氮水平对苹果叶片~(13)C光合产物和~(15)N向果实转移分配的影响
|
摘要
以6年生‘烟富3’/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,采用C、N双标记技术,研究在果实膨大后期用不同尿素浓度水溶液(N 0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%、2.4%,分别用CK、N_1、N_2、N_3、N_4表示)涂抹果实周围20 cm范围内叶片对叶片~(13)C同化能力及~(13)C光合产物、~(15)N向果实转移分配的影响.结果表明:随着尿素浓度的增加,叶片的叶绿素含量、氮含量、光合速率、山梨醇和蔗糖含量、6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性及~(13)C同化能力均先升高后降低,均以1.8%尿素涂抹处理最高,清水对照最低.~(13)C自留量(自身叶片+自身新梢)以清水对照最高,为81.6%,1.8%尿素涂抹处理最低,为63.5%.向外输出的~(13)C光合产物主要分布在标记果实,其次是未标记多年生枝,未标记叶片最低.果实~(13)C吸收量随着尿素浓度增加呈先升高后降低趋势,以1.8%尿素涂抹处理最高(1.21 mg·g~(-1)),清水对照最低(0.51 mg·g~(-1));果实~(15)N吸收量随着尿素浓度增加呈持续升高趋势.表明尿素水溶液叶施可不同程度地提高叶片光合产物和氮素向果实转移分配的能力,以1.8%尿素涂抹处理叶片光合产物向果实转移分配能力最强,同时避免了过多的氮素向果实的输入.
A field experiment was carried out in a six-year old ‘Fuji3'/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. apple with ~(15)N and ~(13)C labeled tracers, to understand ~(13)C assimilation capability and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of ~(13)C-photosynthate and ~(15)N to fruit under different nitrogen application levels(urea 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, 2.4%, CK, N_1, N_2, N_3, N_4, respectively) to smear the leaves within 20 cm around the fruit at late stage of fruit enlargement. The results showed that, with the increases of urea application, the chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate, sorbitol and sucrose content, sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(S6 PDH) and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) activities, ~(13)C assimilation capability of leaves were first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smear treatment and the lowest value with the treatment of clear water. The ~(13)C of self retention(self leaves and self branches) was the highest in clear water(81.6%) and the lowest in 1.8% urea smeartreatment(63.5%). The ~(13)C was mainly allocated to fruit, followed by unlabeled perennial branch, and the lowest in unlabeled leaves. With the increases of urea application, the ~(13)C absorption of fruit was first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smeartreatment(1.21 mg·g~(-1)) and the lowest value in clear water(0.51 mg·g~(-1)). The ~(15)N absorption of fruit was enhanced with the increases of urea application. These results indicated that foliage application of urea solution improved translocation and distribution of leaf photosynthate and nitrogen to fruit with varying degrees, which was the highest in 1.8% urea smear treatment and could avoid excessive intake of nitrogen to fruit.
A field experiment was carried out in a six-year old ‘Fuji3'/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. apple with ~(15)N and ~(13)C labeled tracers, to understand ~(13)C assimilation capability and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of ~(13)C-photosynthate and ~(15)N to fruit under different nitrogen application levels(urea 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, 2.4%, CK, N_1, N_2, N_3, N_4, respectively) to smear the leaves within 20 cm around the fruit at late stage of fruit enlargement. The results showed that, with the increases of urea application, the chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate, sorbitol and sucrose content, sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(S6 PDH) and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) activities, ~(13)C assimilation capability of leaves were first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smear treatment and the lowest value with the treatment of clear water. The ~(13)C of self retention(self leaves and self branches) was the highest in clear water(81.6%) and the lowest in 1.8% urea smeartreatment(63.5%). The ~(13)C was mainly allocated to fruit, followed by unlabeled perennial branch, and the lowest in unlabeled leaves. With the increases of urea application, the ~(13)C absorption of fruit was first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smeartreatment(1.21 mg·g~(-1)) and the lowest value in clear water(0.51 mg·g~(-1)). The ~(15)N absorption of fruit was enhanced with the increases of urea application. These results indicated that foliage application of urea solution improved translocation and distribution of leaf photosynthate and nitrogen to fruit with varying degrees, which was the highest in 1.8% urea smear treatment and could avoid excessive intake of nitrogen to fruit.
引文
[1] Ge S-F (葛顺峰), Zhu Z-L (朱占玲), Wei S-C (魏绍冲), et al. Technical approach and research prospect of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers for apple in China. Acta Horticulturae Sinica (园艺学报), 2017, 44(9): 1681-1692 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhang C, Tanabe K. Partitioning of 13C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth. Scientia Horticulturae, 2008, 117: 142-150
[3] Hu M-Y (胡梦芸), Zhang Z-B (张正斌), Xu P (徐萍). Photoassimilate transport proteins and biology function in plant. Plant Physiology Journal (植物生理学报), 2008, 44(1): 1-6 (in Chinese)
[4] Li T-Z (李天忠), Zhang Z-H (张志宏). Modern Fruit Biology. Beijing: Science Press, 2008: 148-149 (in Chinese)
[5] Chen Q (陈倩), Ding N (丁宁), Peng L (彭玲), et al. Effects of different nitrogen application rates on 15N-urea absorption, utilization, loss and fruit yield and quality of dwarf apple. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(7): 2247-2253 (in Chinese)
[6] Li H-N (李洪娜), Xu H-G (许海港), Ren Y-H (任饴华), et al. Effect of different N application rates on plant growth, 15N-urea utilization and hormone content of dwarf apple trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(5): 1304-1311 (in Chinese)
[7] Zhang Q (张强), Wei Q-P (魏钦平), Jiang R-S (蒋瑞山), et al. Correlation analysis of fruit mineral nutrition contents with several key quality indicators in ‘Fuji’ apple. Acta Horticulturae Sinica (园艺学报), 2011, 38(10): 1963-1968 (in Chinese)
[8] Xu Y-J (徐云姬), Zhang W-Y (张伟杨), Qian X-Y (钱希旸), et al. Effect of nitrogen on grain filling of wheat and its physiological mechanism. Journal of Tri-ticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2015, 35(8): 1119-1126 (in Chinese)
[9] Gong X-W (宫香伟), Han H-K (韩浩坤), Zhang D-Z (张大众), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, transportation and nitrogen meta-bolism in functional leaves of broomcorn millet at late growth stage. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(6): 1045-1056 (in Chinese)
[10] Li J (李晶), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Wei S-C (魏绍冲), et al. Annual utilization and allocation of urea-13C by M. hupehensis Rehd. under different N rate. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(3): 800-806 (in Chinese)
[11] Wang X (王雪), Zhang K (张阔), Sun Z-M (孙志梅), et al. Effects of nitrogen levels on characteristics of dry matter accumulation and source-sink activities of radish. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(21): 4300-4308 (in Chinese)
[12] Huang Z (黄镇), Zhang L-Z (张连忠), Shu H-R (束环瑞). A study on the habit of directive distribution of carbon assimilates from the leaves on different internodes of apple trees. Journal of Shandong Agricultural College (山东农学院学报), 1983(1): 32-38 (in Chinese)
[13] Tian G (田歌), Wang F (王芬), Xu X-X (徐新翔), et al. Growth and nitrogen accumulation and utilization dynamics of young apple trees. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(10): 3319-3325 (in Chinese)
[14] Chen Q (陈倩), Ding N (丁宁), Zhu Z-L (朱占玲), et al. Effects of nitrogen-supply levels on leaf senescence and characteristics of distribution and utilization of 13C and 15N in Fuji 3 apple grafted on different stocks. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(7): 2239-2246 (in Chinese)
[15] Yamaki S. Roles of four sorbitol related enzymes and invertase in the seasonal alteration of sugar metabolism in apple tissue. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1986, 111: 134-137
[16] Barzegar T, Badeck FW, Delshad M, et al. 13C-labelling of leaf photoassimilates to study the source-sink relationship in two Iranian melon cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 2013, 151: 157-164
[17] Zhang Y-P (张永平), Qiao Y-X (乔永旭), Yu J-Q (喻景权), et al. Progress of researches of sugar accumulation mechanism of horticultural plant fruits. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(4): 1151-1157 (in Chinese)
[18] Han M-Y (韩明玉). Theory and Practice of Apple Development Regulation in Loess Plateau. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2015: 32-39 (in Chinese)
[19] Ma D-Y (马冬云), Guo T-C (郭天财), Wang C-Y (王晨阳), et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on accumulation, translocation, and partitioning of photosynthate in winter wheat at grain filling stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2008, 34(6): 1027-1033 (in Chinese)
[20] Wang SH, Zhu Y, Jiang HD, et al. Positional diffe-rences in nitrogen and sugar concentrations of upper leaves relate to plant N status in rice under different N rates. Field Crops Research, 2006, 96: 224-234
[21] Chen D, Ye G, Yang C, et al. Effect after introducing Bacillus thuringiensis gene on nitrogen metabolism in cotton. Field Crops Research, 2004, 87: 235-244
[22] Zhang Y (张勇), Fu C-X (付春霞), Liu F (刘飞), et al. Effects of aerial zinc application on carbohydrate metabolism related enzymes activities in apple fruit. Acta Horticulturae Sinica (园艺学报), 2013, 40(8): 1429-1436 (in Chinese)
[23] Invers O, Kraemer GP, Pérez M, et al. Effects of nitrogen addition on nitrogen metabolism and carbon reserves in the temperate seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2004, 303: 97-114
[24] Boussadia O, Steppe K, Zgallai H, et al. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on leaf photosynthesis, carbohydrate status and biomass production in two olive cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’. Scientia Horticulturae, 2010, 123: 336-342
[25] Liu J-R (刘敬然), Zhao W-Q (赵文青), Zhou Z-G (周治国), et al. Effects of nitrogen rates and planting dates on yield, quality and photosynthate contents in the subtending leaves of cotton boll. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(4): 951-961 (in Chinese)
[26] Ding N, Chen Q, Zhu ZL, et al. Effects of crop load on distribution and utilization of 13C and 15N and fruit quality for dwarf apple trees. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 14172, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14509-3
[27] Falguera V, Lordan J, Gatius F, et al. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on polyphenol oxidase activity in peach fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 2012, 142: 155-157
[28] Wen Z-J (温志静), Guo Y-P (郭延平), Zhang W (张雯), et al. Effect of different levels of nitrogen spraying on dynamic changes of starch, sugar and activities of related enzymes in apple fruits. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica (西北农业学报), 2018, 27(6): 846-853 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhang C, Tanabe K. Partitioning of 13C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth. Scientia Horticulturae, 2008, 117: 142-150
[3] Hu M-Y (胡梦芸), Zhang Z-B (张正斌), Xu P (徐萍). Photoassimilate transport proteins and biology function in plant. Plant Physiology Journal (植物生理学报), 2008, 44(1): 1-6 (in Chinese)
[4] Li T-Z (李天忠), Zhang Z-H (张志宏). Modern Fruit Biology. Beijing: Science Press, 2008: 148-149 (in Chinese)
[5] Chen Q (陈倩), Ding N (丁宁), Peng L (彭玲), et al. Effects of different nitrogen application rates on 15N-urea absorption, utilization, loss and fruit yield and quality of dwarf apple. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(7): 2247-2253 (in Chinese)
[6] Li H-N (李洪娜), Xu H-G (许海港), Ren Y-H (任饴华), et al. Effect of different N application rates on plant growth, 15N-urea utilization and hormone content of dwarf apple trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(5): 1304-1311 (in Chinese)
[7] Zhang Q (张强), Wei Q-P (魏钦平), Jiang R-S (蒋瑞山), et al. Correlation analysis of fruit mineral nutrition contents with several key quality indicators in ‘Fuji’ apple. Acta Horticulturae Sinica (园艺学报), 2011, 38(10): 1963-1968 (in Chinese)
[8] Xu Y-J (徐云姬), Zhang W-Y (张伟杨), Qian X-Y (钱希旸), et al. Effect of nitrogen on grain filling of wheat and its physiological mechanism. Journal of Tri-ticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2015, 35(8): 1119-1126 (in Chinese)
[9] Gong X-W (宫香伟), Han H-K (韩浩坤), Zhang D-Z (张大众), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, transportation and nitrogen meta-bolism in functional leaves of broomcorn millet at late growth stage. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(6): 1045-1056 (in Chinese)
[10] Li J (李晶), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Wei S-C (魏绍冲), et al. Annual utilization and allocation of urea-13C by M. hupehensis Rehd. under different N rate. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(3): 800-806 (in Chinese)
[11] Wang X (王雪), Zhang K (张阔), Sun Z-M (孙志梅), et al. Effects of nitrogen levels on characteristics of dry matter accumulation and source-sink activities of radish. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(21): 4300-4308 (in Chinese)
[12] Huang Z (黄镇), Zhang L-Z (张连忠), Shu H-R (束环瑞). A study on the habit of directive distribution of carbon assimilates from the leaves on different internodes of apple trees. Journal of Shandong Agricultural College (山东农学院学报), 1983(1): 32-38 (in Chinese)
[13] Tian G (田歌), Wang F (王芬), Xu X-X (徐新翔), et al. Growth and nitrogen accumulation and utilization dynamics of young apple trees. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(10): 3319-3325 (in Chinese)
[14] Chen Q (陈倩), Ding N (丁宁), Zhu Z-L (朱占玲), et al. Effects of nitrogen-supply levels on leaf senescence and characteristics of distribution and utilization of 13C and 15N in Fuji 3 apple grafted on different stocks. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(7): 2239-2246 (in Chinese)
[15] Yamaki S. Roles of four sorbitol related enzymes and invertase in the seasonal alteration of sugar metabolism in apple tissue. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1986, 111: 134-137
[16] Barzegar T, Badeck FW, Delshad M, et al. 13C-labelling of leaf photoassimilates to study the source-sink relationship in two Iranian melon cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 2013, 151: 157-164
[17] Zhang Y-P (张永平), Qiao Y-X (乔永旭), Yu J-Q (喻景权), et al. Progress of researches of sugar accumulation mechanism of horticultural plant fruits. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(4): 1151-1157 (in Chinese)
[18] Han M-Y (韩明玉). Theory and Practice of Apple Development Regulation in Loess Plateau. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2015: 32-39 (in Chinese)
[19] Ma D-Y (马冬云), Guo T-C (郭天财), Wang C-Y (王晨阳), et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on accumulation, translocation, and partitioning of photosynthate in winter wheat at grain filling stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2008, 34(6): 1027-1033 (in Chinese)
[20] Wang SH, Zhu Y, Jiang HD, et al. Positional diffe-rences in nitrogen and sugar concentrations of upper leaves relate to plant N status in rice under different N rates. Field Crops Research, 2006, 96: 224-234
[21] Chen D, Ye G, Yang C, et al. Effect after introducing Bacillus thuringiensis gene on nitrogen metabolism in cotton. Field Crops Research, 2004, 87: 235-244
[22] Zhang Y (张勇), Fu C-X (付春霞), Liu F (刘飞), et al. Effects of aerial zinc application on carbohydrate metabolism related enzymes activities in apple fruit. Acta Horticulturae Sinica (园艺学报), 2013, 40(8): 1429-1436 (in Chinese)
[23] Invers O, Kraemer GP, Pérez M, et al. Effects of nitrogen addition on nitrogen metabolism and carbon reserves in the temperate seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2004, 303: 97-114
[24] Boussadia O, Steppe K, Zgallai H, et al. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on leaf photosynthesis, carbohydrate status and biomass production in two olive cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’. Scientia Horticulturae, 2010, 123: 336-342
[25] Liu J-R (刘敬然), Zhao W-Q (赵文青), Zhou Z-G (周治国), et al. Effects of nitrogen rates and planting dates on yield, quality and photosynthate contents in the subtending leaves of cotton boll. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(4): 951-961 (in Chinese)
[26] Ding N, Chen Q, Zhu ZL, et al. Effects of crop load on distribution and utilization of 13C and 15N and fruit quality for dwarf apple trees. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 14172, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14509-3
[27] Falguera V, Lordan J, Gatius F, et al. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on polyphenol oxidase activity in peach fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 2012, 142: 155-157
[28] Wen Z-J (温志静), Guo Y-P (郭延平), Zhang W (张雯), et al. Effect of different levels of nitrogen spraying on dynamic changes of starch, sugar and activities of related enzymes in apple fruits. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica (西北农业学报), 2018, 27(6): 846-853 (in Chinese)