南海海域鸢乌贼中型群与微型群渔业生物学比较
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摘要
根据2012年9—10月采集的780尾鸢乌贼样本,对比研究了中型群和微型群两个种群的渔业生物学特征,为南海海域鸢乌贼渔业资源的管理、保护等提供基础资料。按海洋调查规范测定样本的胴长、体质量、性腺指数和摄食指数等生物学指标,通过磨片测定耳石生长纹数。结果显示,中型群胴长范围79～266 mm,优势胴长为111～145 mm,平均胴长随纬度的变化不明显;微型群胴长范围56～118 mm,优势胴长为66～95 mm,平均胴长随纬度的升高略呈上升趋势。中型群体质量分布范围17.47～957.20 g,优势体质量为45.01～120.00 g;微型群体质量分布范围5.81～76.56 g,优势体质量为5.01～50.00 g;中型群和微型群平均体质量随纬度的升高均有上升的趋势。中型群和微型群两个群体雌性和雄性样本的胴长和体质量之间的关系均适合幂函数。中型群雌雄比例为0.80∶1,未成熟与成熟个体比例为1.12∶1;微型群雌雄比例为3∶1,未成熟与成熟个体比例为0.83∶1。中型群雌性的性腺指数为1.71,雄性为3.31;微型群雌性的性腺指数为4.07,雄性为4.11。中型群雌性的摄食指数为5.07,雄性为3.54;微型群雌性的摄食指数为1.89,雄性为2.75。中型群耳石日龄范围为30～135 d,微型群耳石日龄范围为44～81 d。根据样本捕捞日期,推测微型群和中型群的产卵高峰分别为7月和8月。南海海域鸢乌贼秋季样本中型群个体规格大于微型群个体,2个群体的性成熟和孵化存在错峰现象,微型群雌性性成熟和产卵略早于中型群的雌性。推断7°、14°和16°N海域是鸢乌贼群体在南海的摄食场。
Based on 780 Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis samples collected from September to October 2012, the fishery biological characteristics of medium form and dwarf form populations were compared and studied, which provided basic data for the management and protection of squid fishery resources in the South China Sea. The mantle length(ML), body weight(BW), gonadosomatic index(GSI) and feeding factor(FF) of the samples were determined according to the marine survey standard, and the number of growth increments of statolith was determined by grinding. The results showed that the ML range of medium form is 79–266 mm, dominant in 111–145 mm, and vary with latitude insignificantly; ML range of dwarf form group is 56–118 mm, dominant in 66–95 mm, and increases slowly with latitude. BW range of medium form is 17.47–957.20 g, dominant in 45.01–120.00 g; BW range of dwarf form is 5.81–76.56 g, dominant in 5.01–50.00 g; BW of medium form and dwarf form both increase with latitude. All of the relationships between ML and BW of female and male of medium form and dwarf form could be described by power functions. Sex ratio(female/male) of medium form is 0.80∶1 and maturity ratio(immature/mature) is 1.12∶ 1; sex ratio(female/male) of dwarf form is 3∶1, and maturity ratio(immature/mature) is 0.83∶1. GSI of medium form is 1.71 and 1.31 in female and male, respectively; GSI of dwarf form is 4.07 and 4.11 in female and male, respectively. FF of medium form is 5.07 and 3.54 in female and male, respectively; FF of dwarf form is 1.89 and 2.75 in female and male, respectively. The range of statolith age of medium form is 30–135 d, and that of dwarf form is 44–81 d. Based on the captured date, hatching periods of medium form and dwarf form are dominant in July and August, respectively. Results indicate that the size of medium form is bigger than that of dwarf form, maturing and hatching are not in synchronization in medium form and dwarf form, and maturing and hatching of female of dwarf form are earlier than those of medium form. The results also indicate that the sea areas at 7°, 14° and 16° north latitude are the feeding grounds of squid populations in the South China Sea.
Based on 780 Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis samples collected from September to October 2012, the fishery biological characteristics of medium form and dwarf form populations were compared and studied, which provided basic data for the management and protection of squid fishery resources in the South China Sea. The mantle length(ML), body weight(BW), gonadosomatic index(GSI) and feeding factor(FF) of the samples were determined according to the marine survey standard, and the number of growth increments of statolith was determined by grinding. The results showed that the ML range of medium form is 79–266 mm, dominant in 111–145 mm, and vary with latitude insignificantly; ML range of dwarf form group is 56–118 mm, dominant in 66–95 mm, and increases slowly with latitude. BW range of medium form is 17.47–957.20 g, dominant in 45.01–120.00 g; BW range of dwarf form is 5.81–76.56 g, dominant in 5.01–50.00 g; BW of medium form and dwarf form both increase with latitude. All of the relationships between ML and BW of female and male of medium form and dwarf form could be described by power functions. Sex ratio(female/male) of medium form is 0.80∶1 and maturity ratio(immature/mature) is 1.12∶ 1; sex ratio(female/male) of dwarf form is 3∶1, and maturity ratio(immature/mature) is 0.83∶1. GSI of medium form is 1.71 and 1.31 in female and male, respectively; GSI of dwarf form is 4.07 and 4.11 in female and male, respectively. FF of medium form is 5.07 and 3.54 in female and male, respectively; FF of dwarf form is 1.89 and 2.75 in female and male, respectively. The range of statolith age of medium form is 30–135 d, and that of dwarf form is 44–81 d. Based on the captured date, hatching periods of medium form and dwarf form are dominant in July and August, respectively. Results indicate that the size of medium form is bigger than that of dwarf form, maturing and hatching are not in synchronization in medium form and dwarf form, and maturing and hatching of female of dwarf form are earlier than those of medium form. The results also indicate that the sea areas at 7°, 14° and 16° north latitude are the feeding grounds of squid populations in the South China Sea.
引文
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[3]Roper C F E,Sweeney M J,Nauen C E.FAO species catalogue,Vol.3.Cephalopods of the world.An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries[R].FAO Fisheries Synopsis No.125.Rome,Italy:FAO,1984,3:277.
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[5]Siriraksophon S,Nakamura Y,Pradit S,et al.Ecological aspects of oceanic squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Lesson)in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines[C]//Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines.Bangkok:SEAFDEC,2000:101-117.
[6]刘必林,陈新军,钟俊生.采用耳石研究印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼的年龄、生长和种群结构[J].大连水产学院学报,2009,24(3):206-212.Liu B L,Chen X J,Zhong J S.Age,growth and population structure of squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in northwest Indian Ocean by statolith microstructure[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2009,24(3):206-212(in Chinese).
[7]Sn?der R.Aspects of the biology of the giant form of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Cephalopoda:Ommastrephidae)from the Arabian Sea[J].Journal of Molluscan Studies,1998,64(1):21-34.
[8]张宇美,颜云榕,卢伙胜,等.西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食与繁殖生物学初步研究[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(3):56-64.Zhang Y M,Yan Y R,Lu H S,et al.Study on feeding and reproduction biology of purple flying squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the western South China Sea[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2013,33(3):56-64(in Chinese).
[9]颜云榕,冯波,卢伙胜,等.南沙群岛北部海域鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)夏季渔业生物学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(6):1177-1186.Yan Y R,Feng B,Lu H S,et al.Fishery biology of purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in northern sea areas around Nansha Islands in summer[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2012,43(6):1177-1186(in Chinese).
[10]Villanueva R.Interannual growth differences in the oceanic squid Todarodes angolensis Adam in the northern Benguela upwelling system,based on statolith growth increment analysis[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1992,159(2):157-177.
[11]Arkhipkin A.Statolith microstructure and maximum age of Loligo gahi(Myopsida:Loliginidae)on the Patagonian Shelf[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1993,73(4):979-982.
[12]Bigelow K A.Age and growth of the oceanic squid Onychoteuthis borealijaponica in the North Pacific[J].Fishery Bulletin,1994,92(1):13-25.
[13]Jackson G D.Application and future potential of statolith increment analysis in squids and sepioids[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1994,51(11):2612-2625.
[14]招春旭,陈昭澎,何雄波,等.基于耳石微结构的南海春季鸢乌贼日龄、生长与种群结构的研究[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(4):884-890.Zhao C X,Chen Z P,He X B,et al.Age,growth and population structure of purple back flying squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea in spring based on statolith microstructure[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2017,41(4):884-890(in Chinese).
[15]Nesis K N.Population structure of oceanic Ommastrephids,with particular reference to Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis:A review[M]//Okutani T,O’dor R K,Kubodera T.Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fishery Biology.Tokyo:Tokai University Press,1993:375-383.
[16]陈新军,刘金立.利用形态学方法分析印度洋西北部海域鸢乌贼种群结构[J].上海水产大学学报,2007,16(2):174-179.Chen X J,Liu J L.Morphological analysis on population structure of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the northwestern Indian Ocean[J].Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2007,16(2):174-179(in Chinese).
[17]李建华,陈新军,方舟,等.3个不同海区鸢乌贼渔业生物学的初步比较[J].海洋渔业,2016,38(6):561-569.Li J H,Chen X J,Fang Z,et al.Comparison of fishery biology of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in three fishing areas[J].Marine Fisheries,2016,38(6):561-569(in Chinese).
[18]Chembian A J,Mathew S.Population structure of the purpleback squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Lesson,1830)along the south-west coast of India[J].Indian Journal of Fisheries,2014,61(3):20-28.
[19]江艳娥,张鹏,林昭进,等.南海外海鸢乌贼耳石形态特征分析[J].南方水产科学,2015,11(5):27-37.Jiang Y E,Zhang P,Lin Z J,et al.Statolith morphology of purpleback flying squid(Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis)in the offshore South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,2015,11(5):27-37(in Chinese).
[20]李敏,张鹏,陈作志.南海鸢乌贼中型群与微型群的遗传差异分析[C]//2014年中国水产学会学术年会论文摘要集.长沙:中国水产学会,2014.Li M,Zhang P,Chen Z Z.Genetic differentiation between medium form and dwarf form of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea[C]//Annual Conference of China Society of Fisheries.Changsha:China Society of Fisheries,2014(in Chinese).
[21]Lipiński M R,Underhill L G.Sexual maturation in squid:Quantum or continuum?[J].South African Journal of Marine Science,1995,15(1):207-223.
[22]苏锦祥.鱼类学与海水鱼类养殖[M].第2版.北京:中国农业出版社,1995:287.Su J X.Ichthyology and Marine Fish Culture[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:287(in Chinese).
[23]Perez J A A,de Aguiar D C,Oliveira U C.Biology and population dynamics of the long-finned squid Loligo plei(Cephalopoda:Loliginidae)in southern Brazilian waters[J].Fisheries Research,2002,58(3):267-279.
[24]Markaida U,Sosa-Nishizaki O.Reproductive biology of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas in the Gulf of California,1995-1997[J].Fisheries Research,2001,54(1):63-82.
[25]刘必林,陈新军,陆化杰,等.头足类耳石[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:36-38.Liu B L,Chen X J,Lu H J,et al.Statolith of Csephalopods[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:36-38(in Chinese).
[26]Dimmlich W F,Hoedt F E.Age and growth of the myosid squid Loliolus noctiluca in western port,Victoria,determined from statolith microstructure analysis[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1998,78(2):577-586.
[27]Yatsu A,Midorikawa S,Shimada T,et al.Age and growth of the neon flying squid,Ommastrephes bartrami,in the North Pacific Ocean[J].Fisheries Research,1997,29(3):257-270.
[28]Sukramongkol N,Promjinda S,Prommas R.Age and reproduction of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Bay of Bengal[C]//The Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management in the Bay of Bengal.Thailand:Department of Fisheries,2009:195-205.
[29]杨德康.两种鱿鱼资源和其开发利用[J].上海水产大学学报,2002,11(2):176-179.Yang D K.The resources and its exploitation and utilization of two spcies of squid[J].Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2002,11(2):176-179(in Chinese).
[30]Bower J R,Seki M P,Young R E,et al.Cephalopod paralarvae assemblages in Hawaiian Islands waters[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1999,185:203-212.
[31]Dunning M C,Wormuth J H.The ommastrephid squid genus Todarodes:a review of systematics,distribution,and biology(Cephalopoda:Teuthoidea)[J].Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,1998,586:385-391.
[2]Chen X J,Liu B L,Tian S Q,et al.Fishery biology of purpleback squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis,in the northwest Indian Ocean[J].Fisheries Research,2007,83(1):98-104.
[3]Roper C F E,Sweeney M J,Nauen C E.FAO species catalogue,Vol.3.Cephalopods of the world.An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries[R].FAO Fisheries Synopsis No.125.Rome,Italy:FAO,1984,3:277.
[4]Basir S.Biological feature of an oceanic squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines[C]//Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines.Malaysia:Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center,2000:135-147.
[5]Siriraksophon S,Nakamura Y,Pradit S,et al.Ecological aspects of oceanic squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Lesson)in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines[C]//Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines.Bangkok:SEAFDEC,2000:101-117.
[6]刘必林,陈新军,钟俊生.采用耳石研究印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼的年龄、生长和种群结构[J].大连水产学院学报,2009,24(3):206-212.Liu B L,Chen X J,Zhong J S.Age,growth and population structure of squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in northwest Indian Ocean by statolith microstructure[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,2009,24(3):206-212(in Chinese).
[7]Sn?der R.Aspects of the biology of the giant form of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Cephalopoda:Ommastrephidae)from the Arabian Sea[J].Journal of Molluscan Studies,1998,64(1):21-34.
[8]张宇美,颜云榕,卢伙胜,等.西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食与繁殖生物学初步研究[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(3):56-64.Zhang Y M,Yan Y R,Lu H S,et al.Study on feeding and reproduction biology of purple flying squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the western South China Sea[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2013,33(3):56-64(in Chinese).
[9]颜云榕,冯波,卢伙胜,等.南沙群岛北部海域鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)夏季渔业生物学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(6):1177-1186.Yan Y R,Feng B,Lu H S,et al.Fishery biology of purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in northern sea areas around Nansha Islands in summer[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2012,43(6):1177-1186(in Chinese).
[10]Villanueva R.Interannual growth differences in the oceanic squid Todarodes angolensis Adam in the northern Benguela upwelling system,based on statolith growth increment analysis[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1992,159(2):157-177.
[11]Arkhipkin A.Statolith microstructure and maximum age of Loligo gahi(Myopsida:Loliginidae)on the Patagonian Shelf[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1993,73(4):979-982.
[12]Bigelow K A.Age and growth of the oceanic squid Onychoteuthis borealijaponica in the North Pacific[J].Fishery Bulletin,1994,92(1):13-25.
[13]Jackson G D.Application and future potential of statolith increment analysis in squids and sepioids[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1994,51(11):2612-2625.
[14]招春旭,陈昭澎,何雄波,等.基于耳石微结构的南海春季鸢乌贼日龄、生长与种群结构的研究[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(4):884-890.Zhao C X,Chen Z P,He X B,et al.Age,growth and population structure of purple back flying squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea in spring based on statolith microstructure[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2017,41(4):884-890(in Chinese).
[15]Nesis K N.Population structure of oceanic Ommastrephids,with particular reference to Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis:A review[M]//Okutani T,O’dor R K,Kubodera T.Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fishery Biology.Tokyo:Tokai University Press,1993:375-383.
[16]陈新军,刘金立.利用形态学方法分析印度洋西北部海域鸢乌贼种群结构[J].上海水产大学学报,2007,16(2):174-179.Chen X J,Liu J L.Morphological analysis on population structure of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the northwestern Indian Ocean[J].Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2007,16(2):174-179(in Chinese).
[17]李建华,陈新军,方舟,等.3个不同海区鸢乌贼渔业生物学的初步比较[J].海洋渔业,2016,38(6):561-569.Li J H,Chen X J,Fang Z,et al.Comparison of fishery biology of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in three fishing areas[J].Marine Fisheries,2016,38(6):561-569(in Chinese).
[18]Chembian A J,Mathew S.Population structure of the purpleback squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Lesson,1830)along the south-west coast of India[J].Indian Journal of Fisheries,2014,61(3):20-28.
[19]江艳娥,张鹏,林昭进,等.南海外海鸢乌贼耳石形态特征分析[J].南方水产科学,2015,11(5):27-37.Jiang Y E,Zhang P,Lin Z J,et al.Statolith morphology of purpleback flying squid(Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis)in the offshore South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,2015,11(5):27-37(in Chinese).
[20]李敏,张鹏,陈作志.南海鸢乌贼中型群与微型群的遗传差异分析[C]//2014年中国水产学会学术年会论文摘要集.长沙:中国水产学会,2014.Li M,Zhang P,Chen Z Z.Genetic differentiation between medium form and dwarf form of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea[C]//Annual Conference of China Society of Fisheries.Changsha:China Society of Fisheries,2014(in Chinese).
[21]Lipiński M R,Underhill L G.Sexual maturation in squid:Quantum or continuum?[J].South African Journal of Marine Science,1995,15(1):207-223.
[22]苏锦祥.鱼类学与海水鱼类养殖[M].第2版.北京:中国农业出版社,1995:287.Su J X.Ichthyology and Marine Fish Culture[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:287(in Chinese).
[23]Perez J A A,de Aguiar D C,Oliveira U C.Biology and population dynamics of the long-finned squid Loligo plei(Cephalopoda:Loliginidae)in southern Brazilian waters[J].Fisheries Research,2002,58(3):267-279.
[24]Markaida U,Sosa-Nishizaki O.Reproductive biology of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas in the Gulf of California,1995-1997[J].Fisheries Research,2001,54(1):63-82.
[25]刘必林,陈新军,陆化杰,等.头足类耳石[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:36-38.Liu B L,Chen X J,Lu H J,et al.Statolith of Csephalopods[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:36-38(in Chinese).
[26]Dimmlich W F,Hoedt F E.Age and growth of the myosid squid Loliolus noctiluca in western port,Victoria,determined from statolith microstructure analysis[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1998,78(2):577-586.
[27]Yatsu A,Midorikawa S,Shimada T,et al.Age and growth of the neon flying squid,Ommastrephes bartrami,in the North Pacific Ocean[J].Fisheries Research,1997,29(3):257-270.
[28]Sukramongkol N,Promjinda S,Prommas R.Age and reproduction of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Bay of Bengal[C]//The Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management in the Bay of Bengal.Thailand:Department of Fisheries,2009:195-205.
[29]杨德康.两种鱿鱼资源和其开发利用[J].上海水产大学学报,2002,11(2):176-179.Yang D K.The resources and its exploitation and utilization of two spcies of squid[J].Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2002,11(2):176-179(in Chinese).
[30]Bower J R,Seki M P,Young R E,et al.Cephalopod paralarvae assemblages in Hawaiian Islands waters[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1999,185:203-212.
[31]Dunning M C,Wormuth J H.The ommastrephid squid genus Todarodes:a review of systematics,distribution,and biology(Cephalopoda:Teuthoidea)[J].Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,1998,586:385-391.
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