基于灾时可达性的城市绿地避灾服务域判定研究
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摘要
城市绿地作为城市防灾避险的重要场所,其避灾服务域的判定有助于指导城市避灾场所的空间布局,对提高城市的生态安全具有重要的意义。研究借助ArcGIS空间分析工具,以灾时3、5min和10min内避灾绿地的服务能力和承载力2个方面量化,探讨福州市鼓楼区绿地的避灾服务范围、服务人口数量以及街道避灾服务的空间差异。结果表明,研究区绿地面积约6.80km~2,符合紧急避灾的绿地共9块,面积为0.81km~2;避灾绿地在3、5min和10min内的服务范围差异较大,其中服务范围最大的是西湖左海公园,面积分别为1.78、3.33km~2和8.26km~2,绿地服务范围最小的分别为0.20、0.43km~2和1.17km~2;在避灾服务人口比方面,10min内国光公园、金牛山公园、闽江公园北园、西湖左海公园、温泉公园可达人口数量未超过其承载量;从街道避灾服务情况可知鼓西街道最佳,在10min可实现服务区域内人口的全面覆盖;最后叠加研究区其他自然灾害避灾点,得出研究区避灾服务空间分布不平衡,五凤街道、东街街道和洪山镇尚有35.65%、15.69%和7.32%的人群处于避灾盲区。
Urban green space plays an important role in urban disaster-prevention.The evaluation of disaster-prevention service areas would be helpful to guide the spatial layout of disaster-prevention places in a city,and improve the city's ecological security.With the help of ArcGIS,this study according to emergency time 0-3,0-5,0-10 min,quantified the disaster-prevention green space through service ability and capacity in Gulou Destrict of Fuzhou.Then we analyzed the scope of disaster-prevention services,service population and spatial differences of disaster-prevention services in different streets within the district.The results showed that the green area of the study area was about 6.80 km~2,including 9 pieces of green space to avoid disaster(0.81 km~2).Green space had different service areas within 0-3,0-5,0-10 min.Among them,the service coverage of Xihuzuohai Park was the largest,the area was 1.78,3.33 km~2 and 8.26 km~2 respectively.The smallest range of green space service was 0.20,0.43 km~2 and 1.17 km~2.In service population rate,the accessible population of Guoguang Park,Jinniushan Park,Minjiang Park,Xihuzuohai Park and Wenquan Park did not overweigh their bearing capacity within 10 min.The accessibility of Guxi street was the best,which could cover the full service population within 10 min.At last,overlay other natural disaster avoidance,we concluded that the spatial distribution of disaster-prevention services in the study area was unbalanced.The percentages of the population that were in the blind area were 35.65%,15.69% and7.32%,respectively in Wufeng street,East street and Hongshan township.
Urban green space plays an important role in urban disaster-prevention.The evaluation of disaster-prevention service areas would be helpful to guide the spatial layout of disaster-prevention places in a city,and improve the city's ecological security.With the help of ArcGIS,this study according to emergency time 0-3,0-5,0-10 min,quantified the disaster-prevention green space through service ability and capacity in Gulou Destrict of Fuzhou.Then we analyzed the scope of disaster-prevention services,service population and spatial differences of disaster-prevention services in different streets within the district.The results showed that the green area of the study area was about 6.80 km~2,including 9 pieces of green space to avoid disaster(0.81 km~2).Green space had different service areas within 0-3,0-5,0-10 min.Among them,the service coverage of Xihuzuohai Park was the largest,the area was 1.78,3.33 km~2 and 8.26 km~2 respectively.The smallest range of green space service was 0.20,0.43 km~2 and 1.17 km~2.In service population rate,the accessible population of Guoguang Park,Jinniushan Park,Minjiang Park,Xihuzuohai Park and Wenquan Park did not overweigh their bearing capacity within 10 min.The accessibility of Guxi street was the best,which could cover the full service population within 10 min.At last,overlay other natural disaster avoidance,we concluded that the spatial distribution of disaster-prevention services in the study area was unbalanced.The percentages of the population that were in the blind area were 35.65%,15.69% and7.32%,respectively in Wufeng street,East street and Hongshan township.
引文
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[15]唐婷.城市绿地避灾适宜性评价及优化布局研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2014.
[16]马东辉,郭小东,王志涛.城市抗震防灾规划标准实施指南[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[17]洪婷婷.城市绿地防灾避难机能的研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2009.
[2]方婧.城市绿地防灾避险功能研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2009.
[3]李晓玲,修春亮,程林,等.基于防灾目标的城市公园空间结构及合理性评价---邻域法在长春市的应用[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(11):3641-3648.LI X L,XIU C L,CHENG L,et al.Evaluation on spatial structure and rationality of city parks based on goal of disaster prevention:aapplication of proximal area method in Changchun,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(11):3641-3648.(in Chinese)
[4]高晓路,王坤鹏,季珏.城市防灾避难空间安全性的评价---以北京市紧急避难场所为例[J].人文地理,2013(6):49-54.
[5]魏东,唐楠,徐姗.基于均衡原则的城市应急避难场所布局合理性评价--以西安市中心城区为例[J].现代城市研究,2015(5):43-50.
[6]CHU J,SU Y.The application of TOPSIS method in selecting fixed seismic shelter for evacuation in cities[J].Systems Engineering Procedia,2012(3):391-397.
[7]史莹,费文君,王丹宁,等.综合公园避震减灾适宜性评价方法分析[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(3):215-220.SHI Y,FEI W J,WANG D N,et al.Methods and analysis of suitability evaluation of earthquake resistance and hazardous reduction of comprehensive park[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(3):215-220.(in Chinese)
[8]刘少丽.城市应急避难场所区位选择与空间布局[D].南京:南京师范大学,2012.
[9]徐波.城市防灾减灾规划研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[10]曲良艳,弓弼,金立强,等.我国城市主要自然灾害类型及其防灾绿地体系构建[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(5):121-127.QU L Y,GONG B,JIN L Q,et al.Types of urban natural disasters in China and establishment of corresponding disasterproof green lands system[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2010,25(5):121-127.(in Chinese)
[11]MANLEY M,KIM Y S.Modeling emergency evacuation of individuals with disabilities(exitus):an agent-based public decision support system[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2012,39(9):8300-8311.
[12]ZHOU M,DONG H,WEN D,et al.Modeling of crowd evacuation with assailants via a fuzzy logic approach[J].IEEETransactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2016,17(9):2395-2407.
[13]於家,温家洪,陈芸,等.基于应急疏散智能体模型模拟的城市避难所空间配置---以上海市静安区为例[J].地理学报,2017,72(8):1458-1475.YU J,WEN J H,CHEN Y,et al.Spatial configuration of urban shelters based on simulation using emergency evacuation agent-based model:a case study in Jing’an District,Shanghai[J].Geography Journal,2017,72(8):1458-1475.(in Chinese)
[14]李博,宋云,俞孔坚.城市公园绿地规划中的可达性指标评价方法[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2008,44(4):618-624.LI B,SONG Y,YU K J.Evaluation method for measurement of accessibility in urban public green space planning[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2008,44(4):618-624.(in Chinese)
[15]唐婷.城市绿地避灾适宜性评价及优化布局研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2014.
[16]马东辉,郭小东,王志涛.城市抗震防灾规划标准实施指南[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[17]洪婷婷.城市绿地防灾避难机能的研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2009.