涉及自然保护区建设项目特点及生态影响分析
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摘要
对2012—2015年各省、自治区和直辖市上报原环境保护部的192项涉及自然保护区开发建设项目统计分析结果发现,我国涉及自然保护区的建设项目具有类型多样(共14种类型,其中公路项目最多,有44个,占项目总数的22.92%,其次为水利项目,有37个,占19.27%)、分布广泛(涉及25个省区市,101个保护区)、生态影响复杂等特点。根据当前我国生态保护的形势和需求,为进一步加强自然保护区及相关建设活动监管,建议提高地方政府的生态保护意识,发挥规划环境影响评价的控制作用,加强项目选址选线论证,落实相关生态补偿措施和加强公众参与度。
According to the data reported by the environmental protection departments(Bureaus) of different provinces(autonomous regions and metropolitan cities) of China(abbreviated as MEP), there were 192 construction projects that affecting nature reserves(abbreviated as CPANR) from 2012 to 2015. Based on the statistical analysis, three significant characteristics of the CPANR were found, which include diverse types(14 types), widespread(affected 101 nature reserves distributed in 25 provinces) and ecological impact complex. Among the CPANR types road projects(44 projects) accounted for the most(22.92%), followed by water conservancy projects(37 projects) accounted for 19.27%. Considering the current demand of ecological protection for China, it is significantly important that the supervision on nature reserves and CPANRs in China should be strengthened. Hence, the following five suggestions are proposed: improving local governments' awareness of ecological protection, aggrandizing the control effect of the environmental impact assessment for planning projects, strengthening the argumentation on the selection of project sites/lines, implementing ecological compensation measures, and increasing public participation.
According to the data reported by the environmental protection departments(Bureaus) of different provinces(autonomous regions and metropolitan cities) of China(abbreviated as MEP), there were 192 construction projects that affecting nature reserves(abbreviated as CPANR) from 2012 to 2015. Based on the statistical analysis, three significant characteristics of the CPANR were found, which include diverse types(14 types), widespread(affected 101 nature reserves distributed in 25 provinces) and ecological impact complex. Among the CPANR types road projects(44 projects) accounted for the most(22.92%), followed by water conservancy projects(37 projects) accounted for 19.27%. Considering the current demand of ecological protection for China, it is significantly important that the supervision on nature reserves and CPANRs in China should be strengthened. Hence, the following five suggestions are proposed: improving local governments' awareness of ecological protection, aggrandizing the control effect of the environmental impact assessment for planning projects, strengthening the argumentation on the selection of project sites/lines, implementing ecological compensation measures, and increasing public participation.
引文
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[12] 姚世雄,罗扬,刘晓,等.贵州省红阳风电场建设对生物多样性的影响评估[J].贵州农业科学,2014,42(9):241-244.[YAO Shi-xiong,LUO Yang,LIU Xiao,et al.Biodiversity Impact Assessment of Hongyang Wind Farm Construction in Guizhou[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(9):241-244.]
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[14] 沈汇超,张益民,崔云霞,等.盐城湿地建设项目对越冬水鸟生境的累积生态影响评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(11):182-186.[SHEN Hui-chao,ZHANG Yi-min,CUI Yun-xia,et al.Cumulative Ecological Impact of Construction Projects on Wintering Waterfowl Habitat in Yancheng Wetland[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(11):182-186.]
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[16] 闵泓翔.绵茂公路对九顶山、宝顶沟自然保护区阻隔效应分析[J].四川林勘设计,2010(3):33-36.[MIN Hong-xiang.Analysis on the Mianmao Highway′s Obstructing Effect on the Jiudingshan and Baodinggou Nature Reserve[J].Sichuan Forestry Exploration and Design,2010(3):33-36.]
[17] 王云,关磊,朴正吉,等.环长白山旅游公路对中大型兽类的阻隔作用[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2152-2158.[WANG Yun,GUAN Lei,PIAO Zheng-ji,et al.Barrier Effect of Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway on Middle and Large Sized Mammals[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(8):2152-2158.]
[18] 白涛,江建国,雷正玉,等.武汉上涉湖湿地自然保护区建设项目环境影响评价[J].湖北林业科技,2009(1):13-15.[BAI Tao,JIANG Jian-guo,LEI Zheng-yu,et al.Environmental Impact Assessment of Establishment Project of Wetland Nature Reserve in Shangshe Lake Region[J].Hubei Forestry Science and Technology,2009(1):13-15.]
[19] 张体强.输变电项目建设对自然保护区环境影响分析研究:以湖北堵河源国家级自然保护区为例[J].资源节约与环保,2013(11):29-30.
[20] 惠玉焱.直流输变电工程建设对荒漠生态系统自然保护区的生态影响及防治措施[J].甘肃林业,2013(4):40-41.
[21] WALESKA V M,OSMAR A D C J.Environmental Considerations in Energy Planning for the Amazon Region:Downstream Effects of Dams[J].Energy Policy,2007,35(12):6526-6534.
[22] 裴厦,刘春兰,陈龙.梯级水电站开发的生态环境累积影响[C]∥中国环境科学学会.2014中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2014:3138-3142.
[23] 秦卫华,叶海,钱者东,等.涉及国家级自然保护区建设项目的累积生态影响研究[J].北方环境,2013,25(11):99-102.[QIN Wei-hua,YE Hai,QIAN Zhe-dong,et al.Cumulative Ecological Impact Studies of Construction Projects Involving National Nature Reserve[J].Inner Mongolia Environmental Protection,2013,25(11):99-102.]
[24] 曹文宣.长江上游特有鱼类自然保护区的建设及相关问题的思考[J].长江流域资源与环境,2000,9(2):131-132.
[25] 徐网谷,蒋明康,王智,等.涉及自然保护区河道的建设项目环境准入存在的问题及对策[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):727-731.[XU Wang-gu,JIANG Ming-kang,WANG Zhi,et al.Issues Related to Environmental Permission for Construction Projects Associated With Waterways in Nature Reserves and the Countermeasures[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2012,28(6):727-731.]
[2] 刘方正,崔国发.国内外保护区管理有效性评价方法比较[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(6):33-38.[LIU Fang-zheng,CUI Guo-fa.Comparative Study of Methodologies for Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Protected Areas in China and Overseas[J].World Forestry Research,2013,26(6):33-38.]
[3] The Nature Conservancy.Conservation Action Planning Handbook[R/OL].Arlington,USA:The Nature Conservancy,2007:3-12[2017-12-05].https://www.conservationgateway.org/Files/Pages/action-planning-cap-handb.aspx.
[4] HOCKINGS M,STOLTON S,COURRAU J,et al.The World Heritage Management Effectiveness Workbook[M].Queensland:University of Queensland,the Nature Conservancy,2007:19-67.
[5] Swedish National Road Administration.National Environmental Programme 2002-2005 of the Swedish National Road Administration[R].Borlange,Sweden:SNRA,2001:57.
[6] Ministry of Transportation.Environmental Protection Requirements for Transportation Planning and Highway Design Construction,Operation and Maintenance[R].Saint Catharines,Canada:Environmental Policy Office of Ministry of Transportation,2014:1-72.
[7] 蒋明康,贺昭和,王智,等.涉及自然保护区建设项目的环境管理[J].生态与农村环境学报,2009,25(1):101-105.[JIANG Ming-kang,HE Zhao-he,WANG Zhi,et al.Environmental Management of Construction Projects Involving Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2009,25(1):101-105.]
[8] 高军,钱谊,蒋明康.自然保护区及其周边地区建设项目的环境管理技术研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:12-45.
[9] 王智,蒋明康,秦卫华,等.我国自然保护区的问题分析与对策[J].生态经济,2008,24(6):144-146.[WANG Zhi,JIANG Ming-kang,QIN Wei-hua,et al.The Problem and Strategy of Protected Areas in China[J].Ecological Environment,2008,24(6):144-146.]
[10] 陈雪珍,张银龙,王智,等.涉及自然保护区的公路建设管理问题及对策[J].林业资源管理,2006(5):14-17,39.[CHEN Xue-zhen,ZHANG Yin-long,WANG Zhi,et al.Problems and Countermeasures of Highway Construction Related to Protected Areas[J].Forest Resources Management,2006(5):14-17,39.]
[11] 张红霞,史玉柱,王佩华,等.涉及自然保护区的跨区域电网建设项目应注意的几个问题[J].华中电力,2011,24(4):29-32.[ZHANG Hong-xia,SHI Yu-zhu,WANG Pei-hua,et al.Problems in Cross-Region Power Grid Construction Concerning Nature Reserve[J].Central China Electric Power,2011,24(4):29-32.]
[12] 姚世雄,罗扬,刘晓,等.贵州省红阳风电场建设对生物多样性的影响评估[J].贵州农业科学,2014,42(9):241-244.[YAO Shi-xiong,LUO Yang,LIU Xiao,et al.Biodiversity Impact Assessment of Hongyang Wind Farm Construction in Guizhou[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(9):241-244.]
[13] 李智兰.风电场建设对周边扰动区域土壤养分和植被的影响[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(4):61-66.[LI Zhi-lan.Effect of Wind Power Site Construction on Soil Nutrients and Vegetation of the Surrounding Disturbed Region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(4):61-66.]
[14] 沈汇超,张益民,崔云霞,等.盐城湿地建设项目对越冬水鸟生境的累积生态影响评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(11):182-186.[SHEN Hui-chao,ZHANG Yi-min,CUI Yun-xia,et al.Cumulative Ecological Impact of Construction Projects on Wintering Waterfowl Habitat in Yancheng Wetland[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(11):182-186.]
[15] 宋文玲.风电场工程对盐城自然保护区的累积生态影响研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2011.
[16] 闵泓翔.绵茂公路对九顶山、宝顶沟自然保护区阻隔效应分析[J].四川林勘设计,2010(3):33-36.[MIN Hong-xiang.Analysis on the Mianmao Highway′s Obstructing Effect on the Jiudingshan and Baodinggou Nature Reserve[J].Sichuan Forestry Exploration and Design,2010(3):33-36.]
[17] 王云,关磊,朴正吉,等.环长白山旅游公路对中大型兽类的阻隔作用[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2152-2158.[WANG Yun,GUAN Lei,PIAO Zheng-ji,et al.Barrier Effect of Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway on Middle and Large Sized Mammals[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(8):2152-2158.]
[18] 白涛,江建国,雷正玉,等.武汉上涉湖湿地自然保护区建设项目环境影响评价[J].湖北林业科技,2009(1):13-15.[BAI Tao,JIANG Jian-guo,LEI Zheng-yu,et al.Environmental Impact Assessment of Establishment Project of Wetland Nature Reserve in Shangshe Lake Region[J].Hubei Forestry Science and Technology,2009(1):13-15.]
[19] 张体强.输变电项目建设对自然保护区环境影响分析研究:以湖北堵河源国家级自然保护区为例[J].资源节约与环保,2013(11):29-30.
[20] 惠玉焱.直流输变电工程建设对荒漠生态系统自然保护区的生态影响及防治措施[J].甘肃林业,2013(4):40-41.
[21] WALESKA V M,OSMAR A D C J.Environmental Considerations in Energy Planning for the Amazon Region:Downstream Effects of Dams[J].Energy Policy,2007,35(12):6526-6534.
[22] 裴厦,刘春兰,陈龙.梯级水电站开发的生态环境累积影响[C]∥中国环境科学学会.2014中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2014:3138-3142.
[23] 秦卫华,叶海,钱者东,等.涉及国家级自然保护区建设项目的累积生态影响研究[J].北方环境,2013,25(11):99-102.[QIN Wei-hua,YE Hai,QIAN Zhe-dong,et al.Cumulative Ecological Impact Studies of Construction Projects Involving National Nature Reserve[J].Inner Mongolia Environmental Protection,2013,25(11):99-102.]
[24] 曹文宣.长江上游特有鱼类自然保护区的建设及相关问题的思考[J].长江流域资源与环境,2000,9(2):131-132.
[25] 徐网谷,蒋明康,王智,等.涉及自然保护区河道的建设项目环境准入存在的问题及对策[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(6):727-731.[XU Wang-gu,JIANG Ming-kang,WANG Zhi,et al.Issues Related to Environmental Permission for Construction Projects Associated With Waterways in Nature Reserves and the Countermeasures[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2012,28(6):727-731.]
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