不同耕作模式对东北风沙土区玉米产量及氮素利用率的影响
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摘要
研究优化集成耕作模式对东北风沙土区玉米产量、肥料氮素利用率及去向的影响,探讨不同耕作模式下玉米产量及氮肥利用率之间的关系,为东北风沙土区玉米生产合理耕作模式的选择提供科学依据。在东北风沙土区传统耕作模式(CT)、优化集成耕作模式1(ITP1)和优化集成耕作模式2(ITP2)小区内设置~(15)N标记微区框栽,以CT处理为对照,研究ITP1和ITP2耕作模式下玉米产量、氮肥利用率及肥料氮去向。结果表明:2种优化耕作模式玉米籽粒产量显著高于传统耕作模式,分别增产30.10%和15.53%。3种耕作模式氮肥利用率介于27.10%～35.46%,ITP1处理和ITP2处理氮肥利用率分别为35.46%和31.40%,比CT处理分别提高了30.85%和15.87%。与CT处理相比,IPT1处理氮肥残留量增加18.67%,损失量降低45.65%;IPT2处理肥料氮残留量介于IPT1和CT处理之间,差异不显著,IPT2氮肥损失率比CT处理降低24.36%,比IPT1增加39.17%。2种优化集成耕作模式增加玉米产量,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮肥污染,IPT1和IPT2两种优化耕作模式适合东北风沙土地区玉米种植。
The effects of integrated tillage pattern on maize yield, utilization efficiency and direction of nitrogen fertilizer in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China were studied, and the relationships between maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under different tillage patterns were discussed, which would provide scientific basis for rational tillage pattern of maize production in this region. In the aeolian sandy soil region, ~(15)N labelled micro-plots were set up in conventional tillage(CT), integrated tillage pattern 1(ITP1) and 2(ITP2) treatment, and CT was taken as contrast treatment. The effects of ITP1 and ITP2 on maize yield, utilization efficiency and direction of nitrogen fertilizer were studied. The results showed that the maize grain yield significantly increased by 30.10% and 15.53% in ITP1 and ITP2 compared with that of CT, respectively. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of three tillage patterns ranged from 27.10% to 35.46%. The nitrogen use efficiency was 35.46% and 31.40% in ITP1 and ITP2, respectively, which was 30.85% and 15.87% higher than that of CT. Compared with CT, the residual nitrogen of ITP1 increased by 18.67%, and the loss rate decreased by 45.65%. The residual nitrogen of ITP2 was lower than that of ITP1, but higher than that of CT, but the difference was not significant. However, the nitrogen loss rate of ITP2 was 24.36% lower than that of CT and 39.17% higher than ITP1. Both of integrated tillage patterns increased maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and decreased nitrogen fertilizer pollution. Thus, IPT1 and IPT2 were potential strategies for increasing maize yield in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China.
The effects of integrated tillage pattern on maize yield, utilization efficiency and direction of nitrogen fertilizer in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China were studied, and the relationships between maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under different tillage patterns were discussed, which would provide scientific basis for rational tillage pattern of maize production in this region. In the aeolian sandy soil region, ~(15)N labelled micro-plots were set up in conventional tillage(CT), integrated tillage pattern 1(ITP1) and 2(ITP2) treatment, and CT was taken as contrast treatment. The effects of ITP1 and ITP2 on maize yield, utilization efficiency and direction of nitrogen fertilizer were studied. The results showed that the maize grain yield significantly increased by 30.10% and 15.53% in ITP1 and ITP2 compared with that of CT, respectively. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of three tillage patterns ranged from 27.10% to 35.46%. The nitrogen use efficiency was 35.46% and 31.40% in ITP1 and ITP2, respectively, which was 30.85% and 15.87% higher than that of CT. Compared with CT, the residual nitrogen of ITP1 increased by 18.67%, and the loss rate decreased by 45.65%. The residual nitrogen of ITP2 was lower than that of ITP1, but higher than that of CT, but the difference was not significant. However, the nitrogen loss rate of ITP2 was 24.36% lower than that of CT and 39.17% higher than ITP1. Both of integrated tillage patterns increased maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and decreased nitrogen fertilizer pollution. Thus, IPT1 and IPT2 were potential strategies for increasing maize yield in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China.
引文
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[30] 王孟雪,张有利,张玉先.黑龙江风沙土区不同耕作措施对玉米地土壤水分及产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(6):245-251
[31] 田慎重,宁堂原,王瑜,等.不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤有机碳含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):373-378.
[2] 何萍,金继运,林葆.玉米高产施肥营养生理研究进展[J].玉米科学,1998,6(2):72-76.
[3] 杨小梅,刘树伟,秦艳梅,等.中国玉米化学氮肥利用率的时空变异特征[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(10):1184-1192.
[4] Galloway J N,Hiram Levy I,Kasibhatla P S.Consequences of population growth and development on deposition of oxidized nitrogen[J].Ambio,2020,1994:120-123.
[5] Guo J,Liu X,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
[6] Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems [J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3041-3146.
[7] 赵伟,梁斌,杨学云,等.长期不同施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤残留肥料氮去向的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(8):1628-1634.
[8] 乔云发,苗淑杰,陆欣春,等.不同土壤耕作方式对东北风沙土区玉米田土壤质量及产量的影响[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(3):19-23.
[9] 徐明杰,张琳,汪新颖,等.不同管理方式对夏玉米氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):36-45.
[10] Bhogal A,Rochford A D,Bradley R S.Net changes in soil and crop nitrogen in relation to the performance of wheat given wide-ranging annual nitrogen applications at Ropsley,UK [J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2000,135:139-149.
[11] 王宜伦,李潮海,王瑾,等.缓/控释肥在玉米生产中的应用与展望[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(24):254-257.
[12] 邵国庆,李增嘉,宁堂原,等.灌溉和尿素类型对玉米氮素利用及产量和品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(11):3672-3678.
[13] Ogola J B O,Wheeler T R,Harris P M.Effects of nitrogen and irrigation on water use of maize crops [J].Field Crops Research,2002,78(2/3):105-117.
[14] 周宝元,孙雪芳,丁在松,等.土壤耕作和施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累与产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2129-2140.
[15] 张总正,秦淑俊,李娜,等.深松和施氮对夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):790-798.
[16] Huang G B,Chai Q,Feng F X,et al.Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties,root growth,grain yield,and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in arid Northwest China [J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2011,11(8):1286-1296.
[17] Wang X B,Zhou B Y,Sun X F,et al.Soil tillage management affects maize grain yield by regulating spatial distribution coordination of roots,soil moisture and nitrogen status[J].PLoS One,2015,10(6):e0129231.
[18] 张君,赵沛义,潘志华,等.基于产量及环境友好的玉米氮肥投入阈值确定[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):136-143.
[19] 李庆逵,朱兆良,于天仁.中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1998:38-48.
[20] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[21] 于飞,施卫明.近10年中国大陆主要粮食作物氮肥利用率分析[J].土壤学报,2015,52(6):1311-1324.
[22] 朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1992:288-303.
[23] 杜伟,赵秉强,林治安,等.有机无机复混肥优化化肥养分利用的效应与机理研究I.有机物料与尿素复混对玉米产量及肥料养分吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(3):579-586.
[24] 刘增兵,赵秉强,林治安.腐植酸尿素氨挥发特性及影响因素研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):208-213.
[25] 赵京音,姚政,蒋小华.利用农业有机废弃物提高化学氮肥利用率的研究Ⅱ.施用农业有机废弃物对化肥氮素利用率的影响[J].上海农业学报,1999,15(1):69-72.
[26] 钟顺清,王周琼,川上敞.草炭对土壤中尿素中氮的动态影响[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(2):65-69.
[27] 肇溥敏,王宝申,韩英群,等.腐殖酸类物质与尿素的复合效应及其对尿酶活性的抑制[J].土壤通报,1993,24(3):135-136.
[28] 刘超,汪有科,湛景武,等.秸秆覆盖量对农田土面蒸发的影响[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(5):448- 451.
[29] 乔云发,苗淑杰,陆欣春,等.耕作方式和有机肥对风沙土区玉米产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2018,46(4):124-127.
[30] 王孟雪,张有利,张玉先.黑龙江风沙土区不同耕作措施对玉米地土壤水分及产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(6):245-251
[31] 田慎重,宁堂原,王瑜,等.不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤有机碳含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):373-378.