北极海冰密度变化分析及其对海冰厚度估算的影响
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摘要
海冰密度是海冰和气候模型的重要物理变量,也是利用卫星测高数据估算海冰厚度的关键参数。目前各国北极科学考察虽开展了海冰物理观测,但对近期北极海冰密度现场观测资料的综合分析和挖掘应用不足。在此背景下,收集了近15年来北极海冰密度现场观测资料,分析北极海冰密度的变化特征;对海冰密度实测数据进行克里金插值,将插值结果输入静力平衡方程模型计算海冰厚度,探讨海冰密度对海冰厚度卫星测高反演的影响。结果表明, 2000—2015年北极海冰密度变化范围为750—950 kg·m–3,1—9月海冰密度总体上随月份变化呈减小的趋势;6—9月北极海冰密度随着纬度的增加而减少(75°N—90°N);通过对比分析表明,相较于使用海冰密度固定值参与估算海冰厚度,采用经现场观测数据空间插值后的海冰密度估算海冰厚度的结果更为准确。北极海冰密度现场观测资料的整理分析可为海冰与气候变化等进一步研究提供参考。
Sea ice density is an important variable of sea ice physics and climate models, and it is key parameter for the retrieval of sea ice thickness from satellite altimeters. Physical investigations of Arctic sea ice have been conducted during many scientific expeditions; however, in situ measurements of sea ice density acquired in recent years still require further sorting and analysis. In this context, we collected 15 years' data of Arctic sea ice density. We analyzed the variability of sea ice density, calculated sea ice thickness, based on the hydrostatic equation with in situ sea ice density after applying Kriging interpolation, and discussed the influence of sea ice density on sea ice thickness retrieved via satellite altimetry. Results showed that the annual mean sea ice density varied from 750 to 950 kg·m-3 during the period from 2000 to 2015. From January to September, the monthly mean sea ice density tended to decrease, and it generally decreased with latitude during June–September. Comparative analysis revealed it is more suitable to use sea ice density after data interpolation than to use a fixed constant density for sea ice thickness retrievals. Sorting and analysis of Arctic in situ sea ice density could provide a reference for further research on Arctic sea ice and climate change.
Sea ice density is an important variable of sea ice physics and climate models, and it is key parameter for the retrieval of sea ice thickness from satellite altimeters. Physical investigations of Arctic sea ice have been conducted during many scientific expeditions; however, in situ measurements of sea ice density acquired in recent years still require further sorting and analysis. In this context, we collected 15 years' data of Arctic sea ice density. We analyzed the variability of sea ice density, calculated sea ice thickness, based on the hydrostatic equation with in situ sea ice density after applying Kriging interpolation, and discussed the influence of sea ice density on sea ice thickness retrieved via satellite altimetry. Results showed that the annual mean sea ice density varied from 750 to 950 kg·m-3 during the period from 2000 to 2015. From January to September, the monthly mean sea ice density tended to decrease, and it generally decreased with latitude during June–September. Comparative analysis revealed it is more suitable to use sea ice density after data interpolation than to use a fixed constant density for sea ice thickness retrievals. Sorting and analysis of Arctic in situ sea ice density could provide a reference for further research on Arctic sea ice and climate change.
引文
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4 TIMCO G W,FREDERKING R M W.A review of ice density[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,1996,24(1):1-6.
5 ALEXANDROV V,SANDVEN S,WAHLIN J,et al.The relationship between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic[J].Cryosphere,2010,4(2):373-380.
6 KERN S,KHVOROSTOVSKY K,SKOURUP H,et al.The impact of snow depth,snow density and ice density on sea ice thickness retrieval from satellite radar altimetry:results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise[J].The Cryosphere,2015,9(1):37-52.
7 PUSTOGVAR A,KULYAKHTIN A.Sea ice density measurements.Methods and uncertainties[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2016,131(1):46-52.
8 FORTT A L,SCHULSON E M.Frictional sliding across Coulombic faults in first‐year sea ice:A comparison with freshwater ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2011,116(C11):1-13.
9 FORTT A L,SCHULSON E M.Friction along Coulombic shear faults in first-year Arctic sea ice[C].Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2005,1:261-270.
10 EHN J K,MUNDY C J,BARBER D G.Bio-optical and structural properties inferred from irradiance measurements within the bottommost layers in an Arctic land-fast sea ice cover[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2008,113(C3):1-12.
11 GEIGER C,WADHAMS P,MULLER H R,et al.On the uncertainty of sea-ice isostasy[J].Annals of Glaciology,2015,56(69):341-352.
12 DOBLE M J,SKOURUP H,WADHAMS P,et al.The relation between Arctic sea ice surface elevation and draft:A case study using coincident AUV sonar and airborne scanning laser[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(C8):1-12.
13 SCHARIEN R K,GELDSETZER T,BARBER D G,et al.Physical,dielectric,and C band microwave scattering properties of first-year sea ice during advanced melt[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(C12):1-16.
14 CHIO K S,LEE C J,RIM C W,et al.Strength characteristics of Arctic sea ice from ice field tests of the icebreaking research vessel ARAON[J].Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea,2011,48(3):254-259.
15 EICKEN H.Barrow ice core dada[DB/OL].[2018-10-8].http://seaice.alaska.edu/gi/data/barrow_icecore.
16 LIGHT B,PEROVICH D K,WEBSTER M A,et al.Optical properties of melting first-year Arctic sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2015,120(11):7657-7675.
17 JEONG S Y,CHIO K S.A measurement of sea ice properties at Chukchi borderland during the summer[J].Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea,2012,49(1):45-51.
18 WANG Q,LI Z,LEI R,et al.Estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of Arctic sea ice during melt season[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2018,151(1):9-18.
19 THIEDE J.Polarstern Arktis XVII/2 cruise report:AMORE 2001(Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition)[R].Germany:Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,2002.
20 PEROVICH D K,GRENFELL T C,LIGHT B,et al.Transpolar observations of the morphological properties of Arctic sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2009,114(C1):1-17.
21 SCHAUER U.The expedition of the research vessel“Polarstern”to the Arctic in 2007(ARK-XXII/2)[R].Germany:Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,2008.
22 LEI R,LI Z,LI N,et al.Crucial physical characteristics of sea ice in the Arctic sector of 143°-180°W during August and early September 2008[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2012,31(4):65-75.
23 LEI R,LI N,HEIL P,et al.Multiyear sea ice thermal regimes and oceanic heat flux derived from an ice mass balance buoy in the Arctic Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2014,119(1):537-547.
24 LEI R,ZHANG Z,MATERO I,et al.Reflection and transmission of irradiance by snow and sea ice in the central Arctic Ocean in summer 2010[J].Polar Research,2012,31(1):1-13.
25 HUANG W,LEI R,MATERO I,et al.The physical structures of snow and sea ice in the Arctic section of 150°-180°W during the summer of 2010[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,32(5):57-67.
26 VIVIER F,HUTCHINGS J K,KAWAGUCHI Y,et al.Sea-ice melt onset associated with lead opening during the spring/summer transition near the North Pole[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2016,121(4):2499-2522.
27 KATLEIN C,NICOLAUS M,PETRICH C.The anisotropic scattering coefficient of sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2014,119(2):842-855.
28韩红卫.极区航道海冰时空分布及其物理力学性质研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2016.
29 HOYLAND K V.Ridges in the Barents sea[C].Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2005,2:949-960.
30 HOYLAND K V.Mechanical properties of ice ridges and level ice,in-situ and laboratory testing 2003[C].Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Ice(IAHR),2004,1.
31 TEIGEN S H,HOYLAND K V,MOSLET P O.Thermal stresses in first-year sea ice[C].Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2005,2:893-906.
32 HOYLAND K V.Morphology and small-scale strength of ridges in the North-western Barents Sea[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2007,48(3):169-187.
33 HASS C,HAAPALA J,HANSON S,et al.CryoVex 2006 filed report[R].Germany:Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,2006.
34 SHESTOV A S,HOYLAND K V,EKEBERG O C.Morphology and physical properties of old sea ice in the Fram Strait 2006-2011[C].Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ice(IAHR),2012:493-504.
35 SADVEN S,KLOSTER K,ZYGMUNTOWSKA M,et al.CryoSat sea ice validation and process studies in the European Arctic.Final report[R].Norway:Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center,2011.
36 BARRAULT S,KLEIN L S.An experimental set-up for measuring stress propagation in sea ice[C].Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2009.
37 KLEIN L S,BARRAULT S,GOODWIN H,et al.Physical properties and comparison of first-and second-year sea ice ridges[C].Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2009.
38 KLEIN L S,SERRE N,HOYLAND K V.Physical and mechanical investigations of sea ice ridges in late summer in the Fram Strait[C].Proceedings of the 20st International Symposium on Ice(IAHR),2010.
39 BONATH V,PATIL A,FRANSSON L,et al.Laboratory testing of compressive and tensile strength on level ice and ridged ice from Svalbard region[C].Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2013,35(9).
40 GERLAND S.N-ICE2015 ice core physics:Temperature,salinity and density[DB/OL].(2017-02-03)[2018-10-8].https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2017.c3db82e3.
41 JONES S J,KIRBY C,MEADUS C,et al.Sea ice properties on the USCGC Healy ice trials[C].Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2001:945-954.
42 NANDAN V,SCHARIEN R,GELDSETZER T,et al.Geophysical and atmospheric controls on Ku-,X-and C-band backscatter evolution from a saline snow cover on first-year sea ice from late-winter to pre-early melt[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,198(1):425-441.
43 FIROOZY N,MOJIABI P,LANDY J,et al.Landfast first-year snow-covered sea ice reconstruction via electromagnetic inversion[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2016,9(6):2414-2428.
44 WEBSTER M A,RIGOR I G,NGHIEM S V,et al.Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2014,119(8):5395-5406.
45 PETRICH C,EICKEN H.Sea ice:Overview of sea ice growth and properties[M].John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2017.
46 MAHONEY A R,EICKEN H,GAYLORD A G,et al.Landfast sea ice extent in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas:The annual cycle and decadal variability[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2014,103(1):41-56.
2 STURM M,MASLANIK J A,PEROVICH D K,et al.Snow depth and ice thickness measurements from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas collected during the AMSR-Ice03 campaign[J].IEEE Transaction on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3009-3020.
3 WADHAMS P,TUCKER W B,KRABIL W B,et al.Relationship between sea ice freeboard and draft in the Arctic Basin,and implications for ice thickness monitoring[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,1992,97(C12):20325-20334.
4 TIMCO G W,FREDERKING R M W.A review of ice density[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,1996,24(1):1-6.
5 ALEXANDROV V,SANDVEN S,WAHLIN J,et al.The relationship between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic[J].Cryosphere,2010,4(2):373-380.
6 KERN S,KHVOROSTOVSKY K,SKOURUP H,et al.The impact of snow depth,snow density and ice density on sea ice thickness retrieval from satellite radar altimetry:results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise[J].The Cryosphere,2015,9(1):37-52.
7 PUSTOGVAR A,KULYAKHTIN A.Sea ice density measurements.Methods and uncertainties[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2016,131(1):46-52.
8 FORTT A L,SCHULSON E M.Frictional sliding across Coulombic faults in first‐year sea ice:A comparison with freshwater ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2011,116(C11):1-13.
9 FORTT A L,SCHULSON E M.Friction along Coulombic shear faults in first-year Arctic sea ice[C].Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2005,1:261-270.
10 EHN J K,MUNDY C J,BARBER D G.Bio-optical and structural properties inferred from irradiance measurements within the bottommost layers in an Arctic land-fast sea ice cover[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2008,113(C3):1-12.
11 GEIGER C,WADHAMS P,MULLER H R,et al.On the uncertainty of sea-ice isostasy[J].Annals of Glaciology,2015,56(69):341-352.
12 DOBLE M J,SKOURUP H,WADHAMS P,et al.The relation between Arctic sea ice surface elevation and draft:A case study using coincident AUV sonar and airborne scanning laser[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(C8):1-12.
13 SCHARIEN R K,GELDSETZER T,BARBER D G,et al.Physical,dielectric,and C band microwave scattering properties of first-year sea ice during advanced melt[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(C12):1-16.
14 CHIO K S,LEE C J,RIM C W,et al.Strength characteristics of Arctic sea ice from ice field tests of the icebreaking research vessel ARAON[J].Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea,2011,48(3):254-259.
15 EICKEN H.Barrow ice core dada[DB/OL].[2018-10-8].http://seaice.alaska.edu/gi/data/barrow_icecore.
16 LIGHT B,PEROVICH D K,WEBSTER M A,et al.Optical properties of melting first-year Arctic sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2015,120(11):7657-7675.
17 JEONG S Y,CHIO K S.A measurement of sea ice properties at Chukchi borderland during the summer[J].Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea,2012,49(1):45-51.
18 WANG Q,LI Z,LEI R,et al.Estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of Arctic sea ice during melt season[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2018,151(1):9-18.
19 THIEDE J.Polarstern Arktis XVII/2 cruise report:AMORE 2001(Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition)[R].Germany:Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,2002.
20 PEROVICH D K,GRENFELL T C,LIGHT B,et al.Transpolar observations of the morphological properties of Arctic sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2009,114(C1):1-17.
21 SCHAUER U.The expedition of the research vessel“Polarstern”to the Arctic in 2007(ARK-XXII/2)[R].Germany:Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,2008.
22 LEI R,LI Z,LI N,et al.Crucial physical characteristics of sea ice in the Arctic sector of 143°-180°W during August and early September 2008[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2012,31(4):65-75.
23 LEI R,LI N,HEIL P,et al.Multiyear sea ice thermal regimes and oceanic heat flux derived from an ice mass balance buoy in the Arctic Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2014,119(1):537-547.
24 LEI R,ZHANG Z,MATERO I,et al.Reflection and transmission of irradiance by snow and sea ice in the central Arctic Ocean in summer 2010[J].Polar Research,2012,31(1):1-13.
25 HUANG W,LEI R,MATERO I,et al.The physical structures of snow and sea ice in the Arctic section of 150°-180°W during the summer of 2010[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,32(5):57-67.
26 VIVIER F,HUTCHINGS J K,KAWAGUCHI Y,et al.Sea-ice melt onset associated with lead opening during the spring/summer transition near the North Pole[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2016,121(4):2499-2522.
27 KATLEIN C,NICOLAUS M,PETRICH C.The anisotropic scattering coefficient of sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2014,119(2):842-855.
28韩红卫.极区航道海冰时空分布及其物理力学性质研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2016.
29 HOYLAND K V.Ridges in the Barents sea[C].Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2005,2:949-960.
30 HOYLAND K V.Mechanical properties of ice ridges and level ice,in-situ and laboratory testing 2003[C].Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Ice(IAHR),2004,1.
31 TEIGEN S H,HOYLAND K V,MOSLET P O.Thermal stresses in first-year sea ice[C].Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2005,2:893-906.
32 HOYLAND K V.Morphology and small-scale strength of ridges in the North-western Barents Sea[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2007,48(3):169-187.
33 HASS C,HAAPALA J,HANSON S,et al.CryoVex 2006 filed report[R].Germany:Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,2006.
34 SHESTOV A S,HOYLAND K V,EKEBERG O C.Morphology and physical properties of old sea ice in the Fram Strait 2006-2011[C].Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ice(IAHR),2012:493-504.
35 SADVEN S,KLOSTER K,ZYGMUNTOWSKA M,et al.CryoSat sea ice validation and process studies in the European Arctic.Final report[R].Norway:Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center,2011.
36 BARRAULT S,KLEIN L S.An experimental set-up for measuring stress propagation in sea ice[C].Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2009.
37 KLEIN L S,BARRAULT S,GOODWIN H,et al.Physical properties and comparison of first-and second-year sea ice ridges[C].Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2009.
38 KLEIN L S,SERRE N,HOYLAND K V.Physical and mechanical investigations of sea ice ridges in late summer in the Fram Strait[C].Proceedings of the 20st International Symposium on Ice(IAHR),2010.
39 BONATH V,PATIL A,FRANSSON L,et al.Laboratory testing of compressive and tensile strength on level ice and ridged ice from Svalbard region[C].Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2013,35(9).
40 GERLAND S.N-ICE2015 ice core physics:Temperature,salinity and density[DB/OL].(2017-02-03)[2018-10-8].https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2017.c3db82e3.
41 JONES S J,KIRBY C,MEADUS C,et al.Sea ice properties on the USCGC Healy ice trials[C].Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,2001:945-954.
42 NANDAN V,SCHARIEN R,GELDSETZER T,et al.Geophysical and atmospheric controls on Ku-,X-and C-band backscatter evolution from a saline snow cover on first-year sea ice from late-winter to pre-early melt[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,198(1):425-441.
43 FIROOZY N,MOJIABI P,LANDY J,et al.Landfast first-year snow-covered sea ice reconstruction via electromagnetic inversion[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2016,9(6):2414-2428.
44 WEBSTER M A,RIGOR I G,NGHIEM S V,et al.Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2014,119(8):5395-5406.
45 PETRICH C,EICKEN H.Sea ice:Overview of sea ice growth and properties[M].John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2017.
46 MAHONEY A R,EICKEN H,GAYLORD A G,et al.Landfast sea ice extent in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas:The annual cycle and decadal variability[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2014,103(1):41-56.