人工干预对山坡退化林地植物群落与土壤因子的影响——以松华坝水源区迤者小流域为例
|
摘要
通过在云南省昆明市松华坝水库迤者小流域山坡退化林地设置样地,研究人工干预条件下植物群落与土壤因子特征及其相互关系,旨在为减少该区域水土流失和恢复退化生态系统提供理论依据。选取布设有等高反坡阶的样地和对照样地各3块,在2017年雨季末期对6块样地进行植被调查,计算植物群落多样性,采用模型拟合法对物种重要值进行排序,分析样地植物群落特征;同时按坡位采用三点随机采样法采集0～40 cm表层土壤样品进行土壤因子测定,并结合CCA典范对应分析方法探讨植物分布与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:1)等高反坡阶样地中植物物种Margalef丰富度(1. 09)、Pielou均匀度指数(0. 87)、Shannon-Wiener指数(1. 67)和Simpson指数(4. 49)较对照样地高出2. 51%～9. 00%,其最优种重要值增至25. 49,草本优势种由低矮的禾本科转变为更占生态位空间的菊科。2) 0～40 cm表层土壤总孔隙度(50. 48%)、含水率(20. 45%)、全氮(4. 47 g/kg)、全磷(3. 99 g/kg)和速效钾(67. 64 mg/kg),较对照样地均有所提高。3)土壤密度、总孔隙度、含水率、有机质、全氮以及全磷质量分数是影响山坡退化林地植物群落组成的关键环境因子,布设等高反坡阶7年后,土壤密度和总孔隙度的改变可能是不同样地间植物群落表现出差异的原因之一。总体来说,积极的人工干预措施,在时间尺度下能通过改变土壤因子,进而改变植物群落组成,促进退化生态系统的正向演替。
[Background]The water resource area of Songhua dam is an important drinking water source in Kunming City,13 km northeast of the main city,located at 102°45'-102°59' east longitude,25°08'-25°27' north latitude,and the drainage area is 629. 8 km2,which guarantees more than 50% of the daily water supply in major cities in Kunming. The area is located in the eastern plateau,and 93. 5% of the land area is mountainous and semi-mountainous,with an altitude of over 2,000 meters. The water conservation forests in mountainous areas are mostly single forest structures,built in the mid-1980 s. The degradation of woodland area in protected areas now seriously affects the function of water resources protection. The contour reverse-slope terrace is an important manual intervention to regulate slope runoff.Then,under the long-term influence of this kind of artificial intervention,how will the secondary forest community structure and soil factors change? How will their relationship change? Understanding the relationship between the two under long-term manual intervention will help us evaluate the role of contour reverse-slope terraces scientifically,prevent water and soil loss and restore water conservation functions effectively in water resources. [Methods] This study was carried out in degraded woodland of Yizhe watershed in the Songhua dam. Three plots with contour reverse-slope terrace and three plots as a comparison were selected. Vegetation surveys were carried out on six plots at the end of the rainy season in 2017. The plant community characteristics of the plots were analyzed,after the plant community diversity was calculated and the important values of the species were sorted by model fitting method. At the same time,the soil samples of 0-40 cm surface soil were collected by three-point random sampling method according to the slope position. The canonical correspondence analysis( CCA) method were used to analyze the changes of soil environmental factors and plant community composition, and the corresponding qualitative relation. [Results]1) Under the condition of long-term artificial intervention,the plant species Margalef richness( 1. 09),Pielou evenness index( 0. 87),Shannon-Wiener index( 1. 67) and Simpson index( 4. 49) were 2. 51% to 9. 00% higher. Among them,the important value of the best species increased to 25. 49,and the herbaceous dominant species changed from Gramineae to Compositae,resulting in an increase in niche. 2) The presence of contour reverse-slope terrace resulted in the increasing of total soil porosity( 50. 48%),water content( 20. 45%),total nitrogen( 4. 47 g/kg),total phosphorus( 3. 99 g/kg) and available potassium( 67. 64 mg/kg). 3) Soil bulk density,total porosity,water content,organic matter,total nitrogen and total phosphorus were key environmental factors affecting the plant community structure of degraded forest land. Seven years of completing the contour reverse-slope terrace,the changes in soil bulk density and total porosity may be one of the reasons for the changes in plant community structure. [Conclusions] In general,the active artificial intervention measure may increase the vegetation diversity and the important plant value by improving soil bulk density and total porosity under the time scale,thereby promoting the degraded ecosystem to positive succession.
[Background]The water resource area of Songhua dam is an important drinking water source in Kunming City,13 km northeast of the main city,located at 102°45'-102°59' east longitude,25°08'-25°27' north latitude,and the drainage area is 629. 8 km2,which guarantees more than 50% of the daily water supply in major cities in Kunming. The area is located in the eastern plateau,and 93. 5% of the land area is mountainous and semi-mountainous,with an altitude of over 2,000 meters. The water conservation forests in mountainous areas are mostly single forest structures,built in the mid-1980 s. The degradation of woodland area in protected areas now seriously affects the function of water resources protection. The contour reverse-slope terrace is an important manual intervention to regulate slope runoff.Then,under the long-term influence of this kind of artificial intervention,how will the secondary forest community structure and soil factors change? How will their relationship change? Understanding the relationship between the two under long-term manual intervention will help us evaluate the role of contour reverse-slope terraces scientifically,prevent water and soil loss and restore water conservation functions effectively in water resources. [Methods] This study was carried out in degraded woodland of Yizhe watershed in the Songhua dam. Three plots with contour reverse-slope terrace and three plots as a comparison were selected. Vegetation surveys were carried out on six plots at the end of the rainy season in 2017. The plant community characteristics of the plots were analyzed,after the plant community diversity was calculated and the important values of the species were sorted by model fitting method. At the same time,the soil samples of 0-40 cm surface soil were collected by three-point random sampling method according to the slope position. The canonical correspondence analysis( CCA) method were used to analyze the changes of soil environmental factors and plant community composition, and the corresponding qualitative relation. [Results]1) Under the condition of long-term artificial intervention,the plant species Margalef richness( 1. 09),Pielou evenness index( 0. 87),Shannon-Wiener index( 1. 67) and Simpson index( 4. 49) were 2. 51% to 9. 00% higher. Among them,the important value of the best species increased to 25. 49,and the herbaceous dominant species changed from Gramineae to Compositae,resulting in an increase in niche. 2) The presence of contour reverse-slope terrace resulted in the increasing of total soil porosity( 50. 48%),water content( 20. 45%),total nitrogen( 4. 47 g/kg),total phosphorus( 3. 99 g/kg) and available potassium( 67. 64 mg/kg). 3) Soil bulk density,total porosity,water content,organic matter,total nitrogen and total phosphorus were key environmental factors affecting the plant community structure of degraded forest land. Seven years of completing the contour reverse-slope terrace,the changes in soil bulk density and total porosity may be one of the reasons for the changes in plant community structure. [Conclusions] In general,the active artificial intervention measure may increase the vegetation diversity and the important plant value by improving soil bulk density and total porosity under the time scale,thereby promoting the degraded ecosystem to positive succession.
引文
[1]闫志平,魏振,李树人,等.森林在陆地生态系统中主体地位的探讨[J].河南农业大学学报,2004,38(2):167.YAN Zhiping,WEI Zhen,LI Shuren,et al.Discuss on the main body status of forest in the terrestrial ecosystem[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2004,38(2):167.
[2]曾思齐,甘静静,肖化顺,等.木荷次生林林木更新与土壤特征的相关性[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4242.ZENG Siqi,GAN Jingjing,XIAO Huashun,et al.Changes in soil properties in regenerating Schima superba secondary forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4242.
[3]FREER-SMITH P H.Do pollutant-related forest declines threaten the sustainability of forests?[J].Ambio,1998,27(2):123.
[4]查轩,黄少燕,林金堂.林地针叶化对土壤微生物特征影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):18.ZHA Xuan,HUANG Shaoyan,LIN Jintang,et al.Effect of conifer problem on soil microbial characteristics[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(4):18.
[5]张劲峰,宋洪涛,耿云芬,等.滇西北亚高山不同退化林地植被与土壤养分特征[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1064.ZHANG Jinfeng,SONG Hongtao,GENG Yunfen,et al.Characteristics of vegetations and soil nutrients on subalpine degraded forestlands in Northwest Yunnan[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(7):1064.
[6]赵其国.我国南方当前水土流失与生态安全中值得重视的问题[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(2):1.ZHAO Qiguo.Some considerations for present soil and water conservation and ecology security of south China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,26(2):1.
[7]刘根华,查轩,周文芳,等.严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地植被恢复土壤养分的制约性因子[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(5):34.LIU Genhua,ZHA Xuan,ZHOU Wenfang,et al.Soil nutrient restriction factors in serious eroded and degraded Pinus Massoniana woodland[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(5):34.
[8]李裕元,邵明安.子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):252.LI Yuyuan,SHAO Mingan.The change of plant diversity during natural recovery process of vegetation in Ziwuling area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):252.
[9]刘晔,许玥,石松林,等.金沙江干旱河谷植物群落的数量分类及其结构分异的环境解释[J].生物多样性,2016,24(4):407.LIU Ye,XU Yue,SHI Songlin,et al.Quantitative classification and environmental interpretations for the structural differentiation of the plant communities in the dry valley of Jinshajiang River[J].Biodiversity Science,2016,24(4):407.
[10]李凯辉,胡玉昆,王鑫,等.不同海拔梯度高寒草地地上生物量与环境因子关系[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):2019.LI Kaihui,HU Yukun,WANG Xin,et al.Relationships between aboveground biomass and environmental factors along an altitude gradient of alpine grassland[J],Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(9):2019.
[11]PANSONATO M P,COSTA R.C,CASTIHO C V D,et al.Spatial scale or amplitude of predictors as determinants of the relative importance of environmental factors to plant community structure[J].Biotropica,2013,45(3):299.
[12]牛钰杰,杨思维,王贵珍,等放牧作用下高寒草甸群落物种分布与土壤因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(12):3891.NIU Yujie,YANG Siwei,WANG Guizhen,et al.Relation between species distribution of plant community and soil factors under grazing in alpine meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(12):3891.
[13]BASHAN Y,SALAZAR B G,MORENO M,et al.Restoration of eroded soil in the Sonoran Desert with native leguminous trees using plant growth-promoting microorganisms and limited amounts of compost and water[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,102:26.
[14]唐国勇,高成杰,李昆.植被恢复对干热河谷退化土壤改良的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5157.TANG Guoyong,GAO Chengjie,LI Kun,et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on the amelioration of degraded soil in a dry-hot valley[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5157.
[15]王萍,王克勤,李太兴,等.反坡水平阶对坡耕地径流和泥沙的调控作用[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1261.WANG Ping,WANG Keqin,LI Tai-xing,et al.Regulation effects of reverse-slope level terrace on the runoff and sediment yield in sloping farmland[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(5):1261.
[16]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶.陇中黄土区坡面整地和植被类型对土壤化学性状的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3216.FENG Tianjiao,WEI Wei,CHEN Liding,et al.Effects of land preparations and vegetation types on soil chemical features in a loess hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(11):3216.
[17]华锦欣,王克勤,张香群,等.昆明松华坝水源区等高反坡阶对坡耕地土壤磷含量的影响研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(3):76.HUA Jinxin,WANG Keqin,ZHANG Xiangqun,et al.Effect of reverse-slope level terrace on the phosphorus contents of sloping farmland in Kunming Songhuaba Reservoir[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(3):76.
[18]王帅兵,王克勤,宋娅丽,等.等高反坡阶对昆明市松华坝水源区坡耕地氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):39.WANG Shuaibing,WANG Keqin,SONG Yali,et al.Effect of reverse-slope level terrace on the Phosphorus contents of sloping farmland in Kunming Songhuaba Reservoir[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(6):39.
[19]王世雄,王孝安,李国庆,等.陕西子午岭植物群落演替过程中物种多样性变化与环境解释[J].生态学报,2010,30(6):1638.WANG Shixiong,WANG Xiaoan,LI Guoqing,et al.Species diversity and environmental interpretation in the process of community succession in the Ziwu Mountain of Shaanxi Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(6):1638.
[20]赵成章,石福习,董小刚,等.祁连山北坡退化林地植被群落的自然恢复过程及土壤特征变化[J].生态学报,2011,31(1):115.ZHAO Chengzhang,SHI Fuxi,DONG Xiaogang,et al.Dynamics of vegetation structure and soil properties in the natural restoration process of degraded woodland on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains,northwestern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(1):115.
[21]MAGURRAN A E.Species abundance distributions:Pattern or process?[J].Functional Ecology,2005,19(1):177.
[22]焦菊英,马祥华,白文娟,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落与土壤环境因子的对应分析[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):744.JIAO Juying,MA Xianghua,BAI Wenjuan,et al.Correspondence analysis of vegetation communities and soil environmental factors on abandoned cropland on hillygullied Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(5):744.
[2]曾思齐,甘静静,肖化顺,等.木荷次生林林木更新与土壤特征的相关性[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4242.ZENG Siqi,GAN Jingjing,XIAO Huashun,et al.Changes in soil properties in regenerating Schima superba secondary forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4242.
[3]FREER-SMITH P H.Do pollutant-related forest declines threaten the sustainability of forests?[J].Ambio,1998,27(2):123.
[4]查轩,黄少燕,林金堂.林地针叶化对土壤微生物特征影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):18.ZHA Xuan,HUANG Shaoyan,LIN Jintang,et al.Effect of conifer problem on soil microbial characteristics[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(4):18.
[5]张劲峰,宋洪涛,耿云芬,等.滇西北亚高山不同退化林地植被与土壤养分特征[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1064.ZHANG Jinfeng,SONG Hongtao,GENG Yunfen,et al.Characteristics of vegetations and soil nutrients on subalpine degraded forestlands in Northwest Yunnan[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(7):1064.
[6]赵其国.我国南方当前水土流失与生态安全中值得重视的问题[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(2):1.ZHAO Qiguo.Some considerations for present soil and water conservation and ecology security of south China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,26(2):1.
[7]刘根华,查轩,周文芳,等.严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地植被恢复土壤养分的制约性因子[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(5):34.LIU Genhua,ZHA Xuan,ZHOU Wenfang,et al.Soil nutrient restriction factors in serious eroded and degraded Pinus Massoniana woodland[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(5):34.
[8]李裕元,邵明安.子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):252.LI Yuyuan,SHAO Mingan.The change of plant diversity during natural recovery process of vegetation in Ziwuling area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):252.
[9]刘晔,许玥,石松林,等.金沙江干旱河谷植物群落的数量分类及其结构分异的环境解释[J].生物多样性,2016,24(4):407.LIU Ye,XU Yue,SHI Songlin,et al.Quantitative classification and environmental interpretations for the structural differentiation of the plant communities in the dry valley of Jinshajiang River[J].Biodiversity Science,2016,24(4):407.
[10]李凯辉,胡玉昆,王鑫,等.不同海拔梯度高寒草地地上生物量与环境因子关系[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):2019.LI Kaihui,HU Yukun,WANG Xin,et al.Relationships between aboveground biomass and environmental factors along an altitude gradient of alpine grassland[J],Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(9):2019.
[11]PANSONATO M P,COSTA R.C,CASTIHO C V D,et al.Spatial scale or amplitude of predictors as determinants of the relative importance of environmental factors to plant community structure[J].Biotropica,2013,45(3):299.
[12]牛钰杰,杨思维,王贵珍,等放牧作用下高寒草甸群落物种分布与土壤因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(12):3891.NIU Yujie,YANG Siwei,WANG Guizhen,et al.Relation between species distribution of plant community and soil factors under grazing in alpine meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(12):3891.
[13]BASHAN Y,SALAZAR B G,MORENO M,et al.Restoration of eroded soil in the Sonoran Desert with native leguminous trees using plant growth-promoting microorganisms and limited amounts of compost and water[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,102:26.
[14]唐国勇,高成杰,李昆.植被恢复对干热河谷退化土壤改良的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5157.TANG Guoyong,GAO Chengjie,LI Kun,et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on the amelioration of degraded soil in a dry-hot valley[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5157.
[15]王萍,王克勤,李太兴,等.反坡水平阶对坡耕地径流和泥沙的调控作用[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1261.WANG Ping,WANG Keqin,LI Tai-xing,et al.Regulation effects of reverse-slope level terrace on the runoff and sediment yield in sloping farmland[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(5):1261.
[16]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶.陇中黄土区坡面整地和植被类型对土壤化学性状的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3216.FENG Tianjiao,WEI Wei,CHEN Liding,et al.Effects of land preparations and vegetation types on soil chemical features in a loess hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(11):3216.
[17]华锦欣,王克勤,张香群,等.昆明松华坝水源区等高反坡阶对坡耕地土壤磷含量的影响研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(3):76.HUA Jinxin,WANG Keqin,ZHANG Xiangqun,et al.Effect of reverse-slope level terrace on the phosphorus contents of sloping farmland in Kunming Songhuaba Reservoir[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(3):76.
[18]王帅兵,王克勤,宋娅丽,等.等高反坡阶对昆明市松华坝水源区坡耕地氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):39.WANG Shuaibing,WANG Keqin,SONG Yali,et al.Effect of reverse-slope level terrace on the Phosphorus contents of sloping farmland in Kunming Songhuaba Reservoir[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(6):39.
[19]王世雄,王孝安,李国庆,等.陕西子午岭植物群落演替过程中物种多样性变化与环境解释[J].生态学报,2010,30(6):1638.WANG Shixiong,WANG Xiaoan,LI Guoqing,et al.Species diversity and environmental interpretation in the process of community succession in the Ziwu Mountain of Shaanxi Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(6):1638.
[20]赵成章,石福习,董小刚,等.祁连山北坡退化林地植被群落的自然恢复过程及土壤特征变化[J].生态学报,2011,31(1):115.ZHAO Chengzhang,SHI Fuxi,DONG Xiaogang,et al.Dynamics of vegetation structure and soil properties in the natural restoration process of degraded woodland on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains,northwestern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(1):115.
[21]MAGURRAN A E.Species abundance distributions:Pattern or process?[J].Functional Ecology,2005,19(1):177.
[22]焦菊英,马祥华,白文娟,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落与土壤环境因子的对应分析[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):744.JIAO Juying,MA Xianghua,BAI Wenjuan,et al.Correspondence analysis of vegetation communities and soil environmental factors on abandoned cropland on hillygullied Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(5):744.