虚拟水：国际水资源管理与启示
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摘要
虚拟水研究是国际水资源管理的重要课题,虚拟水贸易对国家水资源战略、粮食安全战略有着重要影响,水足迹逐渐成为各国制定水资源管理政策的参考标准。论文梳理了国外研究成果,从概念内涵、发展战略、水资源管理等维度阐述虚拟水理论与实践研究价值。分析发现:第一,虚拟水概念获得学术界认可但仍存在争议,理论研究急需拓展;第二,虚拟水能够影响国家水安全和粮食安全战略,其应用性和适应性仍有待深入研究;第三,理论上虚拟水符合当前水管理目标和内容,但实践中其应用效果存在争议;第四,水足迹是虚拟水概念的延伸,其研究成果成为当前虚拟水研究主流,在水管理层面上已成为各国水资源管理的重要评价指标。
The research of virtual water is an important topic of the international water management. Virtual water trade has a crucial impact to national strategy of water resources and food security, water footprint also becomes a reference standard of water resource management policy. This paper mainly expounds the theoretical and practical contributions of virtual water from the perspectives of concept connotation, development strategy and water resources management by summarizing foreign research. The result shows: firstly, the concept of virtual water has been recognized by most researchers, but there are still controversies and the theoretical research needs to be expanded; Secondly, virtual water influences water security and food security, but the applicability and adaptability need to be further studied; Thirdly, virtual water satisfies the water management objectives and contents theoretically, but its application effect is controversial in practice; Fourthly, water footprint is an extension of the concept of virtual water and it has become the mainstream of virtual water research, now water footprint is an important evaluation index of water resources management in many countries.
The research of virtual water is an important topic of the international water management. Virtual water trade has a crucial impact to national strategy of water resources and food security, water footprint also becomes a reference standard of water resource management policy. This paper mainly expounds the theoretical and practical contributions of virtual water from the perspectives of concept connotation, development strategy and water resources management by summarizing foreign research. The result shows: firstly, the concept of virtual water has been recognized by most researchers, but there are still controversies and the theoretical research needs to be expanded; Secondly, virtual water influences water security and food security, but the applicability and adaptability need to be further studied; Thirdly, virtual water satisfies the water management objectives and contents theoretically, but its application effect is controversial in practice; Fourthly, water footprint is an extension of the concept of virtual water and it has become the mainstream of virtual water research, now water footprint is an important evaluation index of water resources management in many countries.
引文
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[30]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products[J].Ecosystems,2012,15(3):401-415.
[31]Berger M,Finkbeiner M.Methodological challenges in volumetric and impact-oriented water footprints[J].Journal of Industrial Ecology,2013,17(1):79-89.
[32]Gerbens-Leenes W,Hoekstra A Y,van der Meer T H.The water footprint of bioenergy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,2009,106(25):10219-10223.
[33]Yang Y,Hubacek K,Feng K S,et al.Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK[J].Ecological Economics,2010,69(5):1140-1147.
[34]Ge L Q,Xie G D,Li S M,et al.The analysis of water footprint of production and water stress in China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2016,7(5):334-341.
[35]Chapagain A K,Hoekstra A Y.The blue,green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives[J].Ecological Economics,2011,70(4):749-758.
[36]UNCED.Agenda 2l[M].Rio de Janerio,Brazil:United Nations Conference on Environment&Development,1992.
[37]United Nations General Assembly.Transforming our world:The 2030 agenda for sustainable development[M].New York:Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly,2015.
[38]Hoekstra A Y,Chapagain A K.Water footprints of nations:Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern[J].Water Resources Management,2007,21(1):35-48.
[39]Melloul A J,Collin M L.Harmonizing water management and social needs:a necessary condition for sustainable development.The case of Israel’s coastal aquifer[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2003,67(4):385-394.
[40]Allan J A.Hydro-peace in the Middle East:why no water wars?A case study of the Jordan River Basin[J].SAIS Review,2002,22(2):255-272.
[41]Allan J A.Virtual water-the water,food,and trade Nexus.Useful concept or misleading metaphor?[J].Water International,2003,28(1):4-11.
[42]Wheida E,Verhoeven R.The role of“virtual water”in the water resources management of the Libyan Jamahiriya[J].Desalination,2007,205(1):312-316.
[43]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.The green,blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2011,15(5):1577-1600.
[44]Costa L,Neto J A.Proposal for a water resource management strategy model using the water footprint concept[J].Brazilian Journal of Operations&Production Management,2017,14(3):371-380.
[2]Allan J A.Virtual water-the water,food,and trade nexus.Useful concept or misleading metaphor?[J].Water International,2003,28(1):106-113.
[3]Merrett S.Virtual water and the Kyoto Consensus[J].Water International,2003,28(4):540-542.
[4]Allan J A.Hydro-peace in the middle east:Why water wars?:Acase study of Jordan River Basin[J].SAIS Review,2002,22(2):221-235.
[5]Reimer J J.On the economics of virtual water trade[J].Ecological Economics,2012,75:135-139.
[6]Wicheins D.The role of‘virtual water’in efforts to achieve food security and other national goals,with an example from Egypt[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,49(2):131-151.
[7]Ansink E.Refuting two claims about virtual water trade[J].Ecological Economics,2010,69(10):2027-2032.
[8]Antonelli M,Sartori M.Unfolding the potential of the virtual water concept.What is still under debate?[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2015,50:240-251.
[9]Ricardo D.Principles of political economy and taxation[M].New York:Dover Publications,1913:492-501.
[10]Heckscher E F.The effect of foreign trade on the distribution of income[J].Ekonomisk Tidskrift,1919,21(2):497-512.
[11]Ohlin B.Interregional and international trade[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1933.
[12]Ruhl J B,Kraft S E,Lant C L.The law and policy of ecosystem services[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2007.
[13]Qadir M,Sharma B R,Bruggeman A,et al.Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,87(1):2-22.
[14]Allan J A.Virtual water-economically invisible and politically silent-A way to solve strategic water problems[J].International Water and Irrigation,2001,21(4):39-41.
[15]Warner J F.Virtual water-virtual benefits?Scarcity,distribution,security and conflict reconsidered[C]//Hoekstra A Y.Virtual water trade:Proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade.Delft,Netherlands:UNESCO-IHE,2003.
[16]Roson R,Sartori M.Water scarcity and virtual water trade in the Mediterranean[J].SSRN Electronic Journal,2010,28:875-899.
[17]Zeitoun M,Allan J A,Mohieldeen Y.Virtual water‘flows’of the Nile Basin,1998-2004:A first approximation and implications for water security[J].Global Environmental Change,2010,20(2):229-242.
[18]Gawel E.Virtual water and trade:A critical economic review[M].Bhaduri A,Bogardi J,Leentvaar J,et al.The global water system in the Anthropocene:Challenges for science and governance.New York:Springer International Publishing,2014:27-43.
[19]Meissner R.Regional food security and virtual water:some natural,political and economic implications[C]//Hoekstra A Y.Virtual water trade:Proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade.Delft,Netherlands:UNESCO-IHE,2003.
[20]Orlowsky B,Hoekstra A Y,Gudmundsson L,et al.Todays virtual water consumption and trade under future water scarcity[J].Environmental Research Letters,2014,9(7):1-10.
[21]Kim Y D,Lee S H,Itsubo N,et al.Regional analysis of virtual water flow in view of crop consumption[J].Irrigation&Drainage,2016,65(S2):86-93.
[22]Hefnawy G E.Virtual water as a policy for ensuring food security in the Mena region[M]//Ahmed A.Science,technology and sustainability in the Middle East and North Africa.Geneve:Inderscience Enterprises Limited,2007.
[23]Karapinar B.The role of virtual water trade in food security:The case of Ethiopia[R].Switzerland:World Trade Institute/NCCRTrade,2011.
[24]Sherwood L.Research articles:Water shortage,food security,and virtual water in China[J].Environmental Practice,2013,15(3):253-261.
[25]Gleick P.The world’s water 2002-2003:The biennial report on freshwater resources[J].Southwest Hydrology,2003,8:36.
[26]Hoekstra A Y,Hung P Q.Virtual water trade:a quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade[C]//Hoekstra A Y,Value of water research report series No.11.Delft,Netherlands:UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education,2002.
[27]Hoekstra A,Chapagain A,Aldaya M M,et al.The water footprint assessment manual:Setting the global standard[M].London:Earthscan,2011.
[28]Hoekstra A Y,Chapagain A K.Chapter 5:The Water footprints of nations[M].Globalization of water:Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources.Oxford,UK:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2008:51-65.
[29]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.National water footprint accounts:The green,blue and grey water footprint of production and consumption[C]//Value of water research report series NO.50.Delft,Netherlands:UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education,2011.
[30]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products[J].Ecosystems,2012,15(3):401-415.
[31]Berger M,Finkbeiner M.Methodological challenges in volumetric and impact-oriented water footprints[J].Journal of Industrial Ecology,2013,17(1):79-89.
[32]Gerbens-Leenes W,Hoekstra A Y,van der Meer T H.The water footprint of bioenergy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,2009,106(25):10219-10223.
[33]Yang Y,Hubacek K,Feng K S,et al.Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK[J].Ecological Economics,2010,69(5):1140-1147.
[34]Ge L Q,Xie G D,Li S M,et al.The analysis of water footprint of production and water stress in China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2016,7(5):334-341.
[35]Chapagain A K,Hoekstra A Y.The blue,green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives[J].Ecological Economics,2011,70(4):749-758.
[36]UNCED.Agenda 2l[M].Rio de Janerio,Brazil:United Nations Conference on Environment&Development,1992.
[37]United Nations General Assembly.Transforming our world:The 2030 agenda for sustainable development[M].New York:Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly,2015.
[38]Hoekstra A Y,Chapagain A K.Water footprints of nations:Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern[J].Water Resources Management,2007,21(1):35-48.
[39]Melloul A J,Collin M L.Harmonizing water management and social needs:a necessary condition for sustainable development.The case of Israel’s coastal aquifer[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2003,67(4):385-394.
[40]Allan J A.Hydro-peace in the Middle East:why no water wars?A case study of the Jordan River Basin[J].SAIS Review,2002,22(2):255-272.
[41]Allan J A.Virtual water-the water,food,and trade Nexus.Useful concept or misleading metaphor?[J].Water International,2003,28(1):4-11.
[42]Wheida E,Verhoeven R.The role of“virtual water”in the water resources management of the Libyan Jamahiriya[J].Desalination,2007,205(1):312-316.
[43]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.The green,blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2011,15(5):1577-1600.
[44]Costa L,Neto J A.Proposal for a water resource management strategy model using the water footprint concept[J].Brazilian Journal of Operations&Production Management,2017,14(3):371-380.