结构化森林经营对东北阔叶红松林森林质量的影响
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摘要
【目的】通过分析结构化森林经营对东北阔叶红松林森林质量形成的中长期影响,探索森林经营对林分质量提升的响应机理。【方法】在吉林蛟河林业试验区设置6块面积为100 m×100 m的样地,其中,目标样地1块、经营样地4块和对照样地1块。经营样地采用结构化经营方法,长期观测记录样地数据,借助Excel Pivot Tables、R 3.4.3、Origin 2015、Winkelmass等软件进行系统对比分析,研究结构化森林经营对林分生产力、林分密度、林分结构以及林分综合状态的影响。【结果】实施结构化森林经营,使经营林分年均蓄积生长量(均值)较对照林分提高17.28%,生长率提高17.60%;林分断面积年均增量(均值)提高42.86%,生长率提高47.37%;林木枯损率降低57.22%,显著提高了林分生产力。且实施结构化森林经营使主要针叶树种优势度保持较高水平,林分水平格局为随机分布,是理想的天然林格局。林分中高混交且随机分布的最佳微结构体始终保持较高比例,而低混交且非随机分布的劣势结构体比例很低并有下降趋势;经营使林分的综合状态迅速获得优化,林分状态维持稳定,但是经营效果的保持还需要持续定期的后续经营。【结论】结构化森林经营能够精准提升东北阔叶红松林的森林质量,既能提高林分生产力又能优化林分空间结构。
[Objective] This paper aims to study the medium and long term effects of structure-based forest management(SBFM) on forest quality of broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeastern China and to explore the mechanism of forest management in forest quality improvement. [Method] Six sample plots with an area of 100 m × 100 m were set up in Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Area, Jilin Province of northeastern China. Among the six plots, there is 1 target sample plot, 4 managed sample plots and 1 control plot. The SBFM measures were applied in 4 managed plots for data collection. Quantitative and comparative analysis has been carried out using Excel Pivot Tables, R 3.4.3, Origin 2015, Winkelmass to study the effects of SBFM on forest productivity, density, structure and comprehensive status of the stand. [Result] The results indicated that after applying SBFM, the average annual stand volume growth(mean) of managed stands was 17.28% more than those of control, and growth rate was 17.60% higher, meanwhile the average annual stand basal area growth(mean) and growth rate of it increased by 42.86% and 47.37%, respectively,and the rate of tree mortality decreased by 57.22%. In a word, the productivity was significantly improved.With main conifers maintaining a high level of species dominance, the horizontal distribution of managed stands was random pattern, i.e. the ideal natural forest pattern. The optimum micro-structures with high mixing and random distribution remained a high proportion throughout the study, while those with low mixing and non-random distribution accounted for a low proportion and showed a downward trend in managed stands. The comprehensive status of the managed stand had been optimized rapidly by SBFM, the state of stands was maintained stable, and the continuous and regular follow-up operation was required to maintain the management effect. [Conclusion] Structure-based forest management improves the quality of broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeastern China in a precise manner. SBFM has been proved to be an effective and reliable way to improve stand productivity and optimize stand spatial structure at the same time.
[Objective] This paper aims to study the medium and long term effects of structure-based forest management(SBFM) on forest quality of broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeastern China and to explore the mechanism of forest management in forest quality improvement. [Method] Six sample plots with an area of 100 m × 100 m were set up in Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Area, Jilin Province of northeastern China. Among the six plots, there is 1 target sample plot, 4 managed sample plots and 1 control plot. The SBFM measures were applied in 4 managed plots for data collection. Quantitative and comparative analysis has been carried out using Excel Pivot Tables, R 3.4.3, Origin 2015, Winkelmass to study the effects of SBFM on forest productivity, density, structure and comprehensive status of the stand. [Result] The results indicated that after applying SBFM, the average annual stand volume growth(mean) of managed stands was 17.28% more than those of control, and growth rate was 17.60% higher, meanwhile the average annual stand basal area growth(mean) and growth rate of it increased by 42.86% and 47.37%, respectively,and the rate of tree mortality decreased by 57.22%. In a word, the productivity was significantly improved.With main conifers maintaining a high level of species dominance, the horizontal distribution of managed stands was random pattern, i.e. the ideal natural forest pattern. The optimum micro-structures with high mixing and random distribution remained a high proportion throughout the study, while those with low mixing and non-random distribution accounted for a low proportion and showed a downward trend in managed stands. The comprehensive status of the managed stand had been optimized rapidly by SBFM, the state of stands was maintained stable, and the continuous and regular follow-up operation was required to maintain the management effect. [Conclusion] Structure-based forest management improves the quality of broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeastern China in a precise manner. SBFM has been proved to be an effective and reliable way to improve stand productivity and optimize stand spatial structure at the same time.
引文
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[2]张会儒,雷相东.森林经理与森林质量精准提升[J].国土绿化,2017,26(8):13-15.Zhang H R,Lei X D.Forest management and accurate improvement of forest quality[J].Land Greening,2017,26(8):13-15.
[3]刘世荣,马姜明,缪宁.中国天然林保护、生态恢复与可持续经营的理论与技术[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):212-218.Liu S R,Ma J M,Miao N.Achievements in natural forest protection,ecological restoration,and sustainable management in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(1):212-218.
[4]Gayer K.Der Waldbau[M].Berlin:Verlag Parey,1882.
[5]M?ller A.Der Dauerwaldgedanke:seinsinn und seine bedeutung[M].Berlin:Verlag Julius Springer,1992.
[6]Abetz P.Zur standraumregulierung in mischbest?nden und auswahl von zukunftsb?umen[J].Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung,1974,29(41):871-873.
[7]Gurnaud A.Lasylviculturefran?aise et la méthode du contr?le[M].Besan?on:Jacquin,1886.
[8]Biolley H.Barême du tarifconventionnel unique pour l’application du controle au traitement des forêtspar[M].Georges:Bridel&cie,1890.
[9]陈大珂,周晓峰,视宁,等.天然次生林-结构、功能、动态与经营[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1994.Chen D K,Zhou X F,Shi N,et al.Nature secondary forest structure function dynamic and management[M].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,1994.
[10]袁士云.甘肃省小陇山现有林分经营模式评价研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.Yuan S Y.Evaluation of existing forest management models in Xiao Longshan,Gansu Province[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2010.
[11]惠刚盈,Gadow K V,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.Hui G Y,Gadow K V,Hu Y B,et al.Structure-based forest management[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007.
[12]Li Y F,Hui G Y,Zhang Z H,et al.The bivariate distribution characteristics of spatial structure in nature Korean pine broadleaved forest[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2012,23(6):1180-1190.
[13]Hui G Y,Pommerening A.Analysing tree species and size diversity patterns in multi-species uneven-aged forest of Northern China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,316(6):125-138.
[14]Pommerening A.Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,224(3):266-277.
[15]惠刚盈,Gadow K V,胡艳波,等.林木分布格局类型的角尺度均值分析方法[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1225-1229.Hui G Y,Gadow K V,Hu Y B,et al.Characterizing forest spatial distribution pattern with the mean value of uniform angle index[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(6):1225-1229.
[16]雷相东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):78-85.Lei X D,Lu Y C,Zhang H R,et al.Effects of thinning on mixed stands of Larix olgensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):78-85.
[17]高云昌,张文辉,何景峰,等.黄龙山油松人工林间伐效果的综合评价[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5):1313-1319.Gao Y C,Zhang W H,He J F,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Huanglong Mountain,Northwest China:a comprehensive evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1313-1319.
[18]张悦,郭利平,易雪梅,等.长白山北坡3个森林群落主要树种种间联结性[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):106-115.Zhang Y,Guo L P,Yi X M,et al.Analysis of interspecific associations among major tree species in three forest communities on the north slope of Changbai Mountain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(1):106-115.
[19]王祖华,李瑞霞,关庆伟.间伐对杉木不同根序细根形态、生物量和氮含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1487-1493.Wang Z H,Li R X,Guan Q W.Effects of thinning on fine-root morphology,biomass and N concentration of different branch orders of Chinese fir[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(6):1487-1493.
[20]徐高福,余启国,孙益群,等.新时期森林抚育经营技术与措施[J].林业调查规划,2010,35(5):131-134.Xu G F,Yu Q G,Sun Y Q,et al.Technology and measures of forest tending and management in new period[J].Forest Inventory and Planning,2010,35(5):131-134.
[21]杜纪山,唐守正.抚育间伐对林分生长的效应及其模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(1):79-83.Du J S,Tang S Z.Effects of tending and thinning on stand growth and model study[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1996,18(1):79-83.
[22]李法胜,于政中.检查法林分生长预测及择伐模拟研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(6):531-539.Li F S,Yu Z Z.Growth predictions and selective cutting simulations to experimental stands of control method[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1994,30(6):531-539.
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