降雨径流对江淮丘陵区农业流域磷素输出影响研究
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摘要
选择位于安徽省滁州市城西水库上游的花山流域作为代表性流域,研究江淮丘陵区降雨径流对流域磷素输出的影响。2013—2015三个水文年高频次水量水质同步观测结果表明,流域出口断面径流总磷浓度和输出负荷与降雨、径流变化基本同步。研究期间49%和24%的水样总磷浓度超过地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ和Ⅴ类标准,水样超标主要发生在汛期雨洪过程。花山流域单位面积年总磷输出负荷分别为0.72、0.91 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和3.86 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。汛期和夏季总磷输出负荷占全年的比例分别为94%和80%。梅雨期间或台风雨期间单日磷素输出负荷最大值可达全年负荷的12%～18%。2013年和2015年梅雨时期总磷输出负荷占全年输出负荷约60%;2014年梅雨期总磷负荷输出比例仅占全年负荷的11%,受台风"麦德姆"影响,一次台风雨过程磷素输出负荷占全年负荷的22%。花山流域全年10%的时间内发生的5～10次雨洪过程中,约30%的直接径流输出的总磷负荷约占全年总负荷的50%。流域出口断面TP输出负荷主要受流量影响,建立了基于日平均流量的TP输出负荷预测模型。梅雨和台风雨形成的暴雨径流是江淮丘陵区花山流域磷素负荷输出的主要驱动因子。
Huashan watershed at the upstream of Chengxi Reservoir in Chuzhou City of Anhui Province was selected as the representative agricultural watershed to study the impact of rainfall-runoff processes on watershed phosphorus export patterns in the hilly region of Yangtze-Huaihe transition zone with high water sampling frequency in three hydrological years. Results showed that total phosphorus(TP)concentration and load were almost synchronous with the occurrence of rainfall and runoff. 49% and 24% of the surface water samples exceeded the third and fifth class of National Environmental Standards(GB 3838—2002), which mainly occurred in the rainfall-runoff processes during the rainy seasons. The annual loads of TP per unit area in three hydrological years were 0.72 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 0.91 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) and 3.86 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). TP load during the wet season and summer occupied 94% and 80% of the annual load respectively. TP load in the plum rain season of 2013 and 2015 occupied 60% of annual load. TP load in the plum rain season of 2014 was only 11% of the annual load, while,22% of the annual load was exported during the rainfall-runoff caused by the typhoon "Madham" during July 23–25. 50% of annual TP load was exported through direct runoff, which occupied 30% of the annual runoff in 5 to 10 storm runoff events. TP load estimation model could be established based on daily flow. Storm runoff caused by the plum rain and typhoon rain was the main driving force of phosphorus export from Huashan watershed in the hilly region of Yangtze-Huaihe zone.
Huashan watershed at the upstream of Chengxi Reservoir in Chuzhou City of Anhui Province was selected as the representative agricultural watershed to study the impact of rainfall-runoff processes on watershed phosphorus export patterns in the hilly region of Yangtze-Huaihe transition zone with high water sampling frequency in three hydrological years. Results showed that total phosphorus(TP)concentration and load were almost synchronous with the occurrence of rainfall and runoff. 49% and 24% of the surface water samples exceeded the third and fifth class of National Environmental Standards(GB 3838—2002), which mainly occurred in the rainfall-runoff processes during the rainy seasons. The annual loads of TP per unit area in three hydrological years were 0.72 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 0.91 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) and 3.86 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). TP load during the wet season and summer occupied 94% and 80% of the annual load respectively. TP load in the plum rain season of 2013 and 2015 occupied 60% of annual load. TP load in the plum rain season of 2014 was only 11% of the annual load, while,22% of the annual load was exported during the rainfall-runoff caused by the typhoon "Madham" during July 23–25. 50% of annual TP load was exported through direct runoff, which occupied 30% of the annual runoff in 5 to 10 storm runoff events. TP load estimation model could be established based on daily flow. Storm runoff caused by the plum rain and typhoon rain was the main driving force of phosphorus export from Huashan watershed in the hilly region of Yangtze-Huaihe zone.
引文
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[2]Heathwaite A,Dils R.Characterizing phosphorus loss in surface and subsurface hydrological pathways[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,251:523-538.
[3]李恒鹏,杨桂山,黄文钰,等.不同尺度流域地表径流氮、磷浓度比较[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(4):377-386.LI Heng-peng,YANG Gui-shan,HUANG Wen-yu,et al.Comparison of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of runoff from different spatial scale watersheds[J].Journal of Lake Science,2006,18(4):377-386.20199
[4]许其功,刘鸿亮,沈珍瑶,等.三峡库区典型小流域氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(2):326-331.XU Qi-gong,LIU Hong-liang,SHEN Zhen-yao,et al.Characteristics on nitrogen and phosphorus losses in the typical small watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(2):326-331.
[5]Mckee L,Eyre B,Hossain S.Intra-and interannual export of nitrogen and phosphorus in the subtropical Richmond River catchment,Australia[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14(10):1787-1809.
[6]Meng C,LiY Y,Wang Y,et al.TMDL for phosphorus and contributing factors in subtropical watersheds of southern China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2015,187(8):965-1022.
[7]Rosenberg B D,Schroth A W.Coupling of reactive riverine phosphorus and iron species during hot transport moments:Impacts of land cover and seasonality[J].Biogeochemistry,2017,132(1/2):103-122.
[8]Royer T V,David M B,Gentry L E.Timing of riverine export of nitrate and phosphorus from agricultural watersheds in Illinois:Implications for reducing nutrient loading to the Mississippi River[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(13):4126-4131.
[9]Wei L,Cheng X,Cai Y.Nutrient export via overland flow from a cultivated field of an Ultisol in southern China[J].Hydrological Processes,2013,27(3):421-432.
[10]Gao Y,Zhu B,Yu G R,et al.Coupled effects of biogeochemical and hydrological processes on C,N,and P export during extreme rainfall events in a purple soil watershed in southwestern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,511:692-702.
[11]李瑞玲,张永春,刘庄,等.太湖缓坡丘陵地区雨强对农业非点源污染物随地表径流迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(5):1220-1226.LI Rui-ling,ZHANG Yong-chun,LIU Zhuang,et al.Rainfall intensity effects on nutrients transport in surface runoff from farmlands in gentle slope hilly area of Taihu Lake Basin[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(5):1220-1226.
[12]Blanc A C,Nadaoka K,Yamanoto T,et al.Dynamic evolution of nutrient discharge under stormflow and baseflow conditions in a coastal agricultural watershed in Ishigaki Island,Okinawa,Japan[J].Hydrological Processes,2010,24(18):2601-2616.
[13]Ebina J,Tsutsui T,Shirai T.Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water using peroxodisulfate oxidate[J].Water Research,1983,17:1721-1726.
[14]Eckhardt K.How to construct recursive digital filters for baseflow separation[J].Hydrological Processes,2005,19(2):507-515
[15]蒋锐,朱波,唐家良，等.紫色丘陵区典型小流域暴雨径流氮磷迁移过程与通量[J].水利学报,2009,39(6):659-666.JIANG Rui,ZHU Bo,TANG Jia-liang,et al.Transportation processes and loss fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorous through storm runoff in a typical small watershed in hilly area of purple soil[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,39(6):659-666.
[16]Arthur J H,Elrick,K A,Smith,J J,et al.The effects of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on the bed sediment geochemistry of USAtlantic coastal rivers[J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28(3):1250-1259.
[17]Hirsch R M.Flux of nitrogen,phosphorus,and suspended sediment from the Susquehanna River Basin to the Chesapeake Bay during Tropical Storm Lee,September 2011,as an indicator of the effects of reservoir sedimentation on water quality[R].USA:U.S.Department of the Interior,2012.
[18]Zhu Q,Schmidt J P,Bryant R B.Hot moments and hot spots of nutrient losses from a mixed land use watershed[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,414:393-404.
[19]Godsey S E,Kirchner J W,Clow D W.Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments[J].Hydrological Processes,2009,23(13):1844-1864.
[20]Musolff A,Fleckenstein J H,Rao P S C,et al.Emergent archetype patterns of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical responses in catchments[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2017,44(9):4143-4151.
[21]Thompson S E,Basu N B,Lascurain J R J,et al.Relative dominance of hydrologic versus biogeochemical factors on solute export across impact gradients[J].Water Resources Research,2011,47(10):1029-1034.
[22]Wan Y S,Wan L,Li Y C,et al.Decadal and seasonal trends of nutrient concentration and export from highly managed coastal catchments[J].Water Research,2017,115:180-194.
[23]Herndon E M,Dere A L,Sullivan P L,et al.Landscape heterogeneity drives contrasting concentration-discharge relationships in shale headwater catchments[J].Hydrology and Earth System Science,2015,19(8):3333-3347.
[24]Strohmeier S,Knorr K H,Reichert M,et al.Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in runoff from a forested catchment:Insights from high frequency measurements[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(2):905-916.
[25]Sun X X,Liang X Q,Zhang F,et al.A GIS-based upscaling estimation of nutrient runoff losses from rice paddy fields to a regional level[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(6):1865-1873.
[26]Yub C Q,Shan B Q.Multipond systems:A sustainable way to control diffuse phosphorus pollution[J].Ambio,2001,30(6):369-375.