青藏高原城镇体系的时空演变
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摘要
城镇体系的形成和发育对区域城镇化进程及社会经济发展起着至关重要的作用,并对生态环境产生重要影响。青藏高原特殊的地理环境与相对落后的社会经济基础,导致城镇体系不甚健全。目前国内外相关研究薄弱,不利于国家生态安全屏障建设及青藏高原可持续发展。为此,本文以建制镇以上的镇区和城市市区为研究对象,结合统计数据与遥感数据,借助GIS空间分析方法对青藏高原1990-2015年城镇体系的空间结构和规模结构进行时空演变格局分析,并采用重心移动模型揭示了青藏高原城镇人口规模和用地规模重心的迁移规律。结果表明:青藏高原城镇空间分布总体呈现出"东南密集、西北稀疏"、"大分散、小集聚"的格局;城镇分布在时间上具有阶段性增长特征且总体趋于集聚,在空间上不均衡程度呈上升趋势但2005年后明显减缓;虽然建制镇数量大幅增长,但96.88%的城镇规模在5万人以下,大中小城市发育不足;城镇人口规模重心呈现"先向西南,再向东北,又向西南"的移动轨迹;城镇用地规模重心呈现"先向东南,再向西北,再向东北"的迁移趋势。本文研究了青藏高原城镇体系的规模结构及其时空演变特征,为青藏高原新型城镇化及城镇空间格局优化提供基础依据;提出了资料缺乏和统计口径不一致的条件下城镇规模的合理估算方法,对我国城镇化相关研究具有一定的参考价值。
The formation and development of the urban system play a vital role in regional urbanization process and socio-economic development. They also have a significant impact on the eco-environment. Due to the special geographical environment and relatively poor socio-economic foundation, the urban system of the Tibetan Plateau seems less developed. Moreover, the relevant literature in Chinese and English are both scarce,hindering the construction of national ecological security barriers and the sustainable development of the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, based on statistical data, remote sensing data, and GIS spatial analysis methods, this paper took city proper and urban districts(i.e., the core urban areas of cities and officially established towns in China)as the research object, and analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of the spatial structure and scale structure of the urban system in the Tibetan Plateau during 1990-2015. Meanwhile, based on the urban gravity center movement model, the spatial patterns of the gravity centers of the urban population and urban construction land in the Tibetan Plateau during 1990-2015 were analyzed. We have four major findings. Firstly,the urban spatial distribution of the Tibetan Plateau shows an overall pattern of "intensive in the southeast, sparse in the northwest" and "globally dispersed, locally agglomerated." Secondly, the number of officially established towns increased with different speeds in three stages. The distribution of the urban system as a whole has been more and more agglomerated and the level of spatial imbalance has been on the rise. However, the upward trend has slowed down markedly since 2005. Thirdly, though the number of officially established towns has increased significantly, the urban populations in 96.88% of them are under 50 000. Large, medium, and small cities are underdeveloped. Fourthly, the gravity centers of the urban population and urban construction land during 1990–2015 were all located in the southeast region of the Tibetan Plateau. The gravity centers of the urban population during 1990-2015 shows a movement direction of "first to the southwest, then to the northeast and southwest." It has moved 116.6 km to the southwest during the entire period. The gravity centers of the urban construction land during 1990-2015 shows the movement direction of "first to the southeast, then to the northwest and northeast." It has moved 43.5 km to the northeast during the entire period. Our findings provide basic data to studies of the new type urbanization and the optimization of urban spatial pattern in the Tibetan Plateau. This paper also provides a method for urban scale estimation under the conditions of data deficiency and statistical caliber inconsistency, which will help advance China's urbanization studies.
The formation and development of the urban system play a vital role in regional urbanization process and socio-economic development. They also have a significant impact on the eco-environment. Due to the special geographical environment and relatively poor socio-economic foundation, the urban system of the Tibetan Plateau seems less developed. Moreover, the relevant literature in Chinese and English are both scarce,hindering the construction of national ecological security barriers and the sustainable development of the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, based on statistical data, remote sensing data, and GIS spatial analysis methods, this paper took city proper and urban districts(i.e., the core urban areas of cities and officially established towns in China)as the research object, and analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of the spatial structure and scale structure of the urban system in the Tibetan Plateau during 1990-2015. Meanwhile, based on the urban gravity center movement model, the spatial patterns of the gravity centers of the urban population and urban construction land in the Tibetan Plateau during 1990-2015 were analyzed. We have four major findings. Firstly,the urban spatial distribution of the Tibetan Plateau shows an overall pattern of "intensive in the southeast, sparse in the northwest" and "globally dispersed, locally agglomerated." Secondly, the number of officially established towns increased with different speeds in three stages. The distribution of the urban system as a whole has been more and more agglomerated and the level of spatial imbalance has been on the rise. However, the upward trend has slowed down markedly since 2005. Thirdly, though the number of officially established towns has increased significantly, the urban populations in 96.88% of them are under 50 000. Large, medium, and small cities are underdeveloped. Fourthly, the gravity centers of the urban population and urban construction land during 1990–2015 were all located in the southeast region of the Tibetan Plateau. The gravity centers of the urban population during 1990-2015 shows a movement direction of "first to the southwest, then to the northeast and southwest." It has moved 116.6 km to the southwest during the entire period. The gravity centers of the urban construction land during 1990-2015 shows the movement direction of "first to the southeast, then to the northwest and northeast." It has moved 43.5 km to the northeast during the entire period. Our findings provide basic data to studies of the new type urbanization and the optimization of urban spatial pattern in the Tibetan Plateau. This paper also provides a method for urban scale estimation under the conditions of data deficiency and statistical caliber inconsistency, which will help advance China's urbanization studies.
引文
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[2]鲍超,陈小杰.中国城市体系的空间格局研究评述与展望[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(10):1300-1311.[Bao C, Chen X J. Review and prospect of research on the spatial pattern of China's urban system[J]. Progress in Geography,2014,33(10):1300-1311.]
[3]周春山,叶昌东.中国城市空间结构研究评述[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(7):1030-1038.[Zhou C S, Ye C D. Progress on studies of urban spatial structure in China[J].Progress in Geography, 2013,32(7):1030-1038.]
[4]顾朝林,庞海峰.基于重力模型的中国城市体系空间联系与层域划分[J].地理研究,2008,27(1):1-12.[Gu C L,Pang H F. Study on spatial relations of Chinese urban system:Gravity model approach[J]. Geographical Research,2008,27(1):1-12.]
[5]鲍超,李秋颖,梁广林.1985-2010年中国城市的空间格局与重心演变轨迹[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(9):36-42.[Bao C, Li Q Y, Liang G L. Spatial pattern of China's cities and evolution track of the gravity centers in 1985-2010[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,22(9):36-42.]
[6]方创琳.中国城市发展空间格局优化的总体目标与战略重点[J].城市发展研究,2016,23(10):1-9.[Fang C L.Goal orientation and strategic focus of China's urban development spatial structure optimization[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,23(10):1-9.]
[7]王红霞.多中心化空间演变进程中的城镇体系建设——以上海为例的研究[J].上海经济研究,2009(1):13-22.[Wang H X. Urban system construction in the process of multi-centered space evolution:A case study of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 2009(1):13-22.]
[8]陈春林,陈才.吉林省城镇体系空间发展格局研究[J].世界地理研究,2013,22(2):79-87.[Chen C L, Chen C. Research on urban system spatial development pattern in Jilin province[J]. World Regional Studies, 2013,22(2):79-87.]
[9]陈有川,王林申,孔伟.2000年以来山东省城镇体系演变研究[J].城市规划,2014,38(9):39-44.[Chen Y C, Wang L S, Kong W. Evolution of the urban system in Shandong province since 2000[J]. City Planning Review, 2014,38(9):39-44.]
[10]刘继生,陈彦光.城镇体系空间结构的分形维数及其测算方法[J].地理研究,1999,17(2):171-178.[Liu J S, Chen Y G. Fractal dimensions of spatial structure of an urban system and the methods of their determination[J]. Geographical Research, 1999,17(2):171-178.]
[11]邢海虹,刘科伟.基于分形理论对陕西城市体系等级规模分布研究[J].陕西理工学院学报(自科版),2007,23(2):82-86.[Xing H H, Liu K W. A study on the size distribution of cities in Shaanxi province based on the fractal theory[J]. Journal of Shaanxi University of Technology(Natural Science Edition), 2007,23(2):82-86.]
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[13]高晓路,季珏,樊杰.区域城镇空间格局的识别方法及案例分析[J].地理科学,2014,34(1):1-9.[Gao X L, Ji J, Fan J. An analytical tool for identifying the regional structure of urban system[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,34(1):1-9.]
[14]廖兵,魏康霞,宋巍巍.DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据在城镇体系空间格局研究中的应用与评价——以近16年江西省间城镇空间格局为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(11):1295-1300.[Liao B, Wei K X, Song W W. Assessment and application of DMSP/OLS data in the spatial structure of urban system:A case of Jiangxi Province in nearly 16 years[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2012,21(11):1295-1300.]
[15]杨国安,甘国辉.中国城镇体系空间分布特征及其变化[J].地球信息科学学报,2004,6(3):12-18.[Yang G A, Gan G H. Spatial characteristic and its change of urban system in China[J]. Geo-information Science, 2004,6(3):12-18.]
[16]周一星,于海波.以“五普”数据为基础对我国城镇化水平修补的建议[J].统计研究,2002(4):44-47.[Zhou Y X, Yu H B. Suggestions on the repair of urbanization level in China based on the data of the fifth population census[J].Statistical Research, 2002(4):44-47.]
[17]胡曾曾,赵志龙,张贵祥.非首都功能疏解背景下北京市人口空间分布形态模拟[J].地球信息科学学报,2018,20(2):205-216.[Hu Z Z, Zhao Z L, Zhang G X. Simulation and projection of the spatial pattern of the population in Beijing under the background of non-capital function extraction[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(2):205-216.]
[18]廖顺宝,孙九林.基于GIS的青藏高原人口统计数据空间化[J].地理学报,2003,58(1):25-33.[GIS based spatialization of population census data in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003,58(1):25-33.]
[19]傅小锋.青藏高原城镇化及其动力机制分析[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(4):369-374.[Fu X F. An analysis of urbanization and its dynamical mechanism in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2000,15(4):369-374.]
[20]马玉英.青藏高原城市化的制约因素与发展趋势分析[J].青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(4):22-25.[Ma Y Y. Analysis about the restrictive factors and the development tendency of urbanization in the QinghaiXizang Plateau[J]. Journal of Qinghai Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2006(4):22-25.]
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