美国风景园林史及其专业拓展
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摘要
美国的风景园林有着复杂的进化史,目前很难确定从哪里开始起源。它与其他学科有着紧密的联系,如伴随着人类发展的园林(LG:Landscape Gardening)。实际上,"风景园林"或建筑师在美国乃至全世界都是非常新的术语。LG是指通过花卉及其色彩构成的具有美学特质的自然景观。最初的目的是展示一种文明的生活方式或和社会地位。风景园林的演替是从这种美学形式向实际功能的改变,通过风和光照的适宜性调控实现美学设计策略,改善了使用者的日常生活。美国的现代园林由每个州政府单独管理,制定各种不同的法律法规和伦理准则。国家风景园林设计考试由风景园林注册局理事会实施。风景园林行业一直在不断成长,并被列为过去五年美国的最佳职业之一。该文从美国的"风景园林"这一术语的第一次介绍与应用开始,阐述了目前的专业现状。
Landscape architecture in the United States of America has a very complex history which has made it very difficult for historians to identify the actual beginning of the profession within the country. It borders the history of other types of professions, such as landscape gardening, which has been presented since the existence of humans. The actual term landscape architecture or architect is very new within the United States, and the world generally. Landscape gardening refers natural landscape with aesthetic characteristics via beauty in nature through the use of flowers and bright colors. The original intention is to show a civilized lifestyle or a higher status. The transition of landscape architecture is a change from this aesthetic form to an actual function, which realizes the aesthetic design strategy through the suitability regulation of wind and illumination, and improves the daily life of the user. Modern landscape architecture is regulated individually by each state government, which produces different regulations and ethics for each state. The regulation of the national landscape architecture exam is done by the Council of Landscape Architecture Registration Boards. The profession has been consistently growing and has been listed as one of the best professions in the United States for the past five years. Starting with the first introduction and application of the term "landscape architecture" in the United States, we expound the current professional situation.
Landscape architecture in the United States of America has a very complex history which has made it very difficult for historians to identify the actual beginning of the profession within the country. It borders the history of other types of professions, such as landscape gardening, which has been presented since the existence of humans. The actual term landscape architecture or architect is very new within the United States, and the world generally. Landscape gardening refers natural landscape with aesthetic characteristics via beauty in nature through the use of flowers and bright colors. The original intention is to show a civilized lifestyle or a higher status. The transition of landscape architecture is a change from this aesthetic form to an actual function, which realizes the aesthetic design strategy through the suitability regulation of wind and illumination, and improves the daily life of the user. Modern landscape architecture is regulated individually by each state government, which produces different regulations and ethics for each state. The regulation of the national landscape architecture exam is done by the Council of Landscape Architecture Registration Boards. The profession has been consistently growing and has been listed as one of the best professions in the United States for the past five years. Starting with the first introduction and application of the term "landscape architecture" in the United States, we expound the current professional situation.
引文
[1] Carroll, Maureen. Earthly Paradises:Ancient Gardens in History and Archaeology. London:British Museum Press, 1986.
[2] Amirsadeghi, Hossein, editor. The Arts of Persia. New Haven:Yale University Press,1989.
[3] Khansari, Mehdi et al. The Persian Garden,Echoes of Paradise. Washington, D.C.:Mage Publishing, 1998.
[4]"About."About ASLA. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May2017..
[5] Turner, Tom. Garden History, Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC–2000 AD. New York:Spon Press, 2005.
[6] Pona, Franceso, Il Paradiso de'Fiori overo Lo archetipo de'Giardini, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona.
[7] Stockstad, Marilyn and Jerry Stannard.Gardens of the Middle Ages. Kansas:University of Kansas, 1983.
[8]"Timeline:ASLA and the Profession."Timeline:ASLA and the Profession. N.p.,n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2017..
[9]“LABash.” Web. 19 June 2017..
[10] Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism:Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. New York:Longman,2001.
[11]"WLAM."Join the Celebration. N.p., n.d.Web. 12 May 2017..
[12] Albardonedo Freire, Antonio. El Urbanismo de Sevilla durante el reinado de Felipe II.Sevilla, Guadalquivir Ediciones, 2002,ISBN 84-8093-115-9, pp. 191–208.
[13] Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence. The Age of the Cloister:The Story of Monastic Life in the Middle Ages. New Jersey:Hidden Spring, 2003.
[14] Gerard Ciolek. Ogrody polskie(Gardens of Poland). Revised edition of the 1954publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski.Warszawa:Arkady.
[15] Taylor, Patrick, The Oxford Companion to the Garden. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006.
[2] Amirsadeghi, Hossein, editor. The Arts of Persia. New Haven:Yale University Press,1989.
[3] Khansari, Mehdi et al. The Persian Garden,Echoes of Paradise. Washington, D.C.:Mage Publishing, 1998.
[4]"About."About ASLA. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May2017.
[5] Turner, Tom. Garden History, Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC–2000 AD. New York:Spon Press, 2005.
[6] Pona, Franceso, Il Paradiso de'Fiori overo Lo archetipo de'Giardini, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona.
[7] Stockstad, Marilyn and Jerry Stannard.Gardens of the Middle Ages. Kansas:University of Kansas, 1983.
[8]"Timeline:ASLA and the Profession."Timeline:ASLA and the Profession. N.p.,n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2017.
[9]“LABash.” Web. 19 June 2017.
[10] Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism:Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. New York:Longman,2001.
[11]"WLAM."Join the Celebration. N.p., n.d.Web. 12 May 2017.
[12] Albardonedo Freire, Antonio. El Urbanismo de Sevilla durante el reinado de Felipe II.Sevilla, Guadalquivir Ediciones, 2002,ISBN 84-8093-115-9, pp. 191–208.
[13] Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence. The Age of the Cloister:The Story of Monastic Life in the Middle Ages. New Jersey:Hidden Spring, 2003.
[14] Gerard Ciolek. Ogrody polskie(Gardens of Poland). Revised edition of the 1954publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski.Warszawa:Arkady.
[15] Taylor, Patrick, The Oxford Companion to the Garden. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006.