冬季不同类型猪舍内颗粒物与微生物气溶胶浓度分布规律研究
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摘要
本研究旨在探究冬季不同类型猪舍内颗粒物与微生物气溶胶的污染特征,为改善规模化猪舍内空气质量提供基础数据。采用TSI粉尘监测仪和ZYK-6型六级筛孔撞击式微生物采样器,对妊娠舍、分娩舍和保育舍三种类型猪舍内的不同粒径颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_4、PM_(2.5)和PM_1)浓度以及微生物气溶胶进行监测和采样。监测和采样高度均设为距离地面0.8 m处,每日监测7次(3:00、7:00、9:00、11:00、15:00、17:00和22:00),连续监测3 d。结果显示:妊娠舍内TSP、PM_(10)、PM_4、PM_(2.5)和PM_1平均质量浓度分别为1.734、0.760、0.313、0.270 mg·m~(-3)和0.249 mg·m~(-3),细菌气溶胶浓度范围6800～25 600 cfu·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶浓度范围为170～870 cfu·m~(-3);分娩舍内TSP、PM_(10)、PM_4、PM_(2.5)和PM_1平均质量浓度分别为3.102、1.385、0.492、0.408 mg·m~(-3)和0.369 mg·m~(-3),细菌气溶胶浓度范围为4100～22 100 cfu·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶浓度范围为440～2480 cfu·m~(-3);保育舍内TSP、PM_(10)、PM_4、PM_(2.5)和PM_1平均质量浓度分别为1.284、0.572、0.271、0.245 mg·m~(-3)和0.230 mg·m~(-3),细菌气溶胶浓度范围为2120～6850 cfu·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶浓度范围为160～1110 cfu·m~(-3)。三种猪舍内细菌气溶胶浓度比较发现,妊娠舍最高,其次是分娩舍,保育舍最低;真菌气溶胶主要分布在粒径小于3.3μm的范围内。颗粒物与微生物气溶胶的相关性关系分析发现,真菌气溶胶和粒径小于1.1μm的细菌气溶胶可能是以孢子或者菌丝的形式独立漂浮于空气中。
This study aims to investigate the characteristics of particulate matter and microbial aerosols in different types of pig houses to provide basic data to improve air quality in large-scale pig houses.A TSI dust monitor was used to monitor the concentration of different sizes of particles(TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_1).Simultaneously,a ZYK-6 six-stage sieve percussion microbial sampler was used to sample microbial aerosols in three different types of pig houses,which are a gestational house,a delivery room and a nursery house.The monitoring and sampling height was 0.8 m away from the ground,and experiments were conducted 7 times a day(3:00,7:00,9:00,11:00,15:00,17:00 and 22:00)for 3 consecutive days.In the gestational house,the average concentrations of TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_1were 1.734,0.760,0.313,0.270 mg·m~(-3)and 0.249 mg·m~(-3),respectively.The bacterial aerosol concentration was 6800～25 600 cfu·m~(-3),and the fungal aerosol concentration was 170～870 cfu·m~(-3).The average mass concentrations of TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_(1 )in the delivery house were 3.102,1.385,0.492,0.408 mg·m~(-3)and 0.369 mg·m~(-3),respectively.Furthermore,the bacterial aerosol concentration was4100～22 100 cfu·m~(-3)and the fungal aerosol concentration was 440～2480 cfu·m~(-3).In the nursery house,the average concentrations of TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_(1 )were 1.284,0.572,0.271,0.245 mg·m~(-3)and 0.230 mg·m~(-3),respectively.The bacterial aerosol concentration was2120～6850 cfu·m~(-3)and the fungal aerosol concentration was 160～1110 cfu·m~(-3).Our findings show that the bacterial aerosol concentration in the gestational house,delivery room and nursery house and most fungal aerosols,are mainly distributed in the range of a particle size less than 3.3μm.The correlation analysis between particulate matter and microbial aerosol suggests that fungal aerosols and bacterial aerosols,whose particle sizes are less than 1.1μm may float in the air independently in the form of spores or hyphae.
This study aims to investigate the characteristics of particulate matter and microbial aerosols in different types of pig houses to provide basic data to improve air quality in large-scale pig houses.A TSI dust monitor was used to monitor the concentration of different sizes of particles(TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_1).Simultaneously,a ZYK-6 six-stage sieve percussion microbial sampler was used to sample microbial aerosols in three different types of pig houses,which are a gestational house,a delivery room and a nursery house.The monitoring and sampling height was 0.8 m away from the ground,and experiments were conducted 7 times a day(3:00,7:00,9:00,11:00,15:00,17:00 and 22:00)for 3 consecutive days.In the gestational house,the average concentrations of TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_1were 1.734,0.760,0.313,0.270 mg·m~(-3)and 0.249 mg·m~(-3),respectively.The bacterial aerosol concentration was 6800～25 600 cfu·m~(-3),and the fungal aerosol concentration was 170～870 cfu·m~(-3).The average mass concentrations of TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_(1 )in the delivery house were 3.102,1.385,0.492,0.408 mg·m~(-3)and 0.369 mg·m~(-3),respectively.Furthermore,the bacterial aerosol concentration was4100～22 100 cfu·m~(-3)and the fungal aerosol concentration was 440～2480 cfu·m~(-3).In the nursery house,the average concentrations of TSP,PM_(10),PM_4,PM_(2.5 )and PM_(1 )were 1.284,0.572,0.271,0.245 mg·m~(-3)and 0.230 mg·m~(-3),respectively.The bacterial aerosol concentration was2120～6850 cfu·m~(-3)and the fungal aerosol concentration was 160～1110 cfu·m~(-3).Our findings show that the bacterial aerosol concentration in the gestational house,delivery room and nursery house and most fungal aerosols,are mainly distributed in the range of a particle size less than 3.3μm.The correlation analysis between particulate matter and microbial aerosol suggests that fungal aerosols and bacterial aerosols,whose particle sizes are less than 1.1μm may float in the air independently in the form of spores or hyphae.
引文
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[11]袁文,柴同杰,苗增民,等.猪舍环境气载需氧菌含量的季节性变化及其健康风险评估[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):51-55.YUAN Wen,CHAI Tong-jie,MIAO Zeng-min,et al.The seasonal changes and health risk assessment of airborne aerobic bacteria concentration in closed pig house[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2010,38(5):51-55.
[12]柴同杰,赵云玲,刘辉,等.禽舍微生物气溶胶含量及其空气动力学研究[J].中国兽医杂志,2001,37(3):9-11.CHAI Tong-jie,ZHAO Yun-ling,LIU Hui,et al.Studies on the concentration and aerodynamic diameters of microbiological aerosol in the poultry house[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2001,37(3):9-11.
[13]陈新宇.微生物气溶胶与呼吸道健康效应研究[D].广州:广州医科大学,2013.CHEN Xin-yu.Study on bioaerosol and its health impact on respiratory diseases[D].Guangzhou:Guangzhou Medical University,2013.
[14]阎逢旗,胡欢陵,吴永华,等.北京地区夏冬季气溶胶不同参数的相关性分析[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):34-36.YAN Feng-qi,HU Huan-ling,WU Yong-hua,et al.Analysis of correlations between aerosol parameters in the summer and winter in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):34-36.
[15]司恒波.微生物气溶胶与大气细颗粒物的相关性研究[D].西安:长安大学,2014.SI Heng-bo.Correlation of microbial aerosols and atmospheric fine particles[D].Xi′an:Chang′an University,2014.
[16]Van Ransbeeck N,Van Langenhove H,Michiels A,et al.Exposure levels of farmers and veterinarians to particulate matter and gases during operational tasks in pig-fattening houses[J].Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine:AAEM,2014,21(3):472-478.
[17]汪开英,李开泰,李王,等.保育舍冬季湿热环境与颗粒物CFD模拟研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):270-278.WANG Kai-ying,LI Kai-tai,LI Wang,et al.CFD simulation of indoor hygrothermal environment and particle matter of weaned pig building[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):270-278.
[18]刘杨.育肥猪舍气溶胶产生规律与减排方法研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.LIU Yang.Study on the aerosols production and mitigation methods in fattening pig barns[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.
[19]吴胜,沈丹,唐倩,等.规模化半封闭式猪场舍内颗粒物,氨气和二氧化碳分布规律[J].畜牧与兽医,2018,50(3):30-38.WU Sheng,SHEN Dan,TANG Qian,et al.Distribution of particulate matters and noxious gases in large-scale semi-enclosed swine houses[J].Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2018,50(3):30-38.
[20]Kim K Y,Ko H J,Kim H T,et al.Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in pig buildings in Korea[J].Biosystems Engineering,2008,99(4):565-572.
[21]胡庆轩,徐秀芝,陈梅玲,等.大气微生物的研究:大气细菌粒数中值直径及粒度分布[J].中国环境监测,2015(6):353-356.HU Qing-xuan,XU Xiu-zhi,CHEN Mei-ling,et al.Study on atmospheric microorganisms:The median diameter and particle size distribution of atmospheric bacterial number[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015(6):353-356.
[22]刘传德.不同猪舍冬季PM2.5微生物组成分析及内毒素浓度检测[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2018.LIU Chuan-de.Analysis of microbiological composition of PM2.5 in different pigments in winter and determination of endotoxin concentration[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2018.
[23]黄藏宇.猪场微生物气溶胶扩散特征及舍内空气净化技术研究[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2012.HUANG Zang-yu.Study on microbiological aerosol transmission and air purification in pig house[D].Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2012.
[24]Venkataraman C,Thomas S,Kulkarni P.Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-gas/particle partitioning to urban aerosols[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,1999,30(6):759-770.
[25]王雅玲.养殖环境真菌气溶胶及相关真菌毒素的检测[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.WANG Ya-ling.Detection and identification of airborne fungi and related mycotoxins in animal raising environment[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2006.
[26]刘建伟,马文林.猪舍微生物气溶胶污染特性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(28):15665-15667.LIU Jian-wei,MA Wen-lin.Characteristics of airborne microorganism pollution in pig house[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(28):15665-15667.
[27]张婧.垃圾填埋场空气微生物污染特性及分布规律[D].北京:中国农业大学,2007.ZHANG Jing.Characteristics and distribution of airborne microbial contamination in landfills[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2007.
[28]齐文启,孙宗光,汪志国.环境监测仪器和技术的新进展[J].现代科学仪器,2006,4:20-25.QI Wen-qi,SUN Zong-guang,WANG Zhi-guo.Development of environmental monitoring instrument and technology[J].Modern Scientific Instruments,2006,4:20-25.
[29]李学彬,徐青山,魏合理,等.气溶胶消光系数与质量浓度的相关性研究[J].光学学报,2008,29(9):1655-1658.LI Xue-bin,XU Qing-shan,WEI He-li,et al.Study on relationship between extinction coefficient and mass concentration[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2008,29(9):1655-1658.
[2]Takai H,Pedersen S,Johnsen J O,et al.Concentrations and emissions of airborne dust in livestock buildings in Northern Europe[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1998,70(1):59-77.
[3]Bottcher R,Keener K,Munilla R,et al.Dust and odor emissions from tunnel ventilated swine buildings in North Carolina and comparison of different odor evaluation methods[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2004,20(3):343.
[4]邓元荣,李泳宁,黄晓敏,等.大气细颗粒物吸入动物模型建立及适用性评价[J].中国比较医学杂志,2016,26(9):42-49.DENG Yuan-rong,LI Yong-ning,HUANG Xiao-min,et al.Establishment and evaluation of animal model induced by inhalation injury of airborne fine particulate matter[J].Chinese Journal of Comparative Medicine,2016,26(9):42-49.
[5]Thurston G D,Burnett R T,Turner M C,et al.Ischemic heart disease mortality and long-term exposure to source-related components of USfine particle air pollution[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2016,124(6):785-794.
[6]舒燕,王升平,邬理洋,等.畜禽养殖场病原微生物气溶胶检测与防控研究进展[J].湖南农业科学,2014(19):36-38.SHU Yan,WANG Sheng-ping,WU Li-yang,et al.Review of pathogenic microbial aerosol detection and prevention on livestock farms[J].Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2014(19):36-38.
[7]Cambra-López M,Hermosilla T,Lai H T,et al.Particulate matter emit-20197ted from poultry and pig houses:Source identification and quantification[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2011,54(2):629-642.
[8]Hao H,Li C,Qiu Y,et al.Generation,transmission and infectiosity of chicken MDV aerosols under experimental conditions[J].Veterinary Microbiology,2014,172(3/4):400-406.
[9]Zucker B A,Trojan S,Müller W.Airborne gram-negative bacterial flora in animal houses[J].Journal of Veterinary Medicine(Series B),2000,47(1):37-46.
[10]李福生,徐新喜,孙栋,等.气溶胶颗粒在人体上呼吸道模型内沉积的实验研究[J].医用生物力学,2013(2):135-141.LI Fu-sheng,XU Xin-xi,SUN Dong,et al.Experimental study on aerosol particle deposition in human upper respiratory tract model[J].Journal of Medical Biomechanics,2013(2):135-141.
[11]袁文,柴同杰,苗增民,等.猪舍环境气载需氧菌含量的季节性变化及其健康风险评估[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):51-55.YUAN Wen,CHAI Tong-jie,MIAO Zeng-min,et al.The seasonal changes and health risk assessment of airborne aerobic bacteria concentration in closed pig house[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2010,38(5):51-55.
[12]柴同杰,赵云玲,刘辉,等.禽舍微生物气溶胶含量及其空气动力学研究[J].中国兽医杂志,2001,37(3):9-11.CHAI Tong-jie,ZHAO Yun-ling,LIU Hui,et al.Studies on the concentration and aerodynamic diameters of microbiological aerosol in the poultry house[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2001,37(3):9-11.
[13]陈新宇.微生物气溶胶与呼吸道健康效应研究[D].广州:广州医科大学,2013.CHEN Xin-yu.Study on bioaerosol and its health impact on respiratory diseases[D].Guangzhou:Guangzhou Medical University,2013.
[14]阎逢旗,胡欢陵,吴永华,等.北京地区夏冬季气溶胶不同参数的相关性分析[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):34-36.YAN Feng-qi,HU Huan-ling,WU Yong-hua,et al.Analysis of correlations between aerosol parameters in the summer and winter in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):34-36.
[15]司恒波.微生物气溶胶与大气细颗粒物的相关性研究[D].西安:长安大学,2014.SI Heng-bo.Correlation of microbial aerosols and atmospheric fine particles[D].Xi′an:Chang′an University,2014.
[16]Van Ransbeeck N,Van Langenhove H,Michiels A,et al.Exposure levels of farmers and veterinarians to particulate matter and gases during operational tasks in pig-fattening houses[J].Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine:AAEM,2014,21(3):472-478.
[17]汪开英,李开泰,李王,等.保育舍冬季湿热环境与颗粒物CFD模拟研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):270-278.WANG Kai-ying,LI Kai-tai,LI Wang,et al.CFD simulation of indoor hygrothermal environment and particle matter of weaned pig building[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):270-278.
[18]刘杨.育肥猪舍气溶胶产生规律与减排方法研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.LIU Yang.Study on the aerosols production and mitigation methods in fattening pig barns[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.
[19]吴胜,沈丹,唐倩,等.规模化半封闭式猪场舍内颗粒物,氨气和二氧化碳分布规律[J].畜牧与兽医,2018,50(3):30-38.WU Sheng,SHEN Dan,TANG Qian,et al.Distribution of particulate matters and noxious gases in large-scale semi-enclosed swine houses[J].Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2018,50(3):30-38.
[20]Kim K Y,Ko H J,Kim H T,et al.Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in pig buildings in Korea[J].Biosystems Engineering,2008,99(4):565-572.
[21]胡庆轩,徐秀芝,陈梅玲,等.大气微生物的研究:大气细菌粒数中值直径及粒度分布[J].中国环境监测,2015(6):353-356.HU Qing-xuan,XU Xiu-zhi,CHEN Mei-ling,et al.Study on atmospheric microorganisms:The median diameter and particle size distribution of atmospheric bacterial number[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015(6):353-356.
[22]刘传德.不同猪舍冬季PM2.5微生物组成分析及内毒素浓度检测[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2018.LIU Chuan-de.Analysis of microbiological composition of PM2.5 in different pigments in winter and determination of endotoxin concentration[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2018.
[23]黄藏宇.猪场微生物气溶胶扩散特征及舍内空气净化技术研究[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2012.HUANG Zang-yu.Study on microbiological aerosol transmission and air purification in pig house[D].Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2012.
[24]Venkataraman C,Thomas S,Kulkarni P.Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-gas/particle partitioning to urban aerosols[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,1999,30(6):759-770.
[25]王雅玲.养殖环境真菌气溶胶及相关真菌毒素的检测[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.WANG Ya-ling.Detection and identification of airborne fungi and related mycotoxins in animal raising environment[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2006.
[26]刘建伟,马文林.猪舍微生物气溶胶污染特性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(28):15665-15667.LIU Jian-wei,MA Wen-lin.Characteristics of airborne microorganism pollution in pig house[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(28):15665-15667.
[27]张婧.垃圾填埋场空气微生物污染特性及分布规律[D].北京:中国农业大学,2007.ZHANG Jing.Characteristics and distribution of airborne microbial contamination in landfills[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2007.
[28]齐文启,孙宗光,汪志国.环境监测仪器和技术的新进展[J].现代科学仪器,2006,4:20-25.QI Wen-qi,SUN Zong-guang,WANG Zhi-guo.Development of environmental monitoring instrument and technology[J].Modern Scientific Instruments,2006,4:20-25.
[29]李学彬,徐青山,魏合理,等.气溶胶消光系数与质量浓度的相关性研究[J].光学学报,2008,29(9):1655-1658.LI Xue-bin,XU Qing-shan,WEI He-li,et al.Study on relationship between extinction coefficient and mass concentration[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2008,29(9):1655-1658.
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