砒砂岩区不同立地下沙棘根系分形特征
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摘要
基于分形理论,对砒砂岩区内人工种植在不同坡向和坡度下的3 a生沙棘的全根、一级侧根及二级侧根的分形特征,以及沙棘根系生长发育与不同立地下土壤含水率之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:①分形维数变化为D_(东坡)> D_(北坡)> D_(南坡)> D_(西坡),D50°> D40°,不同立地下D_1(二级侧根分形维数)> D(全根分形维数)> D_2(一级侧根分形维数),且D_1与细根根长呈显著正相关。②南坡与西坡土壤表层含水率低于4%,不利于根系发育,北坡与东坡含水率较高,所以,北坡与东坡分形维数较大;与北坡(西坡)生长的沙棘相比,东坡(南坡)坡面适度的缺水条件刺激了细根向深土层生长,利用深土层水分。③沙棘在水分不足时能够通过调节根系分形适应环境,但是生长状况不如水分充足时好,因此沙棘的生长状况为北坡>东坡>西坡>南坡,40°坡面> 50°坡面。在砒砂岩区不同立地下,种植沙棘建议优先选择北坡与东坡,次选西坡与南坡,而50°坡不利于沙棘生长。
In this paper,the fractal characteristics of the whole-roots,primary lateral roots and secondary lateral roots of three-year-old Hippophae rhamnoides planted on different slope aspects and gradients were analyzed based on the fractal theory. The relations between the growth and development of the roots and soil moisture content in a sandstone area were studied. The results are as follows:(1) The variations of fractal dimensions were in orders of D_(ES)> D_(NS)> D_(SS)> D_(WS),D50° S> D40° S,fractal dimensions of secondary lateral roots( D_1) > fractal dimensions ofwhole-roots( D) > fractal dimensions of primary lateral roots( D_2) under different site conditions. There was a significant positive correlation between D_1 and fine roots length;(2) The topsoil moisture content on the southern and western slopes was lower than 4%,which was not conducive to the development of root system. The soil moisture content on the northern and eastern slopes was high,so the fractal dimensions of these two slopes were higher compared with that for the root growth of H. rhamnoides on the northern and western slopes,and the moderate lack of water on the eastern( southern) slope could stimulate the fine roots to grow down to deep soil;(3) H. rhamnoides could adapt to the environment through root fractal regulation when water is insufficient,but its growth conditions were not as good as that when water is sufficient. Therefore,the growth conditions were in orders of northern slope > eastern slope > western slope > southern slope,and 40° slope > 50° slope. It is suggested that the priority should be given to the northern and eastern slopes when planting H. rhamnoides,and the slope steeper than 50° is not conducive to the growth of H. rhamnoides.
In this paper,the fractal characteristics of the whole-roots,primary lateral roots and secondary lateral roots of three-year-old Hippophae rhamnoides planted on different slope aspects and gradients were analyzed based on the fractal theory. The relations between the growth and development of the roots and soil moisture content in a sandstone area were studied. The results are as follows:(1) The variations of fractal dimensions were in orders of D_(ES)> D_(NS)> D_(SS)> D_(WS),D50° S> D40° S,fractal dimensions of secondary lateral roots( D_1) > fractal dimensions ofwhole-roots( D) > fractal dimensions of primary lateral roots( D_2) under different site conditions. There was a significant positive correlation between D_1 and fine roots length;(2) The topsoil moisture content on the southern and western slopes was lower than 4%,which was not conducive to the development of root system. The soil moisture content on the northern and eastern slopes was high,so the fractal dimensions of these two slopes were higher compared with that for the root growth of H. rhamnoides on the northern and western slopes,and the moderate lack of water on the eastern( southern) slope could stimulate the fine roots to grow down to deep soil;(3) H. rhamnoides could adapt to the environment through root fractal regulation when water is insufficient,but its growth conditions were not as good as that when water is sufficient. Therefore,the growth conditions were in orders of northern slope > eastern slope > western slope > southern slope,and 40° slope > 50° slope. It is suggested that the priority should be given to the northern and eastern slopes when planting H. rhamnoides,and the slope steeper than 50° is not conducive to the growth of H. rhamnoides.
引文
[1]王愿昌,吴永红,寇权,等.砒砂岩分布范围界定与类型区划分[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):14-18.[Wang Yuanchang,Wu Yonghong,Kou Quan,et al.Definition of arsenic rock zone borderline and its classification[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(1):14-18.]
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[5]郭京衡,李尝君,曾凡江,等.2种荒漠植物根系生物量分布与土壤水分、养分的关系[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):166-171.[Guo Jingheng,Li Changjun,Zeng Fanjiang,et al.Relationship between root biomass distribution and soil moisture,nutrient for two desert plant species[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):166-171.]
[6]许浩,张源润,季波,等.贺兰山主要森林类型土壤和根系有机碳研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(2):162-166.[Xu Hao,Zhang Yuanrun,Ji Bo,et al.Organic carbon of soil and roots for different woodland of Helanshan Mountain[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(2):162-166.]
[7]郭月峰,王娟,祁伟,等.风沙土区黄柳根系及其碳储量分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):344-349.[Guo Yuefeng,Wang Juan,Qi Wei,et al.Distribution of roots and root carbon stocks of Salix gordejevii in Aohan Banner,Inner Mongolia[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(2):344-349.]
[8]王茜.植物根系分形维数测定的改进及应用[D].阜新:辽宁工程技术大学,2014.[Wang Qian.Improvement and Application of Plant Root System Fractal Dimension Measurement[D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technical University,2014.]
[9]杨培岭,任树梅,罗远培.分形曲线度量与根系形态的分形表征[J].中国农业科学,1999,32(1):89-92.[Yang Peiling,Ren Shumei,Luo Yuanpei.Measurement of fractal curve and express of root morphology[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1999,32(1):89-92.]
[10]岳玮,刘讯,刘姜艳.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区主要造林树种细根生物量分布规律研究[J].生态科学,2015,34(5):58-65.[Yue Wei,Liu Xun,Liu Jiangyan.Research on the fine roots biomass and distribution of main afforestation tree species in Loess Plateau[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(5):58-65.]
[11]党晓宏,高永,汪季,等.砒砂岩沟坡沙棘根系分布特征及其对林下土壤的改良作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):45-50.[Dang Xiaohong,Gao Yong,Wang Ji,et al.Characteristics of root distribution of Hippophae rhamnoides L.and its improving effect on the forest soil on the ditch slope of soft sandstone area[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(4):45-50.]
[12]杨方社,李怀恩,曹明明,等.小型人工沙棘林对砒砂岩沟道土壤有机质与水分的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(9):110-115.[Yang Fangshe,Li Huai’en,Cao Mingming,et al.Effects of small-scale artificial Seabuckthorn forest on soil organic matter and soil moisture in the soft rock region gully[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(9):110-115.]
[13]李裕冬,陈娟,罗艳.干旱对2种沙棘生长和生理特性的影响[J].福建林业科技,2017,44(3):10-15.[Li Yudong,Chen Juan,Luo Yan.Effect of drought on growth and physiological traits of two species of sea buckthorn[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2017,44(3):10-15.]
[14]Liu Y,Liu G Q,Li Q M,et al.Effects of ultra-drying on vigor and physiological characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides seeds[J].Chinese Forestry Science&Technology,2010,9(1):56-58.
[15]孙鹏,郭建华,刘晓兰,等.大麦发芽过程中外观形态分形维数的变化特征[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(1):90-91.[Sun Peng,Guo Jianhua,Liu Xiaolan,et al.The changes of barley shape fractal dimension during barley germination process[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2009,18(1):90-91.]
[16]Palmer M W.Fractal geometry:a tool for describing spatial patterns of plant communities[J].Vegetatio,1988,75(1-2):91-101.
[17]胡建忠.砒砂岩沟谷种植沙棘林防止土壤重力侵蚀的实践[J].中国水土保持,2011(5):36-38.[Hu Jianzhong.Practice on planting Hippophae rhamnoides in soft sandstone gullies for preventing gravity erosion[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2011(5):36-38.]
[18]嵇晓雷.分形理论应用于植物根系形态分布的研究进展及其应用前景[J].安徽农业科学,2010,25(25):13 693-13 694.[Ji Xiaolei.Research progress and application prospect of morphology distribution of plants root with fractal theory[J].Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences,2010,25(25):13 693-13 694.]
[19]Tatsumi J.Fractal geometry in root systems:Quantitative evaluation of distribution pattern[J].Japanese Journal of Crop Science,2008,64(1):50-57.
[20]汪洪,金继运,山内章.以盒维数法分形分析水稻根系形态特征及初探其与锌吸收积累的关系[J].作物学报,2008,34(9):1 637-1 643.[Wang Hong,Jin Jiyun,Shan Neizhang.Fractal analysis of root system architecture by box-counting method and its relationship with Zn accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Acta Agronomic Sinica,2008,34(9):1 637-1 643.]
[21]赵国靖,徐伟洲,郭亚力,等.达乌里胡枝子根系形态特征对土壤水分变化的响应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,20(3):484-490.[Zhao Guojing,Xu Weizhou,Guo Yali,et al.Responses of root system of Lespedeza davurica L.to soil water change[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Environment Biology,2014,20(3):484-490.]
[22]毕建琦,杜峰,梁宗锁,等.黄土高原丘陵区不同立地条件下柠条根系研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(2):225-230.[Bi Jianqi,Du Feng,Liang Zongsuo,et al.Research on root system of Caragana korshinskii at different site conditions in the hilly regions of Loess Plateau[J].Forest Research,2006,19(2):225-230.]
[23]马红燕,格日乐,赵杏花,等.2种水土保持灌木的根系数量特征研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):165-168.[Ma Hongyan,Ge Rile,Zhao Xinghua,et al.Quantity characteristics of root system of two shrubs for soil and water conservation in waste dump[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):165-168.]
[24]韩烈保,王琼,王晓蓓,等.不同立地条件下荆条根系分布规律[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(2):231-237.[Han Liebao,Wan Qiong,Wang Xiaobei,et al.Researches on root distribution of Vitex negundo var.Heterophylla(Franch.)Rehd.on different sites conditions[J].Journal of Basic and Engineering,2009,17(2):231-237.]
[25]刘增文,高国雄,吕月玲,等.不同立地条件下沙棘种群生物量的比较与预估[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,31(1):37-41.[Liu Zengwen,Gao Guoxiong,LüYueling,et al.Comparison of biomass and its estimation of Hippophae rhamoides L.under different climatic and soil conditions[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2007,31(1):37-41.]
[2]胡建忠,杜文嫣,殷丽强,等.砒砂岩区沙棘人工林的萌蘖能力[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(4):26-30.[Hu Jianzhong,Du Wenyan,Yin Liqiang,et al.Sprouting capacity of artificial Hippophae rhamnoides forest in soft sandstone areas[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,7(4):26-30.]
[3]李倩,张文辉,何景峰,等.沙棘人工种群在不同生境条件下的繁殖特征[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(1):71-76.[Li Qian,Zhang Wenhui,He Jingfeng,et al.Reproductive characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides artificial population in different habitats[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2010,25(1):71-76.]
[4]魏宇昆,梁宗锁,崔浪军,等.黄土高原不同立地条件下沙棘的生产力与水分关系研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(2):195-200.[Wei Yukun,Liang Zongsuo,Cui Langjun,et al.Relationships between water and productivity of seabuckthorn(Hippophae)in different habitats of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(2):195-200.]
[5]郭京衡,李尝君,曾凡江,等.2种荒漠植物根系生物量分布与土壤水分、养分的关系[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):166-171.[Guo Jingheng,Li Changjun,Zeng Fanjiang,et al.Relationship between root biomass distribution and soil moisture,nutrient for two desert plant species[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):166-171.]
[6]许浩,张源润,季波,等.贺兰山主要森林类型土壤和根系有机碳研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(2):162-166.[Xu Hao,Zhang Yuanrun,Ji Bo,et al.Organic carbon of soil and roots for different woodland of Helanshan Mountain[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(2):162-166.]
[7]郭月峰,王娟,祁伟,等.风沙土区黄柳根系及其碳储量分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):344-349.[Guo Yuefeng,Wang Juan,Qi Wei,et al.Distribution of roots and root carbon stocks of Salix gordejevii in Aohan Banner,Inner Mongolia[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(2):344-349.]
[8]王茜.植物根系分形维数测定的改进及应用[D].阜新:辽宁工程技术大学,2014.[Wang Qian.Improvement and Application of Plant Root System Fractal Dimension Measurement[D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technical University,2014.]
[9]杨培岭,任树梅,罗远培.分形曲线度量与根系形态的分形表征[J].中国农业科学,1999,32(1):89-92.[Yang Peiling,Ren Shumei,Luo Yuanpei.Measurement of fractal curve and express of root morphology[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1999,32(1):89-92.]
[10]岳玮,刘讯,刘姜艳.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区主要造林树种细根生物量分布规律研究[J].生态科学,2015,34(5):58-65.[Yue Wei,Liu Xun,Liu Jiangyan.Research on the fine roots biomass and distribution of main afforestation tree species in Loess Plateau[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(5):58-65.]
[11]党晓宏,高永,汪季,等.砒砂岩沟坡沙棘根系分布特征及其对林下土壤的改良作用[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):45-50.[Dang Xiaohong,Gao Yong,Wang Ji,et al.Characteristics of root distribution of Hippophae rhamnoides L.and its improving effect on the forest soil on the ditch slope of soft sandstone area[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(4):45-50.]
[12]杨方社,李怀恩,曹明明,等.小型人工沙棘林对砒砂岩沟道土壤有机质与水分的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(9):110-115.[Yang Fangshe,Li Huai’en,Cao Mingming,et al.Effects of small-scale artificial Seabuckthorn forest on soil organic matter and soil moisture in the soft rock region gully[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(9):110-115.]
[13]李裕冬,陈娟,罗艳.干旱对2种沙棘生长和生理特性的影响[J].福建林业科技,2017,44(3):10-15.[Li Yudong,Chen Juan,Luo Yan.Effect of drought on growth and physiological traits of two species of sea buckthorn[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2017,44(3):10-15.]
[14]Liu Y,Liu G Q,Li Q M,et al.Effects of ultra-drying on vigor and physiological characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides seeds[J].Chinese Forestry Science&Technology,2010,9(1):56-58.
[15]孙鹏,郭建华,刘晓兰,等.大麦发芽过程中外观形态分形维数的变化特征[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(1):90-91.[Sun Peng,Guo Jianhua,Liu Xiaolan,et al.The changes of barley shape fractal dimension during barley germination process[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2009,18(1):90-91.]
[16]Palmer M W.Fractal geometry:a tool for describing spatial patterns of plant communities[J].Vegetatio,1988,75(1-2):91-101.
[17]胡建忠.砒砂岩沟谷种植沙棘林防止土壤重力侵蚀的实践[J].中国水土保持,2011(5):36-38.[Hu Jianzhong.Practice on planting Hippophae rhamnoides in soft sandstone gullies for preventing gravity erosion[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2011(5):36-38.]
[18]嵇晓雷.分形理论应用于植物根系形态分布的研究进展及其应用前景[J].安徽农业科学,2010,25(25):13 693-13 694.[Ji Xiaolei.Research progress and application prospect of morphology distribution of plants root with fractal theory[J].Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences,2010,25(25):13 693-13 694.]
[19]Tatsumi J.Fractal geometry in root systems:Quantitative evaluation of distribution pattern[J].Japanese Journal of Crop Science,2008,64(1):50-57.
[20]汪洪,金继运,山内章.以盒维数法分形分析水稻根系形态特征及初探其与锌吸收积累的关系[J].作物学报,2008,34(9):1 637-1 643.[Wang Hong,Jin Jiyun,Shan Neizhang.Fractal analysis of root system architecture by box-counting method and its relationship with Zn accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Acta Agronomic Sinica,2008,34(9):1 637-1 643.]
[21]赵国靖,徐伟洲,郭亚力,等.达乌里胡枝子根系形态特征对土壤水分变化的响应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,20(3):484-490.[Zhao Guojing,Xu Weizhou,Guo Yali,et al.Responses of root system of Lespedeza davurica L.to soil water change[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Environment Biology,2014,20(3):484-490.]
[22]毕建琦,杜峰,梁宗锁,等.黄土高原丘陵区不同立地条件下柠条根系研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(2):225-230.[Bi Jianqi,Du Feng,Liang Zongsuo,et al.Research on root system of Caragana korshinskii at different site conditions in the hilly regions of Loess Plateau[J].Forest Research,2006,19(2):225-230.]
[23]马红燕,格日乐,赵杏花,等.2种水土保持灌木的根系数量特征研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):165-168.[Ma Hongyan,Ge Rile,Zhao Xinghua,et al.Quantity characteristics of root system of two shrubs for soil and water conservation in waste dump[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):165-168.]
[24]韩烈保,王琼,王晓蓓,等.不同立地条件下荆条根系分布规律[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(2):231-237.[Han Liebao,Wan Qiong,Wang Xiaobei,et al.Researches on root distribution of Vitex negundo var.Heterophylla(Franch.)Rehd.on different sites conditions[J].Journal of Basic and Engineering,2009,17(2):231-237.]
[25]刘增文,高国雄,吕月玲,等.不同立地条件下沙棘种群生物量的比较与预估[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,31(1):37-41.[Liu Zengwen,Gao Guoxiong,LüYueling,et al.Comparison of biomass and its estimation of Hippophae rhamoides L.under different climatic and soil conditions[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2007,31(1):37-41.]