不同钾肥水平对‘骏枣’叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响
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摘要
钾是重要的品质元素,为了筛选枣果实品质最适宜的钾肥浓度,以5年生‘骏枣’为研究材料,在开花期和果实膨大期沟施不同量的钾肥,研究其对叶片光合参数、荧光参数及果实品质的影响。结果表明,钾肥对‘骏枣’生长、果实品质的影响存在明显的浓度效应。在0～153 g/株的施钾范围内,叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR)、淀粉含量、Vc含量、葡萄糖含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、糖酸比、纵横径及单果重均随施钾量的增加而升高,且在沟施K2O 153 g/株达峰值;当施K2O量为153～306 g/株时,上述参数均呈下降趋势。胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非化学猝灭系数(qN)随施钾量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,施K2O 153 g/株时为最低值;光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在施K2O 229.5 g/株时最高。主成分分析结果表明,5种施钾水平中以沟施K2O 153 g/株对改善‘骏枣’果实品质和提高‘骏枣’叶片的光合效果最佳。综上,钾肥通过明显增加‘骏枣’叶片叶绿素含量,改善光合器官功能而提高果实品质,且沟施K2O 153 g/株效果最好。
Potassium is an important quality element,in order to select the most suitable potassium content for the best jujube fruit quality,the 5-year-old Jun jujube trees were made as research materials,different amount of potash fertilizer was applied during flowering stage and fruit swelling period,and the leaf photosynthetic parameters,fluorescence parameters and fruit quality were measured.The results showed that the effect of potash fertilizer concentration on the growth and fruit quality of Jun jujube was obvious.Within the range of potassium application of 0～153 g/plant,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),photochemical quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching coefficient(qP),electron transfer rate(ETR),starch content,vitamin C content,glucose content,soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,sugar-acid ratio,longitudinal and transverse diameter,and single fruit weight were all increased with the increase of potassium content,and reached the peak at the potassium content of 153 g/plant,but when potassium was applied as 153～306 g/plant,they showed a downward trend,but the intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) and non-chemical quenching coefficient(qN) firstly decreased and then increased,and these two parameters had the lowest value at 153 g/plant potassium.The photochemical efficiency(PSII) was the highest at 229.5 g/plant potassium.The results of principal component analysis showed that among the five potassium application levels,the 153 g/plant K2 O was the best for improving fruit quality and leaf photosynthesis.In summary,potassium fertilizer improved fruit quality by increasing chlorophyll content in leaves and improving the function of photosynthetic organs of Jun jujube,and 153 g/plant K2 O by furrow application was the best.
Potassium is an important quality element,in order to select the most suitable potassium content for the best jujube fruit quality,the 5-year-old Jun jujube trees were made as research materials,different amount of potash fertilizer was applied during flowering stage and fruit swelling period,and the leaf photosynthetic parameters,fluorescence parameters and fruit quality were measured.The results showed that the effect of potash fertilizer concentration on the growth and fruit quality of Jun jujube was obvious.Within the range of potassium application of 0～153 g/plant,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),photochemical quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching coefficient(qP),electron transfer rate(ETR),starch content,vitamin C content,glucose content,soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,sugar-acid ratio,longitudinal and transverse diameter,and single fruit weight were all increased with the increase of potassium content,and reached the peak at the potassium content of 153 g/plant,but when potassium was applied as 153～306 g/plant,they showed a downward trend,but the intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) and non-chemical quenching coefficient(qN) firstly decreased and then increased,and these two parameters had the lowest value at 153 g/plant potassium.The photochemical efficiency(PSII) was the highest at 229.5 g/plant potassium.The results of principal component analysis showed that among the five potassium application levels,the 153 g/plant K2 O was the best for improving fruit quality and leaf photosynthesis.In summary,potassium fertilizer improved fruit quality by increasing chlorophyll content in leaves and improving the function of photosynthetic organs of Jun jujube,and 153 g/plant K2 O by furrow application was the best.
引文
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[3] Tosens T,Niinemets,Westoby M,et al.Anatomical basis of variation in mesophyll resistance in eastern Australian sclerophylls:news of a long and winding path[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(14):5105-5119.
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[5]郭雯．灌溉施钾对红富士苹果叶片光合特性和矿质营养及果实品质影响的研究[D]．杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2009.
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[11]吴涛，白羽祥，王戈，等．钾肥用量对烤烟光合特性和产质量的影响[J]．浙江农业科学，2017,58(7):1136-1139.
[12]李兴涛，王伟，李晨，等．低钾胁迫下不同低钾耐性大豆光合特性及保护性酶的差异[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2011,17(2):384-390.
[13]王志勇，白由路，高进华，等．秸秆还田与施钾对华北低产潮土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响[J]．中国土壤与肥料，2013,(3):46-50.
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[15]潘勇辉，陆志峰，鲁剑巍，等．缺钾对越冬期油菜光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响[J]．中国油料作物学报，2015,37(5):688-693.
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[18]李子英，丛日春，杨庆山，等．盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响[J]．生态学报，2017,37(24):8511-8517.
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[21] Yang J Y,Zheng W,Tian Y,et al.Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stresses on growth,photosynthesis,and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of Medicago ruthenica,seedlings[J].Photosynthetica,2011,49(2):275-284.
[22] Wang Y,Li B,Du M,et al.Mechanism of phytohormone involvement in feedback regulation of cotton leaf senescence induced by potassium deficiency[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(16):5887-5901.
[23]杨军，马振峰，刘桂华．钾营养对柰李叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响[J]．中国农学通报，2010,26(20):238-244.
[24]陆志峰，任涛，鲁剑巍，等．缺钾油菜叶片光合速率下降的主导因子及其机理[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2016,22(1):122-131.
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[26]吴翠云，白团辉，王振磊，等．钾肥对直播密植枣园幼龄骏枣光合特性的影响[J]．西北农业学报，2013,22(7):156-161.
[27]魏海燕，张洪程，张群，等．不同氮肥利用效率水稻基因型剑叶光合特性[J]．作物学报，2009,35(12):2243-2251.
[28]金会翠，张林森，李丙智，等．增施钾肥对红富士苹果叶片营养及果实品质的影响[J]．西北农业学报，2007,16(3):100-104.
[29] Muller O,Oguchi R,Hirose T,et al.The leaf anatomy of a broad-leaved evergreen allows an increase in leaf nitrogen content in winter[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2010,136(3):299-309.
[30]张往祥，吴家胜，曹福亮．氮磷钾三要素对银杏光合性能的影响[J]．江西农业大学学报，2002,24(6):810-815.
[31]夏乐，于海秋，郭焕茹，等．低钾胁迫对玉米光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]．玉米科学，2008,16(6):71-74.
[32] Qiu Z,Wang L,Zhou Q.Effects of bisphenol A on growth,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in above-ground organs of soybean seedlings[J].Chemosphere,2013,90(3):1274-1280.
[33] Sultana N,Ikeda T,Itoh R.Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,1999,43(2):181-183.
[34]吴坤，吴中红，邰付菊，等．镉胁迫对烟草叶激素水平、光合特性、荧光特性的影响[J]．生态学报，2011,31(16):4517-4524.
[35] Sinsawat V,Leipner J,Stamp P,et al.Effect of heat stress on the photosynthetic apparatus in maize(Zea mays L.)grown at control or high temperature[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,2004,52(2):123-129.
[36]郭春芳，孙云，唐玉海，等．水分胁迫对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]．中国生态农业学报，2009,17(3):560-564.
[37] Chen L S,Cheng L.Both xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the antioxidant system are up-regulated in grape(Vitis labrusca L.cv.Concord)leaves in response to N limitation[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2003,54(390):2165-2175.
[38] Ripley B S,Redfern S P,Dames J.Quantification of the photosynthetic performance of phosphorus-deficient Sorghum by means of chlorophyll-a fluorescence kinetics[J].South African Journal of Science,2004,100(11-12):615-618.
[39]林郑和，钟秋生，陈常颂，等．缺钾对茶树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2012,18(4):974-980.
[40]孙哲，史春余，刘桂玲，等．干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2016,22(4):1071-1078.
[41]杜振宇，宋永贵，许元峰，等．钾对冬枣品质与产量的影响[J]．中国土壤与肥料，2018,(1):32-36.
[42]杨小锋．氮磷钾营养供应对生菜生长和品质的影响[D]．武汉：华中农业大学，2006.
[2] Battie-Laclau P,Laclau J P,Beri C,et al. Photosynthetic and anatomical responses of Eucalyptus grandis leaves to potassium and sodium supply in a field experiment[J].Plant Cell&Environment,2013,37(1):70-81.
[3] Tosens T,Niinemets,Westoby M,et al.Anatomical basis of variation in mesophyll resistance in eastern Australian sclerophylls:news of a long and winding path[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(14):5105-5119.
[4]饶立华，薛建明．钾营养对杂交稻光合作用动态及产量形成的效应[J]．中国水稻科学，1990,4(3):106-112.
[5]郭雯．灌溉施钾对红富士苹果叶片光合特性和矿质营养及果实品质影响的研究[D]．杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2009.
[6]孙红梅，李天来，须晖，等．不同氮水平下钾营养对大棚番茄产量及品质的影响[J]．沈阳农业大学学报，2000,31(1):68-71.
[7]杨阳，徐福利，陈志杰．施用钾肥对温室黄瓜光合特性及产量的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2010,16(5):1232-1237.
[8]王仁才，夏利红，熊兴耀，等．钾对猕猴桃果实品质与贮藏的影响[J]．果树学报，2006,23(2):200-204.
[9]涂美艳．钾素营养对油桃生长发育、产量品质及树体养分的影响研究[D]．成都：四川农业大学，2009.
[10]郭英，孙学振，宋宪亮，等．钾营养对棉花苗期生长和叶片生理特性的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2006,12(3):363-368.
[11]吴涛，白羽祥，王戈，等．钾肥用量对烤烟光合特性和产质量的影响[J]．浙江农业科学，2017,58(7):1136-1139.
[12]李兴涛，王伟，李晨，等．低钾胁迫下不同低钾耐性大豆光合特性及保护性酶的差异[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2011,17(2):384-390.
[13]王志勇，白由路，高进华，等．秸秆还田与施钾对华北低产潮土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响[J]．中国土壤与肥料，2013,(3):46-50.
[14]贾彦博．水稻（Oryza sativa L．）钾高效营养的生理机制研究[D]．杭州：浙江大学，2008.
[15]潘勇辉，陆志峰，鲁剑巍，等．缺钾对越冬期油菜光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响[J]．中国油料作物学报，2015,37(5):688-693.
[16]史彦江，吴正保，谷量，等．不同氮磷钾配比追肥对幼龄骏枣生长及其产量和品质的影响[J]．中国土壤与肥料，2014,(1):42-47.
[17]刘璇．氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区红枣生长、产量和品质的影响[D]．杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2012.
[18]李子英，丛日春，杨庆山，等．盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响[J]．生态学报，2017,37(24):8511-8517.
[19]王学奎．植物生理生化实验原理和技术（第2版）[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2006.
[20]赵世杰，史国安，董新纯．植物生理学实验指导[M]．北京：中国农业科学技术出版社，2002.55-57,98-99.
[21] Yang J Y,Zheng W,Tian Y,et al.Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stresses on growth,photosynthesis,and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of Medicago ruthenica,seedlings[J].Photosynthetica,2011,49(2):275-284.
[22] Wang Y,Li B,Du M,et al.Mechanism of phytohormone involvement in feedback regulation of cotton leaf senescence induced by potassium deficiency[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(16):5887-5901.
[23]杨军，马振峰，刘桂华．钾营养对柰李叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响[J]．中国农学通报，2010,26(20):238-244.
[24]陆志峰，任涛，鲁剑巍，等．缺钾油菜叶片光合速率下降的主导因子及其机理[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2016,22(1):122-131.
[25]罗新宁．钾肥对水稻品质和产量的影响[D]．成都：四川农业大学，2003.
[26]吴翠云，白团辉，王振磊，等．钾肥对直播密植枣园幼龄骏枣光合特性的影响[J]．西北农业学报，2013,22(7):156-161.
[27]魏海燕，张洪程，张群，等．不同氮肥利用效率水稻基因型剑叶光合特性[J]．作物学报，2009,35(12):2243-2251.
[28]金会翠，张林森，李丙智，等．增施钾肥对红富士苹果叶片营养及果实品质的影响[J]．西北农业学报，2007,16(3):100-104.
[29] Muller O,Oguchi R,Hirose T,et al.The leaf anatomy of a broad-leaved evergreen allows an increase in leaf nitrogen content in winter[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2010,136(3):299-309.
[30]张往祥，吴家胜，曹福亮．氮磷钾三要素对银杏光合性能的影响[J]．江西农业大学学报，2002,24(6):810-815.
[31]夏乐，于海秋，郭焕茹，等．低钾胁迫对玉米光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]．玉米科学，2008,16(6):71-74.
[32] Qiu Z,Wang L,Zhou Q.Effects of bisphenol A on growth,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in above-ground organs of soybean seedlings[J].Chemosphere,2013,90(3):1274-1280.
[33] Sultana N,Ikeda T,Itoh R.Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,1999,43(2):181-183.
[34]吴坤，吴中红，邰付菊，等．镉胁迫对烟草叶激素水平、光合特性、荧光特性的影响[J]．生态学报，2011,31(16):4517-4524.
[35] Sinsawat V,Leipner J,Stamp P,et al.Effect of heat stress on the photosynthetic apparatus in maize(Zea mays L.)grown at control or high temperature[J].Environmental&Experimental Botany,2004,52(2):123-129.
[36]郭春芳，孙云，唐玉海，等．水分胁迫对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]．中国生态农业学报，2009,17(3):560-564.
[37] Chen L S,Cheng L.Both xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the antioxidant system are up-regulated in grape(Vitis labrusca L.cv.Concord)leaves in response to N limitation[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2003,54(390):2165-2175.
[38] Ripley B S,Redfern S P,Dames J.Quantification of the photosynthetic performance of phosphorus-deficient Sorghum by means of chlorophyll-a fluorescence kinetics[J].South African Journal of Science,2004,100(11-12):615-618.
[39]林郑和，钟秋生，陈常颂，等．缺钾对茶树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2012,18(4):974-980.
[40]孙哲，史春余，刘桂玲，等．干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2016,22(4):1071-1078.
[41]杜振宇，宋永贵，许元峰，等．钾对冬枣品质与产量的影响[J]．中国土壤与肥料，2018,(1):32-36.
[42]杨小锋．氮磷钾营养供应对生菜生长和品质的影响[D]．武汉：华中农业大学，2006.