环境因子对藿香蓟形态、存活和繁殖的影响
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摘要
为了了解主要环境因子对藿香蓟表型可塑性的影响,从藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)生物学特性揭示其入侵成因,比较了遮阴、土壤碳氮比和灌溉强度对藿香蓟在形态以及存活和繁殖的影响。结果表明:在全光照或施氮条件下,藿香蓟的总鲜重最高;相对于全光照,低密度遮阴时,藿香蓟通过增大比叶面积,减小根冠比,增加高生长量来维持总鲜重、存活率不变;低密度遮阴虽延迟了藿香蓟开花时间,但却提高了开花数量;高密度遮阴使藿香蓟的比叶面积、根冠比和日均增高量都相对于全光照组下降,整体上造成藿香蓟不开花,且总鲜重和存活率降低;向基质施加尿素,可以增加藿香蓟的比叶面积,同时促使植物降低根冠比;灌溉强度对藿香蓟各指标影响较小,相对于对照组,灌溉量为本地当月平均降雨量的40%时,藿香蓟的日均增高量下降。总的来说,藿香蓟具有较强的表型可塑性和竞争力。
In order to understand the effects of main environmental factors on phenotypic plasticity of Ageratum conyzoides—an alien species, and to reveal its invasion mechanism, the effects of different shade, soil carbon and nitrogen ratio and irrigation intensity on the morphology, survival and reproduction of A. cony-zoides were compared. The results showed that the total fresh weight of A. conyzoides was the highest under the condition of full illumination or nitrogen application; A. conyzoides did not reduce the total fresh weight and survival rate by increasing the specific leaf area and reducing the root crown ratio under the condition of low density shading; low density shading delayed the flowering time of A. conyzoides but increased the number of flowers; compared with the plants in full light group, the specific leaf area, the root to crown ratio, the average daily increment, the total fresh weight and survival rate of A. conyzoides in high density shading(98% shading) group were decreased; applying urea can increase the specific leaf area of A. conyzoides, and promote plant to reduce root shoot ratio; compared with the control group,when the irrigation volume was 40% of the local average monthly rainfall, the average daily increment decreased significantly. In general, A. conyzoides has strong phenotypic plasticity and competitiveness.
In order to understand the effects of main environmental factors on phenotypic plasticity of Ageratum conyzoides—an alien species, and to reveal its invasion mechanism, the effects of different shade, soil carbon and nitrogen ratio and irrigation intensity on the morphology, survival and reproduction of A. cony-zoides were compared. The results showed that the total fresh weight of A. conyzoides was the highest under the condition of full illumination or nitrogen application; A. conyzoides did not reduce the total fresh weight and survival rate by increasing the specific leaf area and reducing the root crown ratio under the condition of low density shading; low density shading delayed the flowering time of A. conyzoides but increased the number of flowers; compared with the plants in full light group, the specific leaf area, the root to crown ratio, the average daily increment, the total fresh weight and survival rate of A. conyzoides in high density shading(98% shading) group were decreased; applying urea can increase the specific leaf area of A. conyzoides, and promote plant to reduce root shoot ratio; compared with the control group,when the irrigation volume was 40% of the local average monthly rainfall, the average daily increment decreased significantly. In general, A. conyzoides has strong phenotypic plasticity and competitiveness.
引文
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[11]周建，李红丽，罗芳丽，等.施氮对空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）和莲子草（Alternanthera sessilis）种间关系的影响[J].生态学报，2015,35(24):8258.
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[20]KASHINA B D,MABAGALA R S,MPUNAMI A A. First report of Ageratum conyzoides L. and Sida acuta Burm f. as new weed hosts of tomato yellow leaf curl-Tanzania virus[J]. Plant Protection Science,2003,39(1):18.
[21]DAVIS M A,GRIME J P,THOMPSON K. Fluctuating resources in plant communities:a general theory of invisibility[J].Journal of Ecology,2000,88:528.
[22]王满莲，冯玉龙.紫茎泽兰和飞机草的形态、生物量分配和光合特性对氮营养的响应[J].植物生态学报，2005,29(5):697.
[23]宫伟娜，谢丙炎，万方浩.入侵物种表型可塑性与适应性进化的基本理论[M].//万方浩，谢丙炎，杨国庆.入侵生物学.北京：科学出版社，2011:124.
[24]SCHWINNING S,WEINER J. Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants[J].Oecologia,1998,113:447.
[25]REJMANEK M. Invasice plants:approaches and predictions[J]. Austral Ecology,2000,25:497.
[26]REICH P B,WALTERS M B,ELLSWORTH D S. Leaf life-span in relation to leaf,plant,and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems[J]. Ecological Monographs,1992,62(3):365.
[27]王平荣，张帆涛，高家旭，等.高等植物叶绿素生物合成的研究进展[J].西北植物学报，2009,29(3):629.
[28]张福锁.环境胁迫与植物营养[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社，1993:125.
[29]PERRY L G,BLUMENTHAL D M,MONACO T A,et al. Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion[J]. Oecologia,2010,163:13.
[2]闫小玲，寿海洋，马金双.中国外来入侵研究现状及存在的问题[J].植物分类与资源学报，2012,34(3):287.
[3]WEBER E,LI B. Plant invasion in China:what is to be expected in the wake of economic development[J]. Bioscience,2008,58(7):437.
[4]刘建，李钧敏，余华，等.植物功能性状与外来植物入侵[J].生物多样性，2010,18(6):569.
[5]武强，严莹，万方浩.内在优势假说[M].//万方浩，谢丙炎，杨国庆.入侵生物学.北京:科学出版社，2011:352.
[6]GRIME J P. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes[M]. London:Willey,1979:11.
[7]TILMAN D. Resource Competition and Community Structure[M]. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1982:26.
[8]胡冀宁，孙备，李建东，等.植物竞争及在杂草科学中的应用[J].作物杂志，2007,(2):12.
[9]杜峰，梁宗锁，胡莉娟.植物竞争研究综述[J].生态学杂志，2004,23(4):157.
[10]王晋萍，董丽佳，桑卫国.不同氮素水平下入侵种豚草与本地种黄花蒿、蒙古蒿的竞争关系[J].生物多样性，2012,20(1):3.
[11]周建，李红丽，罗芳丽，等.施氮对空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）和莲子草（Alternanthera sessilis）种间关系的影响[J].生态学报，2015,35(24):8258.
[12]万方浩，刘全儒，谢明.生物入侵：中国外来入侵植物图鉴[M].北京：科学出版社，2012:28.
[13]孔垂华，黄寿山，胡飞.胜红蓟化感作用研究Ⅴ：挥发油对真菌、昆虫和植物的生物活性及其化学成分[J].生态学报，2001,21(4):584.
[14]KONG C H,HU F,XU X H. Allelopathic potential and chemical constituents of volatiles from Ageratum conyzoides under stress[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2002,28(6):1173.
[15]KONG C H. Ecological pest management and control by using allelopathic weeds(Ageratum conzoides,Ambrosia trifida,and Lantan camara)and their allelochemicals in China[J]. Weed Biology and Management,2010,10(2):73.
[16]BANYIKWA F F,RULANGORANG Z K. Growth analysis of ground-nut(Arachis bypogea)in competition with Ageratum conyzoides[J]. Turrialba,1985,35(3):215.
[17]郝建华，吴海荣，强胜.部分菊科入侵种种子（瘦果）的萌发能力和幼苗建群特性[J].生态环境学报，2009,18(5):1851.
[18]陈翠琴.逆境胁迫对胜红蓟生长和种子萌发影响的研究[D].金华:浙江师范大学，2011:50.
[19]DOGRA K S,KOHLI R K,SOOD S K,et al. Impact of Ageratum conyzoides L. on the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Shivalik hills of Himachal Pradesh(Northwester Himalaya),India[J]. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation,2009,1(4):135.
[20]KASHINA B D,MABAGALA R S,MPUNAMI A A. First report of Ageratum conyzoides L. and Sida acuta Burm f. as new weed hosts of tomato yellow leaf curl-Tanzania virus[J]. Plant Protection Science,2003,39(1):18.
[21]DAVIS M A,GRIME J P,THOMPSON K. Fluctuating resources in plant communities:a general theory of invisibility[J].Journal of Ecology,2000,88:528.
[22]王满莲，冯玉龙.紫茎泽兰和飞机草的形态、生物量分配和光合特性对氮营养的响应[J].植物生态学报，2005,29(5):697.
[23]宫伟娜，谢丙炎，万方浩.入侵物种表型可塑性与适应性进化的基本理论[M].//万方浩，谢丙炎，杨国庆.入侵生物学.北京：科学出版社，2011:124.
[24]SCHWINNING S,WEINER J. Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants[J].Oecologia,1998,113:447.
[25]REJMANEK M. Invasice plants:approaches and predictions[J]. Austral Ecology,2000,25:497.
[26]REICH P B,WALTERS M B,ELLSWORTH D S. Leaf life-span in relation to leaf,plant,and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems[J]. Ecological Monographs,1992,62(3):365.
[27]王平荣，张帆涛，高家旭，等.高等植物叶绿素生物合成的研究进展[J].西北植物学报，2009,29(3):629.
[28]张福锁.环境胁迫与植物营养[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社，1993:125.
[29]PERRY L G,BLUMENTHAL D M,MONACO T A,et al. Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion[J]. Oecologia,2010,163:13.