沙蒿水浸提液化感物质的分离与鉴定
|
摘要
【目的】研究沙蒿根、茎、叶和种子水浸提液的化感物质,探究其对沙米种子发芽的影响,为沙蒿在群落演替过程中化感作用的研究提供理论依据。【方法】用超纯水室温浸提沙蒿根、茎、叶和种子48 h,离心,上清液经萃取后得到酸性、中性和碱性浸提液。将3种浸提液分为两部分,一部分用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对其组分含量进行分析,另一部分用于沙米种子发芽实验。【结果】沙蒿水浸提液酸性组分共检测到35种化合物,根的酸性组分主要为丁二酸(22.42%)和3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(13.13%);茎的酸性组分主要为丁二酸(25.81%)、咖啡酸(13.53%)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(12.12%)和2-羟基丙酸(11.13%);叶的酸性组分主要为3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(23.15%)、苯甲酸(16.62%)和3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(15.68%);种子的酸性组分主要为2-羟基丙酸(47.64%)和丁二酸(32.28%)。中性组分共检测到20种化合物,根、茎、叶和种子的主要成分均为2-呋喃丙醇,分别占检测到物质的62.28%、33.10%、47.42%、85.13%。碱性组分共检测到6种化合物,根中主要成分为乙胺(43.80%),茎、叶和种子中主要成分为2-羟基乙胺,分别占检测到物质的53.95%、42.45%、56.29%。沙蒿水浸提液酸性、中性和碱性组分对沙米种子发芽均有抑制作用,其中酸性组分的抑制作用最强,其次为碱性组分,影响最弱的为中性组分。【结论】沙蒿化感物质主要是酸性物质,在沙蒿与其他植物竞争中具有重要作用。不同部位水浸提液所表现出来的化感效应强度不同,表明化感作用与其含有的化感物质的种类与含量有关。
[Objective] The allelochemicals of aqueous extracts from roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Artemisia ordosica were investigated, and their effects on germination of Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds were also studied, which provided a theoretical basis for better understanding allelopathy in the process of A.ordosica community succession. [Method] The roots, stems, leaves and seeds of A. ordosica were extracted with ultrapure water for 48 hours at room temperature, centrifugated, and the supernatants were separated into acidic, neutral and alkaline extracts by re-extraction. These extracts were respectively divided into two parts(1/40 for the GC-MS analysis, 39/40 for A. squarrosum seed germination experiment). [Result]Thirty-five compounds were identified in the acidic extracts of A. ordosica. Succinic acid(22.42%) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(13.13%) were main compounds in roots. Succinic acid(25.81%), caffeic acid(13.53%), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(12.12%), and 2-hydroxypropionic acid(11.13%) were main compounds in stems. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(23.15%), benzoic acid(16.62%), and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(15.68%) were main compounds in leaves. 2-hydroxypropionic acid(47.64%) and succinic acid(32.28%) were main compounds in seeds. Twenty compounds were identified in the neutral extracts of A. ordosica. 2-furan propanol was main compound in roots, stems, leaves and seeds, accounting for 62.28%, 33.10%, 47.42%, 85.13% of the detected substances, respectively. Six compounds were identified in the alkaline extracts of A. ordosica. Ethylamine(43.80%) was main compound in roots. 2-hydroxyethylamine was main compound in stems, leaves and seeds, and its relative content was 53.95%,42.45%, 56.29%, respectively. Acidic, neutral and alkaline extracts of A. ordosica all inhibited the germination of A. squarrosum seeds. Among them, the strongest inhibitory effect was observed for the acidic extract, followed by alkaline extract, and the weakest was neutral extract. [Conclusion] The allelochemicals of A. ordosica are mainly acidic substances, which play an important role in the competition between A.ordosica and other plants. The aqueous extracts of different parts of A. ordosica exhibited different intensity of allelopathic effects, indicating that the allelopathic effect is related to the type and content of allelochemicals.
[Objective] The allelochemicals of aqueous extracts from roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Artemisia ordosica were investigated, and their effects on germination of Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds were also studied, which provided a theoretical basis for better understanding allelopathy in the process of A.ordosica community succession. [Method] The roots, stems, leaves and seeds of A. ordosica were extracted with ultrapure water for 48 hours at room temperature, centrifugated, and the supernatants were separated into acidic, neutral and alkaline extracts by re-extraction. These extracts were respectively divided into two parts(1/40 for the GC-MS analysis, 39/40 for A. squarrosum seed germination experiment). [Result]Thirty-five compounds were identified in the acidic extracts of A. ordosica. Succinic acid(22.42%) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(13.13%) were main compounds in roots. Succinic acid(25.81%), caffeic acid(13.53%), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(12.12%), and 2-hydroxypropionic acid(11.13%) were main compounds in stems. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(23.15%), benzoic acid(16.62%), and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(15.68%) were main compounds in leaves. 2-hydroxypropionic acid(47.64%) and succinic acid(32.28%) were main compounds in seeds. Twenty compounds were identified in the neutral extracts of A. ordosica. 2-furan propanol was main compound in roots, stems, leaves and seeds, accounting for 62.28%, 33.10%, 47.42%, 85.13% of the detected substances, respectively. Six compounds were identified in the alkaline extracts of A. ordosica. Ethylamine(43.80%) was main compound in roots. 2-hydroxyethylamine was main compound in stems, leaves and seeds, and its relative content was 53.95%,42.45%, 56.29%, respectively. Acidic, neutral and alkaline extracts of A. ordosica all inhibited the germination of A. squarrosum seeds. Among them, the strongest inhibitory effect was observed for the acidic extract, followed by alkaline extract, and the weakest was neutral extract. [Conclusion] The allelochemicals of A. ordosica are mainly acidic substances, which play an important role in the competition between A.ordosica and other plants. The aqueous extracts of different parts of A. ordosica exhibited different intensity of allelopathic effects, indicating that the allelopathic effect is related to the type and content of allelochemicals.
引文
[1]Gruntman M,Pehl A K,Joshi S,et al.Competitive dominance of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera:using competitive effect and response with a vigorous neighbour[J].Biological Invasions,2014,16(1):141-151.
[2]Sieg R D,Kubanek J.Chemical ecology of marine angiosperms:opportunities at the interface of marine and terrestrial systems[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2013,39(6):687-711.
[3]Kueh B W B,Yusup S,Osman N,et al.Analysis of Melaleuca cajuputi extract as the potential herbicides for paddy weeds[J].Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy,2019,11:36-40.
[4]Gatti A B,Ferreira A G,Arduin M,et al.Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Artistolochia esperanzae O.Kuntze on development of Sesamum indicum L.seedlings[J].Acta Botanica Brasilica,2010,24(2):454-461.
[5]Thiébaut G,Thouvenot L,Rodríguez-Pérez H.Allelopathic effect of the invasive Ludwigia hexapetala on growth of three macrophyte species[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2018,9(12):1-10.
[6]Madrigal-González J,Cea A P,Sánchez-Fernández L A,et al.Facilitation of the non-native annual plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum(Aizoaceae)by the endemic cactus Eulychnia acida(Cactaceae)in the Atacama Desert[J].Biological Invasions,2013,15(7):1439-1447.
[7]杜明利,高群英,高岩,等.外来物种大花金鸡菊不同器官成分的气质联用(GC-MS)分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,2012,29(2):313-318.Du M L,Gao Q Y,Gao Y,et al.Organic compounds in exotic Coreopsis grandiflora using GC-MS[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2012,29(2):313-318.
[8]孔垂华,胡飞.植物化感(相生相克)作用及其应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.Kong C H,Hu F.Plant allelopathy and its application[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2001.
[9]Li X R,Xiao H L,Zhang J G,et al.Long-term ecosystem effects of sand-binding vegetation in the Tengger Desert,northern China[J].Restoration Ecology,2004,12(3):376-390.
[10]Zhang J H,Wu B,Li Y H,et al.Biological soil crust distribution in Artemisia ordosica communities along a grazing pressure gradient in Mu Us Sandy Land,northern China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(2):172-179.
[11]Li S L,Werger M J A,Zuidema P A,et al.Seedlings of the semishrub Artemisia ordosica are resistant to moderate wind denudation and sand burial in Mu Us sandland,China[J].Trees,2010,24(3):515-521.
[12]张财,查天山,贾昕,等.毛乌素沙地油蒿群落叶面积指数动态及模型[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(3):75-83.Zhang C,Zha T S,Jia X,et al.Dynamics and simulation of leaf area index for Artemisia ordosica community in the Mu Us Desert of northwestern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(3):75-83.
[13]Khurelbat D,Densmaa D,Sanjjav T,et al.Artemisioside,a new monoterpene glucoside from the aerial parts of Artemisia ordosica(Asteraceae)[J].Journal of Natural Medicines,2010,64(2):203-205.
[14]Fan D Q,Zhang Y Q,Qin S G,et al.Relationships between Artemisia ordosica communities and environmental factorsfollowing sand-dune stabilization in the Mu Us desert,northwest China[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2017,28(1):115-124.
[15]周凯,郭维明,徐迎春.菊科植物化感作用研究进展[J].生态学报,2004,24(8):1780-1788.Zhou K,Guo W M,Xu Y C.Advances of research on allelopathic potential in compositae[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(8):1780-1788.
[16]Inderjit D S O.Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy[J].Planta,2003,217(4):529-539.
[17]李朝婵,乙引,全文选,等.野生高山杜鹃群落林内自然挥发的化感成分[J].林业科学,2015,51(12):35-44.Li C C,Yi Y,Quan W X,et al.The natural volatile components of allelochemicals in the wild alpine Rhododendron community[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(12):35-44.
[18]崔翠,蔡靖,张硕新.核桃根系分泌物化感物质的分离与鉴定[J].林业科学,2013,49(2):54-60.Cui C,Cai J,Zhang S X.Isolation and identification of the allelochemicals in walnut(Juglans regia)root exudates[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(2):54-60.
[19]于会泳,申国明,高欣欣.连作烟田土壤根系分泌物的变化和分解[J].中国烟草科学,2014,35(1):43-47.Yu H Y,Shen G M,Gao X X.The changes and degradation of tobacco root exudates in tobacco field with continuous cropping[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2014,35(1):43-47.
[20]许蓝心,田如男.梭鱼草化感物质丁二酸对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响[J].生态学杂志,2019,38(3):770-777.Xu L X,Tian R N.Effects of succinic acid,an allelopathic substance of Pontederi cordata,on the growth and competition of Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2019,38(3):770-777.
[21]郭凯,燕志强,金辉,等.肉桂酸和咖啡酸对莴苣生长的化感作用及其机理研究[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(1):93-99.Guo K,Yan Z Q,Jin H,et al.Allelopathic effect and mechanism of cinnamic acid and caffeic acid on the growth of lettuce[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(1):93-99.
[22]潘琦,邹国燕,宋祥甫,等.美人蕉根系对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(10):1193-1198.Pan Q,Zou G Y,Song X F,et al.Inhibitory effects of the roots of floating bed plants of Canna indica on[J].Research of Enviromental Sciences,2014,27(10):1193-1198.
[23]周志红,骆世明,牟子平.番茄(Lycopersicon)的化感作用研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(4):445-449.Zhou Z H,Luo S M,Mou Z P.Allelopathic effect of tomato[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1997,8(4):445-449.
[2]Sieg R D,Kubanek J.Chemical ecology of marine angiosperms:opportunities at the interface of marine and terrestrial systems[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2013,39(6):687-711.
[3]Kueh B W B,Yusup S,Osman N,et al.Analysis of Melaleuca cajuputi extract as the potential herbicides for paddy weeds[J].Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy,2019,11:36-40.
[4]Gatti A B,Ferreira A G,Arduin M,et al.Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Artistolochia esperanzae O.Kuntze on development of Sesamum indicum L.seedlings[J].Acta Botanica Brasilica,2010,24(2):454-461.
[5]Thiébaut G,Thouvenot L,Rodríguez-Pérez H.Allelopathic effect of the invasive Ludwigia hexapetala on growth of three macrophyte species[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2018,9(12):1-10.
[6]Madrigal-González J,Cea A P,Sánchez-Fernández L A,et al.Facilitation of the non-native annual plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum(Aizoaceae)by the endemic cactus Eulychnia acida(Cactaceae)in the Atacama Desert[J].Biological Invasions,2013,15(7):1439-1447.
[7]杜明利,高群英,高岩,等.外来物种大花金鸡菊不同器官成分的气质联用(GC-MS)分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,2012,29(2):313-318.Du M L,Gao Q Y,Gao Y,et al.Organic compounds in exotic Coreopsis grandiflora using GC-MS[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2012,29(2):313-318.
[8]孔垂华,胡飞.植物化感(相生相克)作用及其应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.Kong C H,Hu F.Plant allelopathy and its application[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2001.
[9]Li X R,Xiao H L,Zhang J G,et al.Long-term ecosystem effects of sand-binding vegetation in the Tengger Desert,northern China[J].Restoration Ecology,2004,12(3):376-390.
[10]Zhang J H,Wu B,Li Y H,et al.Biological soil crust distribution in Artemisia ordosica communities along a grazing pressure gradient in Mu Us Sandy Land,northern China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(2):172-179.
[11]Li S L,Werger M J A,Zuidema P A,et al.Seedlings of the semishrub Artemisia ordosica are resistant to moderate wind denudation and sand burial in Mu Us sandland,China[J].Trees,2010,24(3):515-521.
[12]张财,查天山,贾昕,等.毛乌素沙地油蒿群落叶面积指数动态及模型[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(3):75-83.Zhang C,Zha T S,Jia X,et al.Dynamics and simulation of leaf area index for Artemisia ordosica community in the Mu Us Desert of northwestern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(3):75-83.
[13]Khurelbat D,Densmaa D,Sanjjav T,et al.Artemisioside,a new monoterpene glucoside from the aerial parts of Artemisia ordosica(Asteraceae)[J].Journal of Natural Medicines,2010,64(2):203-205.
[14]Fan D Q,Zhang Y Q,Qin S G,et al.Relationships between Artemisia ordosica communities and environmental factorsfollowing sand-dune stabilization in the Mu Us desert,northwest China[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2017,28(1):115-124.
[15]周凯,郭维明,徐迎春.菊科植物化感作用研究进展[J].生态学报,2004,24(8):1780-1788.Zhou K,Guo W M,Xu Y C.Advances of research on allelopathic potential in compositae[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(8):1780-1788.
[16]Inderjit D S O.Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy[J].Planta,2003,217(4):529-539.
[17]李朝婵,乙引,全文选,等.野生高山杜鹃群落林内自然挥发的化感成分[J].林业科学,2015,51(12):35-44.Li C C,Yi Y,Quan W X,et al.The natural volatile components of allelochemicals in the wild alpine Rhododendron community[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(12):35-44.
[18]崔翠,蔡靖,张硕新.核桃根系分泌物化感物质的分离与鉴定[J].林业科学,2013,49(2):54-60.Cui C,Cai J,Zhang S X.Isolation and identification of the allelochemicals in walnut(Juglans regia)root exudates[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(2):54-60.
[19]于会泳,申国明,高欣欣.连作烟田土壤根系分泌物的变化和分解[J].中国烟草科学,2014,35(1):43-47.Yu H Y,Shen G M,Gao X X.The changes and degradation of tobacco root exudates in tobacco field with continuous cropping[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2014,35(1):43-47.
[20]许蓝心,田如男.梭鱼草化感物质丁二酸对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响[J].生态学杂志,2019,38(3):770-777.Xu L X,Tian R N.Effects of succinic acid,an allelopathic substance of Pontederi cordata,on the growth and competition of Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2019,38(3):770-777.
[21]郭凯,燕志强,金辉,等.肉桂酸和咖啡酸对莴苣生长的化感作用及其机理研究[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(1):93-99.Guo K,Yan Z Q,Jin H,et al.Allelopathic effect and mechanism of cinnamic acid and caffeic acid on the growth of lettuce[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(1):93-99.
[22]潘琦,邹国燕,宋祥甫,等.美人蕉根系对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(10):1193-1198.Pan Q,Zou G Y,Song X F,et al.Inhibitory effects of the roots of floating bed plants of Canna indica on[J].Research of Enviromental Sciences,2014,27(10):1193-1198.
[23]周志红,骆世明,牟子平.番茄(Lycopersicon)的化感作用研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(4):445-449.Zhou Z H,Luo S M,Mou Z P.Allelopathic effect of tomato[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1997,8(4):445-449.