国地震应急避难场所的现状与思考[J].中国应急救援,(4):36-42.
刘少丽.2012.城市应急避难场所区位选择与空间布局—以南京市为例[D].南京:南京师范大学.
聂丽,王艳慧.2017.基于两步移动搜寻法的居民应急避难场所可达性分析—以北京西部城区为例[J].地理信息世界,24(6):98-101.
施益军.2015.山地小城市应急避难场所的空间布局优化研究—以云南剑川为例[D].昆明:云南大学.
史晓瑞,商彦蕊,胡佳,等.2016.石家庄市应急避难场所适应性评价.震灾防御技术,11(3):656-666.
苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.2004a.防灾公园的减灾功能[J].防灾减灾工程学报,24(2):232-235.
苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.2004b.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点[J].灾害学,19(1):87-91.
王海鹰.2005.城市地震应急避难场地、道路选择合理性初探—以福清市为例[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
熊焰,梁芳,乔永军,等.2014.北京市地震应急避难场所减灾能力评价体系的研究[J].震灾防御技术,9(4):921-931.
修济刚,胡平,杨国宾.2006.地震应急避难场所的规划建设与城市防灾[J].防灾技术高等专科学校学报,8(1):1-5.
徐礼鹏,刘启蒙,孙娇娇.2012.基于GIS的安庆市应急避难场所空间布局特征分析与优化[J].测绘与空间地理信息,35(2):151-155.
袁昀,刘杨,朱思洪,等.2015.应急避难场所选址最大准备度覆盖模型及其算法[J].自然灾害学报,24(2):8-14.
周爱华,张景秋,张远索,等.2016.GIS下的北京城区应急避难场所空间布局与可达性[J].测绘通报,(1):111-114.
周玉科,刘建文,梁娟珠.2018.基于改进灰色关联的福州市避难所适应性综合评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,34(6):63-70.
Bigman D,ReVelle C.1978.The theory of welfare considerations in public facility location problems[J].Geographical Analysis,10(3):229-240.
Cooper L.1963.Location-allocation problems[J].Operations Research,11(3):331-343.
Emily T.1997.The social equity of urban service distribution:an exploration of park access in Pueblo,Colorado,and Macon,Georgia[J].Urban Geography,18(6):521-541.
Huang R B.2006.Network location problems with multiple types of facilities[M].Toronto:University of Toronto.
Naess P.2006.Accessibility,activity participation and location of activities:exploring the links between residential location and travel behavior[J].Urban Studies,43(3):627-652.
Ribeiro A,Antunes A.2002.A GIS-based decision-support tool for public facility planning[J].Environment & Planning,29(4):553-569.
Talen E.2001.School,community,and spatial equity:an empirical investigation of access to elementary schools in West Virginia[J].Annals of the Association of American Geograhphers,91(3):465-486.
Teitz M B.1968.Toward a theory of public facility location[J].Papers of the Regional Science Association,21(1):35-51.
DB11/224—2004,地震应急避难场所标志[S].
GB21734—2008,地震应急避难场所场址及配套设施[S].