半干旱黄土区山地枣林春季土壤水分动态变化研究
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摘要
为明确半干旱黄土区山地枣林土壤水分特征,本文对陕西延川县齐家山红枣试验基地春季土壤水分特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)不同坡向枣树林地土壤水分存在差异,阴坡土壤水分最高,其次为半阳坡,而阳坡最低,且不同坡向不同土层间存在显著差异;不同坡向土壤水分垂直变化趋势相似。2)坡位对枣树林地0～60 cm土层的水分影响较大,且随着土层的增加,坡位对土壤水分的影响逐渐减小直到差异不显著。3)山地枣林0～60 cm土层内,不同整地方式对土壤水分影响较大,且差异显著;但显著性随土层深度增加而降低。4)不同植被类型间土壤水分存在差异。0～40 cm土层,枣树林地土壤水分含量最高,且与苹果园、草地土壤水分差异显著;40～100 cm土层,苹果园土壤含水量最大,且与枣园、草地显著差异。5)研究区3种植被类型0～100 cm土层土壤蓄水量表现为红枣(153.03 mm)>苹果园(149.26 mm)>草地(98.76 mm),说明林地土壤水分涵蓄能力强,而撂荒草地土壤蓄水能力较弱。因此,研究表明半干旱黄土区进行水平阶整地和合理的经济林营造有助于土壤水分的利用且不会造成土壤水分亏缺,相反进行撂荒则反而会使土壤水分含量降低。
In order to clarify the characteristics of soil moisture of jujube forest in the semi-arid hilly area of loess plateau, we analyzed the spring soil moisture of jujube in Qijiashan experimental site, which locates in Yanchuan County, Shaanxi Province. The results showed that: 1) Soil moisture of jujube forests differed between different slopes.The shady slope showed the highest soil moisture, followed by the semi-sunny slope, and the sunny slope had the lowest value. There were also significant differences between different soil layers of different slopes, but the vertical variation of soil moisture was similar between different slopes. 2) The slope position had a great influence on the soil moisture at 0～60 cm soil layer in jujube forests. With the increase of soil depth, the influence of slope position on soil moisture was reduced until not significant difference occured. 3) Different land preparation methods significantly affected soil moisture in the 0～60 cm soil layer, and such effect declined with the increase of soil depth. 4) Soil moisture differed between different vegetation types. Jujube forest had the highest soil moisture than the apple orchard and the grassland in 0～40 cm soil layer; but in 40～100 cm soil layer, the apple orchard showed the largest soil water content than the jujube forest and the grassland. 5) The soil water storage of 0～100 cm soil layer followed the order as jujube(153.03 mm)>orchard(149.26 mm)> grassland(98.76 mm). This indicated a stronger soil moisture storage capacity in the forest than in the grassland. This study pointed out that the horizontal terrace preparation and reasonable economic forest construction contribute to the effective utilization of soil water, whereas the wasting land reduces soil moisture content in the semi-arid loess area.
In order to clarify the characteristics of soil moisture of jujube forest in the semi-arid hilly area of loess plateau, we analyzed the spring soil moisture of jujube in Qijiashan experimental site, which locates in Yanchuan County, Shaanxi Province. The results showed that: 1) Soil moisture of jujube forests differed between different slopes.The shady slope showed the highest soil moisture, followed by the semi-sunny slope, and the sunny slope had the lowest value. There were also significant differences between different soil layers of different slopes, but the vertical variation of soil moisture was similar between different slopes. 2) The slope position had a great influence on the soil moisture at 0～60 cm soil layer in jujube forests. With the increase of soil depth, the influence of slope position on soil moisture was reduced until not significant difference occured. 3) Different land preparation methods significantly affected soil moisture in the 0～60 cm soil layer, and such effect declined with the increase of soil depth. 4) Soil moisture differed between different vegetation types. Jujube forest had the highest soil moisture than the apple orchard and the grassland in 0～40 cm soil layer; but in 40～100 cm soil layer, the apple orchard showed the largest soil water content than the jujube forest and the grassland. 5) The soil water storage of 0～100 cm soil layer followed the order as jujube(153.03 mm)>orchard(149.26 mm)> grassland(98.76 mm). This indicated a stronger soil moisture storage capacity in the forest than in the grassland. This study pointed out that the horizontal terrace preparation and reasonable economic forest construction contribute to the effective utilization of soil water, whereas the wasting land reduces soil moisture content in the semi-arid loess area.
引文
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[10]Moore I D,Burch G J,Mackenzie D H.Topographic effects on the distribution of surface soil water and the location of ephemeral gullies[J].Transactions of the ASABE,1988,31(4):1098-1107.
[11]马非,张亚红,谢应忠.半干旱黄土高原丘陵区不同植被条件下土壤水分研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2007,28(1):76-79.Ma F,Zhang Y H,Xie Y Z.Progress of the soil moisture under different vegetation condition in semi-arid hill area of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2007,28(1):76-79.
[12]于洋,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3441-3449.Yu Y,Wei W,Chen L D,et al.Coupling effects of different land preparation and vegetation on soil moisture characteristics in a semi-arid loess hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(11):3441-3449.
[13]谷丽萍,裴艳辉,郑科,等.整地方式对元谋干热河谷人工林土壤水分的影响[J].西部林业科学,2017,46(6):71-76.Gu L P,Pei Y H,Zheng K,et al.Influence of different site preparation on soil water content in dry-hot valley of Yuanmou County[J].Journal of West China Forestry Science,2017,46(6):71-76.
[14]郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1640-1647.Guo Z S,Shao M A.Soil water carrying capacity of vegetation and soil desiccation in artificial forestry and grassland in semiarid regions of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(8):1640-1647.
[15]王云强,邵明安,刘志鹏.黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):310-316.Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.Spatial variability of soil moisture at regional scale in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(3):310-316.
[16]梁超,郝文芳,袁丁.黄土丘陵区不同植被群落土壤水分研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(2):103-107.Liang C,Hao W F,Yuan D.Study on the soil water of different vegetation communities in the loess hilly-gully region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(2):103-107.
[17]马建业,李占斌,马波,等.黄土高原丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下土壤水分特征--以桥子沟流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):8-15.Ma J Y,Li Z B,Ma B,et al.Soil water characteristics under different vegetation recovery modes in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau:A case study of the Qiaozigou watershed[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):8-15.
[18]Mark E H,Thomas J J,Richard H M.Surface soil moisture variation on small agricultural watersheds[J].Journal of Hydrology,1983,62(1):179-200.
[19]Ivano V Y,Fatichi S,Jenertte G D,et al.Hysteresis of soil moisture spatial heterogeneity and the“homogenizing”effect of vegetation[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(9):W09521,doi:10.1029/2009 WR008611.
[20]莫保儒,王子婷,蔡国军,等.半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1207-1215.Mo B R,Wang Z T,Cai G J,et al.Soil water environment in different soil layers and influence factors of mature forest of Caragana korshinskii in semiarid Loess Area[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1207-1215.
[21]马理辉,吴普特,汪有科.黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣林随树龄变化的根系空间分布特征[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(4):292-301.Ma L H,Wu P T,Wang Y K.Spatial pattern of root systems of dense jujube plantation with jujube age in the semiarid loess hilly region of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(4):292-301.
[22]贾小旭,邵明安,张晨成,等.黄土高原南北样带不同土层土壤水分变异与模拟[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):520-528.Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhang C C,et al.Variation and simulation of soil water content within different soil depths along the southnorth transect of the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(4):520-528.
[2]Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,et al.Response of temporal variation of soil moisture to vegetation in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2014,115(1):123-133.
[3]Gao X,Wu P,Zhao X,et al.Soil moisture variability along transects over a well-developed gully in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2011,87(3):357-367.
[4]Ma L H,Liu X L,Wang Y K,et al.Effects of drip irrigation on deep root distribution,rooting depth,and soil water profile of jujube in a semiarid region[J].Plant and Soil,2013,373(1/2):995-1006.
[5]刘晓丽,马理辉,汪有科.滴灌密植枣林细根及土壤水分分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(17):63-71.Liu X L,Ma L H,Wang Y K.Distribution characteristic of fine root and soil water of densely jujube plantation with drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(17):63-71.
[6]任玉忠,王水献,谢蕾,等.干旱区不同灌溉方式对枣树水分利用效率和果实品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(22):95-102.Ren Y Z,Wang S X,Xie L,et al.Effects of irrigation methods on water use efficiency and fruit quality of jujube in arid area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(22):95-102.
[7]马建鹏,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区枣林地土壤水分时空变化研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(7):851-859.Ma J P,Dong J G,Wang Y K,et al.Temporal and spatial variations in soil moisture under jujube forests in the Loess Hilly Region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(7):851-859.
[8]赵文举,崔珍,马孝义,等.不同采样幅度和间距下压砂地枣树土壤水分的空间变异性研究[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(6):1181-1189.Zhao W J,Cui Z,Ma X Y,et al.Effects of sampling extent and spacing on spatial variability of soil water content in a field with gravel-mulched jujube tree[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(6):1181-1189.
[9]赵满兴,陈宗礼,王文强,等.陕北枣树土壤理化性质分析[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(7):160-164.Zhao M X,Chen Z L,Wang W Q,et al.Analysis of physical and chemical properties under different jujube tree in Northern Shaanxi Province[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(7):160-164.
[10]Moore I D,Burch G J,Mackenzie D H.Topographic effects on the distribution of surface soil water and the location of ephemeral gullies[J].Transactions of the ASABE,1988,31(4):1098-1107.
[11]马非,张亚红,谢应忠.半干旱黄土高原丘陵区不同植被条件下土壤水分研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2007,28(1):76-79.Ma F,Zhang Y H,Xie Y Z.Progress of the soil moisture under different vegetation condition in semi-arid hill area of Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2007,28(1):76-79.
[12]于洋,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3441-3449.Yu Y,Wei W,Chen L D,et al.Coupling effects of different land preparation and vegetation on soil moisture characteristics in a semi-arid loess hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(11):3441-3449.
[13]谷丽萍,裴艳辉,郑科,等.整地方式对元谋干热河谷人工林土壤水分的影响[J].西部林业科学,2017,46(6):71-76.Gu L P,Pei Y H,Zheng K,et al.Influence of different site preparation on soil water content in dry-hot valley of Yuanmou County[J].Journal of West China Forestry Science,2017,46(6):71-76.
[14]郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1640-1647.Guo Z S,Shao M A.Soil water carrying capacity of vegetation and soil desiccation in artificial forestry and grassland in semiarid regions of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(8):1640-1647.
[15]王云强,邵明安,刘志鹏.黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):310-316.Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.Spatial variability of soil moisture at regional scale in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(3):310-316.
[16]梁超,郝文芳,袁丁.黄土丘陵区不同植被群落土壤水分研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(2):103-107.Liang C,Hao W F,Yuan D.Study on the soil water of different vegetation communities in the loess hilly-gully region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(2):103-107.
[17]马建业,李占斌,马波,等.黄土高原丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下土壤水分特征--以桥子沟流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):8-15.Ma J Y,Li Z B,Ma B,et al.Soil water characteristics under different vegetation recovery modes in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau:A case study of the Qiaozigou watershed[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):8-15.
[18]Mark E H,Thomas J J,Richard H M.Surface soil moisture variation on small agricultural watersheds[J].Journal of Hydrology,1983,62(1):179-200.
[19]Ivano V Y,Fatichi S,Jenertte G D,et al.Hysteresis of soil moisture spatial heterogeneity and the“homogenizing”effect of vegetation[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(9):W09521,doi:10.1029/2009 WR008611.
[20]莫保儒,王子婷,蔡国军,等.半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1207-1215.Mo B R,Wang Z T,Cai G J,et al.Soil water environment in different soil layers and influence factors of mature forest of Caragana korshinskii in semiarid Loess Area[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1207-1215.
[21]马理辉,吴普特,汪有科.黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣林随树龄变化的根系空间分布特征[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(4):292-301.Ma L H,Wu P T,Wang Y K.Spatial pattern of root systems of dense jujube plantation with jujube age in the semiarid loess hilly region of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(4):292-301.
[22]贾小旭,邵明安,张晨成,等.黄土高原南北样带不同土层土壤水分变异与模拟[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):520-528.Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhang C C,et al.Variation and simulation of soil water content within different soil depths along the southnorth transect of the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(4):520-528.