广州东部风水林斑块面积对生物量的影响
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摘要
近年来人类活动的干扰导致许多连续的自然森林破碎为斑块化的森林片断(如村落旁保留的"风水林"),研究森林斑块的面积与森林生物量的关系对改善森林的碳汇作用具有十分重要的意义。本文在位于广州市东部的风水林中分别选取立地条件、森林植被类型和结构、林龄、森林生长发育阶段等因素相同但面积不同的大斑块(15-25 hm~2)、中斑块(5-8 hm~2)和小斑块(0.5-2 hm~2)各5个,采用样方调查和遥感估算相结合的方法,研究风水林地上生物量与斑块面积的关系,以及风水林斑块从林缘到林内地上生物量的梯度变化。结果显示:(1)平均生物量呈现出大斑块(199.33 t/hm~2)>中斑块(181.59 t/hm~2)>小斑块(147.51 t/hm~2)的趋势,大、中、小斑块的地上生物量之间存在显著性差异(P <0.01),斑块面积对地上生物量的影响比较显著;(2)样地调查结果和遥感数据都显示,边缘效应对风水林斑块地上生物量的影响比较明显:大斑块生物量从林缘到林内呈现斑块中心(290.24 t/hm~2)>斑块中心到林缘的中间位置(226.63 t/hm~2),>板块边缘(129.16 t/hm~2)的趋势;(3)大斑块中高大树木的比例较大,这是大斑块的生物量大于中、小斑块的主要原因。本研究的结果表明,保护和建设较大的森林斑块,有助于提高森林的碳汇作用。
Human activities led to many continuous natural forests fragmented into such as Fengshui forests around villages,how their forest carbon sinks are related to forests' patch sizes and vegetation biomasses demands academic research.In a case study of a Fengshui forest in eastern Guangzhou suburbs,five large patches for each of three patches with area sizes of 15-25 hm~2,5-8 hm~2 and 0.5-2 hm~2,respectively,were selected based on site conditions,vegetation type,forest structure,stand age and growth stage.Then,the above-ground biomass and gradient variation from the edge to center for the Fengshui forest were investigated to figure out the relationship between patch size and above-ground biomass by using combined quadrat survey and remote sensing estimation.The results are as follows:(1) the average above-ground biomass obviously varies from large to small patches(P<0.01),and generally shows an increase trend with the forest size with a biomass of 199.33 t/hm~2 for large patches,181.59 t/hm~2 for medium,and 147.51 t/hm~2 for small patches.(2) In large patches,the above-ground biomass increases from 290.24 t/hm~2,226.63 t/hm~2 to 129.16 t/hm~2 from center to edge,showing that the edge effect has a great impact on ground biomass in the Fengshui forest patches.(3) There is the largest proportion of tall and thick trees in large patches,which probably results in a larger biomass in large patches than in medium and small patches.So the improvement of forest carbon sink needs the protection and construction of large forest patches.
Human activities led to many continuous natural forests fragmented into such as Fengshui forests around villages,how their forest carbon sinks are related to forests' patch sizes and vegetation biomasses demands academic research.In a case study of a Fengshui forest in eastern Guangzhou suburbs,five large patches for each of three patches with area sizes of 15-25 hm~2,5-8 hm~2 and 0.5-2 hm~2,respectively,were selected based on site conditions,vegetation type,forest structure,stand age and growth stage.Then,the above-ground biomass and gradient variation from the edge to center for the Fengshui forest were investigated to figure out the relationship between patch size and above-ground biomass by using combined quadrat survey and remote sensing estimation.The results are as follows:(1) the average above-ground biomass obviously varies from large to small patches(P<0.01),and generally shows an increase trend with the forest size with a biomass of 199.33 t/hm~2 for large patches,181.59 t/hm~2 for medium,and 147.51 t/hm~2 for small patches.(2) In large patches,the above-ground biomass increases from 290.24 t/hm~2,226.63 t/hm~2 to 129.16 t/hm~2 from center to edge,showing that the edge effect has a great impact on ground biomass in the Fengshui forest patches.(3) There is the largest proportion of tall and thick trees in large patches,which probably results in a larger biomass in large patches than in medium and small patches.So the improvement of forest carbon sink needs the protection and construction of large forest patches.
引文
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[2]GOULD W A,GONZLEZ G,HUDAK A T,et al.Forest structure and downed woody debris in boreal,temperate,and tropical forest fragments[J].Ambio,2008,37(7/8):577.
[3]蒋文伟,姜志林,刘安兴,等.浙江安吉山区森林景观空间格局动态分析[J].福建林学院学报,2002,22(2):150-153.JIANG W W,JIANG Z L,LIU A X,et al.Analysis on the spatial pattern dynamic of forest landscape in Anji mountainous district,Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,2002,22(2):150-153.
[4]曹敏,付先惠,杨一光,等.热带森林中的斑块动态与物种多样性维持[J].生物多样性,2000,8(2):172-179.CAO M,FU X H,YANG Y G,et al.Patch dynamics in tropical forests and the maintenance of tree species diversity[J].Chinese Biodiversity,2000,8(2):172-179.
[5]STADDON P,LINDO Z,CRITTENDEN P D,et al.Connectivity,non-random extinction and ecosystem function in experimental metacommunities[J].Ecology Letters,2010,13(5):543-552.
[6]闫海冰.黑龙江省森林资源变迁及森林景观变化研究[D].广州:华南热带农业大学,2005.YAN H B.Study on change of forest resources and forest landscape in Heilongjiang province[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Tropical Agriculture,2005.
[7]GOULDEN ML,AMS M,WINSTON GC,et al.Patterns of NPP,GPP,respiration,and NEP during boreal forest succession[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(2):855-871.
[8]OSURI A M,KUMAR V S,SANKARAN M.Altered stand structure and tree allometry reduce carbon storage in evergreen forest fragments in India's Western Ghats[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2014,329(6):375-383.
[9]LAURANCE W F,NASCIMENTO H E,LAURANCE SG,et al.Rapid decay of tree-community composition in Amazonian forest fragments[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(50):19010.
[10]杨永恬.基于多源遥感数据的森林蓄积量估测方法研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.YANG Y T.Study on estimating methods of forest stem volume based on multi-source remote sensing image[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2010.
[11]MARCHAND P,HOULE G.Spatial patterns of plant species richness along a forest edge:What are their determinants?[J]Forest Ecology&Management,2006,223(1):113-124.
[12]MALMIVAARA-LMSM,HAMBERG L,HAAPAMKIE,et al.Edge effects and trampling in boreal urban forest fragments-impacts on the soil microbial community[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(7):1612-1621.
[13]HU L,LI Z,LIAO W B,et al.Values of village fengshui forest patches in biodiversity conservation in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144(5):1553-1559.
[14]林国俊,马磊,吴林芳,等.广州市风水林群落空间异质性及其对区域物种多样性的贡献[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2013,21(2):168-174.LIN G J,MA L,WU L F,et al.Community heterogeneity of Fengshui Woods in Guangzhou and its contribution to regional species diversity[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2013,21(2):168-174.
[15]崔勇,张国革,陈德文,等.广西那坡县风水林植物物种多样性及其保育对策[J].广西农业生物科学,2008,27(S1):53-56.CUI Y,ZHANG G G,CHEN D W,et al.Species diversity and conservation of Fengshui Wood in Napo County,Guangxi[J].Journal of Guangxi Agric.and Biol Science.2008,27(S1):53-56.
[16]马磊,吴林芳,叶华谷,等.广州增城叶迳背乐昌含笑林群落特征研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2012,20(2):169-176.MA L,WU L F,YE H G,et al.Studies on community characteristics of Michelia chapensis in Yejingbei,Zengcheng,Guangzhou[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2012,20(2):169-176.
[17]朱华,许再富.西双版纳片断热带雨林的结构,物种组成及其变经变化的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):560-568.ZHU H,XU Z F.Effects of fragmentation on the structure,species composition and diversity of tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinice,2000,24(5):560-568.
[18]欧应田.城乡风水林的保护和利用---以莞竹花园后山改造为例[J].广东园林,2004(4):35-37.OU Y T.Protection and utilization of urban and rural Fengshui forest-take the retrofit of the rear mountain of Guanzhu garden[J].Guangdong Landscape Architecture,2004(4):35-37.
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[20]廖宇红,陈传国,陈红跃,等.广州市莲塘村风水林群落特征及植物多样性[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(2):812-817.LIAO Y H,CHEN C G,CHEN H Y,et al.The community characters and plant diversity of fengshui woods in Liantang country,Guangzhou[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(2):812-817.
[21]MA L,HUANG M,SHEN Y,et al.Species diversity and community structure in forest fragments of Guangzhou,South China[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Science,2015,27(2):148-157.
[22]黄柳菁,林欣,刘兴诏,等.广东不同林龄乔木生物量及物种多样性与叶面积指数的关系[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2017,37(6):91-98.HUANG L J,LIN X,LIU X Z,et al.The relation among biomass,biodiversity and LAI of trees at different stand ages in Guangdong province[J].Journal of Southwest Forestry University(Natural Sciences),2017,37(6):91-98.
[23]管东生.流溪河水库林区森林生态系统养分的研究[J].热带亚热带森林生态系统研究,1989(5):123-34.GUAN D S.Study on the nutrient of forest ecosystem in the forest region of Liuxihe Resevoir[J].Studies on Tropical and Subtropical Forest Ecosystem,1989(5):123-34.
[24]王佳,尹华丽,王晓莹,等.基于资源三号影像的森林蓄积量估测遥感因子选择[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,12:29-33.WANG J,YIN H L,WANG X Y,et al.Remote sensing factor optimization for forest volume estimation based on ZY-3 images[J].Journal of Central South Yniversity of Forestry&Technology,2015,12:29-33.
[25]AGUILAR M A,SALDAA M M,AGUILAR F J.GeoEye-1 and Worldview-2 pan-sharpened imagery for object-based classification in urban environments[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2013,34(7):2583-2606.
[26]陶伟国,徐斌,杨秀春.草原产草量遥感估算方法发展趋势及影响因素[J].草业学报,2007,16(2):1-8.TAO W G,XU B,YANG X C.Advances and factors affecting the estimation of grass production using remote sensing[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2007,16(2):1-8.
[27]KASAWANI I,NORSALIZA U,MOHD HASMADI I.Analysis of spectral vegetation indices related to soil-line for mapping mangrove[J].Applied Remote Sensing Journal,2010,1(1):25-31.
[28]徐爽,沈润平,杨晓月.利用不同植被指数估算植被覆盖度的比较研究[J].国土资源遥感,2012,24(4):95-100.XU S,SHEN R P,YANG X Y.A comparative study of different vegetation indices for estimating vegetation coverage based on the dimidiate pixel model[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2012,24(4):95-100.
[29]HUETE A R.A soil-adjusted vegetation index[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1988,27(3):295-309.
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