健康为导向的建成环境与体力活动研究综述及启示
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摘要
快速城市化带来的民众体力活动下降导致了一系列健康问题。提升体力活动是规划设计干预市民健康的重要切入点,对于两者关系和研究方法的梳理有助于从研究和实践层面加强规划设计对公共健康的积极影响。本文首先阐述了建成环境与体力活动研究的背景和发展历程,从规划设计角度分别对建成环境—体力活动—健康三者的关系、建成环境与体力活动的测量、建成环境影响体力活动环境因素这三个方面的研究进展进行系统讨论,提出了健康导向的建成环境与体力活动研究路径,探讨了未来研究的方向及其对规划设计的启示。
The decline in urban residents' physical activity associated with built environment has led to a series of health problems. Physical activity can be utilized as an important entry point for planning and designing. It could indicate vulnerable environmental factors that reduce the risk of disease and thus improve the public health. The integrity of the two issues will help enhance the promotion of public health through design and planning. However, no research has been carried out on the issue of how to measure and define the factors of built environment and physical activities, which is a critical part to make the research more applicable and practical. This paper first examines the background and development process of the research on the built environment and physical activity. Historically, there are four stages of evolution in this field which indicate that the measurement is becoming more sophisticated and objectively quantified. Advanced and objective measuring technology would become the major trend in the future. From the perspective of planning and design, the triangle relationship between the built environment—physical activity—health is the key gateway to conclude that increasing physical activity could be an effective approach to improve public health. To further the research, there should be effort on both the measurement of the built environment and physical activity, as well as factors which built environment affects physical activity. Firstly, there are two approaches to carry out the measurement on either physical activity or built environment. No matter objective, subjective or compound, there are always advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, according to the literature review, this research summarized six elements through which built environment could significantly affect users' physical activity: road connectivity, mixed use of land, accessibility of destination, walkability, environmental qualities. For the road connectivity, there sub-factors of network pattern, intersections density, network density, etc. For the land mixed-use, there are sub factors of Hesiman index and entropy model. For the destination accessibility, there are factors of commuting time, infrastructure accessibility. For the walkability, there are sub-factors of walkway density, infrastructures, etc. For the environmental qualities, there are sub-factors of safety and aesthetics, which subjectively affect users' motivation of physical activity. The research progress in these aspects is systematically discussed in the article, and the research pathways of health-oriented built environment and physical activity is proposed, and the direction of future research and the enlightenment for planning design are discussed. Eventually there comes up with three promising research gateway in the future: 1)Enhance the longitude research approach on the relationship between built environment and physical activity in order to figure out the causal relationship between them; 2) Add holistic multi-factor research of built environment and physical activity in order to make up a comprehensive picture of the mechanism; 3) Emphasize the research on the unlinear relationship of built environment and physical activity which is close to how it runs in the reality.
The decline in urban residents' physical activity associated with built environment has led to a series of health problems. Physical activity can be utilized as an important entry point for planning and designing. It could indicate vulnerable environmental factors that reduce the risk of disease and thus improve the public health. The integrity of the two issues will help enhance the promotion of public health through design and planning. However, no research has been carried out on the issue of how to measure and define the factors of built environment and physical activities, which is a critical part to make the research more applicable and practical. This paper first examines the background and development process of the research on the built environment and physical activity. Historically, there are four stages of evolution in this field which indicate that the measurement is becoming more sophisticated and objectively quantified. Advanced and objective measuring technology would become the major trend in the future. From the perspective of planning and design, the triangle relationship between the built environment—physical activity—health is the key gateway to conclude that increasing physical activity could be an effective approach to improve public health. To further the research, there should be effort on both the measurement of the built environment and physical activity, as well as factors which built environment affects physical activity. Firstly, there are two approaches to carry out the measurement on either physical activity or built environment. No matter objective, subjective or compound, there are always advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, according to the literature review, this research summarized six elements through which built environment could significantly affect users' physical activity: road connectivity, mixed use of land, accessibility of destination, walkability, environmental qualities. For the road connectivity, there sub-factors of network pattern, intersections density, network density, etc. For the land mixed-use, there are sub factors of Hesiman index and entropy model. For the destination accessibility, there are factors of commuting time, infrastructure accessibility. For the walkability, there are sub-factors of walkway density, infrastructures, etc. For the environmental qualities, there are sub-factors of safety and aesthetics, which subjectively affect users' motivation of physical activity. The research progress in these aspects is systematically discussed in the article, and the research pathways of health-oriented built environment and physical activity is proposed, and the direction of future research and the enlightenment for planning design are discussed. Eventually there comes up with three promising research gateway in the future: 1)Enhance the longitude research approach on the relationship between built environment and physical activity in order to figure out the causal relationship between them; 2) Add holistic multi-factor research of built environment and physical activity in order to make up a comprehensive picture of the mechanism; 3) Emphasize the research on the unlinear relationship of built environment and physical activity which is close to how it runs in the reality.
引文
[1]马向明.健康城市与城市规划[J].城市规划,2014,38(3):53-55.MA X M.Healthy City and Urban Planning[J].Urban Planning,2014,38(3):53-55.
[2]徐苗,陈瑞,孙锟,等.健康城市视角下的山地城市阶梯步道适老性及其设计因素研究——以重庆山城步道为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(3):6-16.XU M,CHEN R,SUN W,et al.Study on the Adequacy and Design Factors of Mountain City Steps in Healthy City Perspective—Taking Chongqing Mountain City Trail as an Example[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2017(3):6-16.
[3]DIEZ R A V,MAIR C.Neighborhoods and health[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1186(1):125-145.
[4]MUNTNER P,GU D,WILDMAN R P,et al. Prevalence of physical activity among Chinese adults:results from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia[J].American Journal of Public Health,2005,95(9):1631-1636.
[5]王兰,廖舒文,赵晓菁.健康城市规划路径与因素辨析[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(4):4-9.WANG L,LIAO S W,ZHAO X J.Analysis of the Path and Factors of Healthy Urban Planning[J].International Urban Planning,2016,31(4):4-9.
[6]陈柳钦.健康城市建设及其发展趋势[J].中国市场,2010(33):50-63.CHEN L Q.Construction of Healthy City and Its Development Trend[J].China Market,2010(33):50-63.
[7]金广君,张昌娟.城市设计:从设计景观到设计健康[J].城市规划,2008,247(7):56-61.JIN G J,ZHANG C J.Urban Design:From Design Landscape to Design Health[J].Urban Planning,2008,247(7):56-61.
[8]HANDY S L,BOARNET M G,EWING R,et al. How the built environment affects physical activity:views from urban planning[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2002,23(2):64-73.
[9]马明,蔡镇钰.健康视角下城市绿色开放空间研究——健康效用及设计应对[J].中国园林,2016(11):66-70.MA M,CAI Z Y.Research on Urban Green Open Space from the Perspective of Health—Health Effect and Design Response[J].Chinese Garden,2016(11):66-70.
[10]G E BEL K,BAUMAN A E,PETTICREW M.The physical environment and physical activity:a critical appraisal of review articles[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2007,32(5):361-369.
[11]FRANK L,ENGELKE P,SCHMID T.Health and community design:The impact of the built environment on physical activity[M].Washington D.C.:Island Press,2003.
[12]于一凡,胡玉婷.社区建成环境健康影响的国际研究进展——基于体力活动研究视角的文献综述和思考[J].建筑学报,2017(2):33-38.YU Y F,HU Y T.The International Research Progress of Environmental Health Impacts in Community Building—A Literature Review and Reflection Based on the Perspective of Physical Activity Research[J].Chinese Journal of Architecture,2017(2):33-38.
[13]鲁斐栋,谭少华.建成环境对体力活动的影响研究:进展与思考[J].国际城市规划,2015,30(2):62-70.LU F D,TAN S H.Research on the Impact of Built Environment on Physical Activity:Progress and Thinking[J].International Urban Planning,2015,30(2):62-70.
[14]WENG X,LIU Y,MA J,et al. An urbanrural comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in EasternChina[J].Public Health Nutrition,2007,10(2):131-136.
[15]BLAIR S N.Physical inactivity:the biggest public health problem of the 21st century[J].British Journal of Sports Medicine,2009,43(1):1-2.
[16]ZIMRING C,JOSEPH A,NICOLL G L,et al.Influences of building design and site design on physical activity:research and intervention opportunities[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2005,28(2):186-193.
[17]PUCHER J,DIJKSTRA L.Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health:lessons from the Netherlands and Germany[J].American journal of public health,2003,93(9):1509-1516.
[18]ALFONZO M A.To walk or not to walk?The hierarchy of walking needs[J].Environment and Behavior,2005,37(6):808-836.
[19]HOEHNER C M,IVY A,RAMIREZ L K B,et al. Active neighborhood checklist:a user-friendly and reliable tool for assessing activity friendliness[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2007,21(6):534-537.
[20]MELNICK A L,FLEMING D W.Modern geographic information systems—promise and pitfalls[J].J Public Health Manag Pract,1999,5(2):viii-x.
[21]KYTT M.SoftGIS methods in planning evaluation[M].HULL A.Evaluation for participatory and sustainable planning.Abingdon:Routledge.
[22]HENNESSY C H,MORIARTY D G,ZACK M M,et al.Measuring HealthRelated Quality of Life for Public Health Surveillance[J].Public Health Reports 1994,109(5):665.
[23]CERVERO R,KOCKELMAN K.Travel Demand and the 3Ds:Density,Diversity,and Design[J].TransportationResearch Part D:Transport and Environment,1997,2(3):199-219.
[24]PIKORA T,GILES-CORTI B,BULL F,et al. Developing a Framework for Assessment of the Environmental Determinants of Walking and Cycling[J].Social Science&Medicine,2003,56(8):1693-1703.
[25]LEONARDI C,SIMONSEN N R,YU Q,et al.Street Connectivity and Obesity Risk:Evidence From Electronic Health Records[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2017,52(S1):40-47.
[26]LEE C,MOUDON A V,COURBOIS J Y P.Built environment and behavior:spatial sampling using parcel data[J].Annals of Epidemiology,2006,16(5):387-394.
[27]COUTTS C.Greenway accessibility and physical-activity behavior[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2008,35(3):552-563.
[28]MCCORMACK G R,ROCK M,TOOHEY A M,et al. Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity:a review of qualitative research[J].Health&Place,2010,16(4):712-726.
[29]SALLIS J F,BOWLES H R,BAUMAN A,et al. Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in11 countries[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2009,36(6):484-490.
[30]HAY G,KYPRI K,WHIGHAM P,et al. Potential biases due to geocoding error in spatial analyses of official data[J].Health&place,2009,15(2):562-567.
[31]ANN F,KEVIN K.Promoting Walking and Bicycling:Assessing theEvidence to Assist Planners[J].Built Environment,2010,36(4):429-446.
[32]MCCORMACK G R,SHIELL A,GILES-CORTI B,et al.The association between sidewalk length and walking for different purposes in established neighborhoods[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition&Physical Activity,2012,9(1):92-92.
[33]CHATMAN D.Residential Choice,The Built Environment,and Nonwork Travel:Evidence Using New Data and Methods[J].Environment and Planning A,2009,41(5):1072-1089.
[34]KRIZEK K J,JOHNSON P J.Proximity to Trails and Retail:Effects on Urban Cycling and Walking[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(1):33-42.
[35]RHODES R E,BROWN S G,MCINTYRE C A.Integrating the Perceived Neighborhood Environment and the Theory of Planned Behavior When Predicting Walking in a Canadian Adult Sample[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2006,21(2):110-118.
[36]BOARNET M G,DAY K,ANDERSON C,et al. California's Safe Routes to School Program:Impacts on Walking,Bicycling,and Pedestrian Safety[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(3):301-317.
[37]MOUDON A V,LEE C,CHEADLE A,et al.Operational De(?)nitions of Walkable Neighborhood:Theoretical and Empirical Insights[J].Journal of Physical Activity&Health,2006,3(s1):99-117.
[38]GILES B,BOLL F,KNUIMAN M,et al.The Influence of Urban Design on Neighbourhood Walking Following Residential Relocation:LongitudinalResults from the RESIDE Study[J].Social Science&Medicine.2013,77(1):20-30.
[39]VAN DYCK D,CERIN E,CONWAY T L,et al.Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with adults'leisure-time physical activity:Findings from Belgium,Australia and the USA[J].Health&Place,2013(19):59-68.
[40]LIU K KIN W M S,XI Y G,et al.Where do networks really work?The effects of the Shenzhen greenway network on supporting physical activities[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016,152:49-58.
[2]徐苗,陈瑞,孙锟,等.健康城市视角下的山地城市阶梯步道适老性及其设计因素研究——以重庆山城步道为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(3):6-16.XU M,CHEN R,SUN W,et al.Study on the Adequacy and Design Factors of Mountain City Steps in Healthy City Perspective—Taking Chongqing Mountain City Trail as an Example[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2017(3):6-16.
[3]DIEZ R A V,MAIR C.Neighborhoods and health[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1186(1):125-145.
[4]MUNTNER P,GU D,WILDMAN R P,et al. Prevalence of physical activity among Chinese adults:results from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia[J].American Journal of Public Health,2005,95(9):1631-1636.
[5]王兰,廖舒文,赵晓菁.健康城市规划路径与因素辨析[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(4):4-9.WANG L,LIAO S W,ZHAO X J.Analysis of the Path and Factors of Healthy Urban Planning[J].International Urban Planning,2016,31(4):4-9.
[6]陈柳钦.健康城市建设及其发展趋势[J].中国市场,2010(33):50-63.CHEN L Q.Construction of Healthy City and Its Development Trend[J].China Market,2010(33):50-63.
[7]金广君,张昌娟.城市设计:从设计景观到设计健康[J].城市规划,2008,247(7):56-61.JIN G J,ZHANG C J.Urban Design:From Design Landscape to Design Health[J].Urban Planning,2008,247(7):56-61.
[8]HANDY S L,BOARNET M G,EWING R,et al. How the built environment affects physical activity:views from urban planning[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2002,23(2):64-73.
[9]马明,蔡镇钰.健康视角下城市绿色开放空间研究——健康效用及设计应对[J].中国园林,2016(11):66-70.MA M,CAI Z Y.Research on Urban Green Open Space from the Perspective of Health—Health Effect and Design Response[J].Chinese Garden,2016(11):66-70.
[10]G E BEL K,BAUMAN A E,PETTICREW M.The physical environment and physical activity:a critical appraisal of review articles[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2007,32(5):361-369.
[11]FRANK L,ENGELKE P,SCHMID T.Health and community design:The impact of the built environment on physical activity[M].Washington D.C.:Island Press,2003.
[12]于一凡,胡玉婷.社区建成环境健康影响的国际研究进展——基于体力活动研究视角的文献综述和思考[J].建筑学报,2017(2):33-38.YU Y F,HU Y T.The International Research Progress of Environmental Health Impacts in Community Building—A Literature Review and Reflection Based on the Perspective of Physical Activity Research[J].Chinese Journal of Architecture,2017(2):33-38.
[13]鲁斐栋,谭少华.建成环境对体力活动的影响研究:进展与思考[J].国际城市规划,2015,30(2):62-70.LU F D,TAN S H.Research on the Impact of Built Environment on Physical Activity:Progress and Thinking[J].International Urban Planning,2015,30(2):62-70.
[14]WENG X,LIU Y,MA J,et al. An urbanrural comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in EasternChina[J].Public Health Nutrition,2007,10(2):131-136.
[15]BLAIR S N.Physical inactivity:the biggest public health problem of the 21st century[J].British Journal of Sports Medicine,2009,43(1):1-2.
[16]ZIMRING C,JOSEPH A,NICOLL G L,et al.Influences of building design and site design on physical activity:research and intervention opportunities[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2005,28(2):186-193.
[17]PUCHER J,DIJKSTRA L.Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health:lessons from the Netherlands and Germany[J].American journal of public health,2003,93(9):1509-1516.
[18]ALFONZO M A.To walk or not to walk?The hierarchy of walking needs[J].Environment and Behavior,2005,37(6):808-836.
[19]HOEHNER C M,IVY A,RAMIREZ L K B,et al. Active neighborhood checklist:a user-friendly and reliable tool for assessing activity friendliness[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2007,21(6):534-537.
[20]MELNICK A L,FLEMING D W.Modern geographic information systems—promise and pitfalls[J].J Public Health Manag Pract,1999,5(2):viii-x.
[21]KYTT M.SoftGIS methods in planning evaluation[M].HULL A.Evaluation for participatory and sustainable planning.Abingdon:Routledge.
[22]HENNESSY C H,MORIARTY D G,ZACK M M,et al.Measuring HealthRelated Quality of Life for Public Health Surveillance[J].Public Health Reports 1994,109(5):665.
[23]CERVERO R,KOCKELMAN K.Travel Demand and the 3Ds:Density,Diversity,and Design[J].TransportationResearch Part D:Transport and Environment,1997,2(3):199-219.
[24]PIKORA T,GILES-CORTI B,BULL F,et al. Developing a Framework for Assessment of the Environmental Determinants of Walking and Cycling[J].Social Science&Medicine,2003,56(8):1693-1703.
[25]LEONARDI C,SIMONSEN N R,YU Q,et al.Street Connectivity and Obesity Risk:Evidence From Electronic Health Records[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2017,52(S1):40-47.
[26]LEE C,MOUDON A V,COURBOIS J Y P.Built environment and behavior:spatial sampling using parcel data[J].Annals of Epidemiology,2006,16(5):387-394.
[27]COUTTS C.Greenway accessibility and physical-activity behavior[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2008,35(3):552-563.
[28]MCCORMACK G R,ROCK M,TOOHEY A M,et al. Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity:a review of qualitative research[J].Health&Place,2010,16(4):712-726.
[29]SALLIS J F,BOWLES H R,BAUMAN A,et al. Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in11 countries[J].American journal of preventive medicine,2009,36(6):484-490.
[30]HAY G,KYPRI K,WHIGHAM P,et al. Potential biases due to geocoding error in spatial analyses of official data[J].Health&place,2009,15(2):562-567.
[31]ANN F,KEVIN K.Promoting Walking and Bicycling:Assessing theEvidence to Assist Planners[J].Built Environment,2010,36(4):429-446.
[32]MCCORMACK G R,SHIELL A,GILES-CORTI B,et al.The association between sidewalk length and walking for different purposes in established neighborhoods[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition&Physical Activity,2012,9(1):92-92.
[33]CHATMAN D.Residential Choice,The Built Environment,and Nonwork Travel:Evidence Using New Data and Methods[J].Environment and Planning A,2009,41(5):1072-1089.
[34]KRIZEK K J,JOHNSON P J.Proximity to Trails and Retail:Effects on Urban Cycling and Walking[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(1):33-42.
[35]RHODES R E,BROWN S G,MCINTYRE C A.Integrating the Perceived Neighborhood Environment and the Theory of Planned Behavior When Predicting Walking in a Canadian Adult Sample[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2006,21(2):110-118.
[36]BOARNET M G,DAY K,ANDERSON C,et al. California's Safe Routes to School Program:Impacts on Walking,Bicycling,and Pedestrian Safety[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(3):301-317.
[37]MOUDON A V,LEE C,CHEADLE A,et al.Operational De(?)nitions of Walkable Neighborhood:Theoretical and Empirical Insights[J].Journal of Physical Activity&Health,2006,3(s1):99-117.
[38]GILES B,BOLL F,KNUIMAN M,et al.The Influence of Urban Design on Neighbourhood Walking Following Residential Relocation:LongitudinalResults from the RESIDE Study[J].Social Science&Medicine.2013,77(1):20-30.
[39]VAN DYCK D,CERIN E,CONWAY T L,et al.Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with adults'leisure-time physical activity:Findings from Belgium,Australia and the USA[J].Health&Place,2013(19):59-68.
[40]LIU K KIN W M S,XI Y G,et al.Where do networks really work?The effects of the Shenzhen greenway network on supporting physical activities[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016,152:49-58.