陕西省农业水足迹量化及对水资源的影响分析
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摘要
基于农业灌溉和气象数据,核算并分析了2005—2016年陕西省农业水足迹(蓝水、绿水和灰水足迹)时空变化特征,并构建基于水足迹的农业生产水资源压力指标AWSI。从水足迹视角分析了农业生产用水结构及对区域水资源的影响,为农业用水总量控制、效率评价和农业面源污染治理提供指导意见。结果表明:陕西省小麦、玉米、稻谷和蔬菜单位质量水足迹较为稳定,棉花、油料等单位质量水足迹较高的作物单位质量水足迹呈现下降趋势。全省年均农业总水足迹为232.6亿m3,蓝水、绿水和灰水足迹分别为49.8、97.8和98.0亿m3。全省AWSI年均值为0.38,年际间波动较大,空间差异明显。AWSI空间上表现为汉中、安康和商洛最低,在0.13～0.18之间,宝鸡、铜川、西安、延安和榆林较高,在0.43～0.83之间,渭南和咸阳农业生产水资源压力最大,AWSI指标明显高于其他区域,为2.34、3.09。从区域用水现状和农业水资源压力指标来看,陕西省仍须加强农业生产结构调整,发展节水农业,合理控制化肥施用量,提高水资源利用效率,以促进各地区水资源健康可持续发展。
Based on the agricultural irrigation and meteorological data of Shaanxi Province, this paper calculates and analyzes the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of regional crop water footprint(blue water, green water and grey water footprint) from 2005 to 2016, and builds a water footprint based agricultural production water stress index AWSI. From the perspective of water footprint, the paper analyzes the structure of agricultural production water and its impact on regional water resources, and provides guidance for total agricultural water use control, efficiency evaluation and agricultural non-point source pollution control.The results showed that water footprint per unit of wheat, corn, rice and vegetables in Shaanxi Province was relatively stable, and the water footprint per unit of cotton and oil with high per unit water footprint showed a downward trend. The total annual water footprint of the province was 23.26 billion m3, Blue, green and grey water footprint were 4.98 billion m3, 9.78 billion m3 and 9.80 billion m3 respectively. The average annual value of AWSI in the province was 0.38, with large fluctuations between years and obvious spatial differences. The AWSI of Shanxi showed that:the lowest value of Hanzhong,Ankang and Shangluo was between 0.13-0.18, and Baoji, Tongchuan, Xi'an, Yan'an and Yulin were higher which was between 0.43-0.83, while Weinan and Xianyang had the highest AWSI index of 2.34 and 3.09. From the current situation of regional water use and the pressure of agricultural water resources, Shaanxi Province still needs to strengthen the adjustment of agricultural production structure, develop water-saving agriculture, reasonably control the amount of chemical fertilizer application, improve the efficiency of water resources utilization, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of water resources in various regions.
Based on the agricultural irrigation and meteorological data of Shaanxi Province, this paper calculates and analyzes the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of regional crop water footprint(blue water, green water and grey water footprint) from 2005 to 2016, and builds a water footprint based agricultural production water stress index AWSI. From the perspective of water footprint, the paper analyzes the structure of agricultural production water and its impact on regional water resources, and provides guidance for total agricultural water use control, efficiency evaluation and agricultural non-point source pollution control.The results showed that water footprint per unit of wheat, corn, rice and vegetables in Shaanxi Province was relatively stable, and the water footprint per unit of cotton and oil with high per unit water footprint showed a downward trend. The total annual water footprint of the province was 23.26 billion m3, Blue, green and grey water footprint were 4.98 billion m3, 9.78 billion m3 and 9.80 billion m3 respectively. The average annual value of AWSI in the province was 0.38, with large fluctuations between years and obvious spatial differences. The AWSI of Shanxi showed that:the lowest value of Hanzhong,Ankang and Shangluo was between 0.13-0.18, and Baoji, Tongchuan, Xi'an, Yan'an and Yulin were higher which was between 0.43-0.83, while Weinan and Xianyang had the highest AWSI index of 2.34 and 3.09. From the current situation of regional water use and the pressure of agricultural water resources, Shaanxi Province still needs to strengthen the adjustment of agricultural production structure, develop water-saving agriculture, reasonably control the amount of chemical fertilizer application, improve the efficiency of water resources utilization, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of water resources in various regions.
引文
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[2]Fader M,Rost S,Christoph Müller,et al.Virtual water content of temperate cereals and maize:Present and potential future patterns[J].Journal of Hydrology(Amsterdam),2010,384(3-4):218-231.
[3]Hoekstra AY.Virtual water:an introduction[A]//Virtual Water Trade:Proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade-value of water research report series No.12.Delft,The Netherlands:IHE,2003:12-13.
[4]Hoekstra A Y,Chapagain A K,Aldaya M M,et al.The Water Footprint Assessment Manual:Setting the Global Standard[M].London:Earthscan,2011.
[5]韩宇平,李新生,黄会平,等.京津冀作物水足迹时空分布特征及影响因子分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2018,16(4):26-34.
[6]吴普特,孙世坤,王玉宝,等.作物生产水足迹量化方法与评价研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(6):651-660+669.
[7]龙爱华,张志强,徐中民,等.甘肃省水资源足迹与消费模式分析[J].水科学进展,2005,16(3):418-425.
[8]盖力强,谢高地,李士美,等.华北平原小麦、玉米作物生产水足迹的研究[J].资源科学,2010,32(11):2066-2071.
[9]李啸虎,杨德刚.基于水足迹的节水型城郊种植业结构优化研究--以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(1):298-304.
[10]冯变变,刘小芳,赵勇钢,等.山西省作物生产蓝绿水足迹核算及影响因素分析[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(4):200-205+214.
[11]王雅洁,刘俊国,赵丹丹.基于水足迹理论的水资源评价--以河北省张家口市宣化区为例[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(5):219-225.
[12]Pellicer-Martínez,Francisco,Martínez-Paz,et al.Probabilistic evaluation of the water footprint of a river basin:Accounting method and case study in the Segura River Basin,Spain[J].Science of The Total Environment,2018,627:28-38.
[13]史利洁,吴普特,王玉宝,等.基于作物生产水足迹的陕西省水资源压力评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(5):650-658.
[14]Allen RG,Pereira LS,Raes D,et al.Crop evapotranspiration:Guidelines for computing crop requirements-FAO irrigation and drainage[M].Rome:FAO,1998:56-57.
[15]段爱旺,孙景生,刘钰,等.北方地区主要农作物灌溉用水定额[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2004.
[16]Sun S,Wu P,Wang Y,et al.The impacts of interannual climate variability and agricultural inputs on water footprint of crop production in an irrigation district of China[J].Science of The Total Environment,2013,444:498-507.
[17]D?ll P,Siebert S.Global modeling of irrigation water requirements[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(4):8-1-8-10.
[18]Li C,Xu M,Wang X,et al.Spatial analysis of dualscale water stresses based on water footprint accounting in the Haihe River Basin,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2018,92:254-267.
[19]GE Liqiang,XIE Gaodi,LI Shimei,et al.The Analysis of Water Footprint of Production and Water Stress in China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2016,7(5):334-341.