昆明中心城区医疗设施布局公平性研究
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摘要
医疗设施是重要的城市公共服务设施,合理公平布局能够缓解中心区人口集中化趋势和交通压力等问题。研究利用GIS网络分析法对昆明中心城区现状医疗设施空间分布进行研究,得出设施重叠率为400%,覆盖率为88%,结合中心城区居住空间的分布情况,建立医疗设施与居住空间的量化联系,发现其布局公平性存在以下几个问题:数量不足、分布不均、优质设施过于集中。本文利用空间句法局部集成度分析昆明道路现状,提出改善医疗设施布局的建议:依托高集成度路网布局医疗设施,分级建设医疗设施,推广远程基础医疗模式,加强公共设施导向开发(SOD)模式在城市空间拓展的引导作用。
Medical facility is important for urban public service. Reasonable and fair distribution of it in central district can alleviate the pressure of population, density, etc. This paper uses GIS(Network Analysis) to quantitative research the spatial distribution of medical facilities in the central district of Kunming, and obtains the overlap rate(400%) and the coverage rate(88%).Combined with the distribution of residential space in central district, the quantitative connection between medical facilities and residential space is established, and the fair problems of the layout are found in several aspects: insufficient quantity, uneven distribution and centralization of better resource. According to these problems, the research uses Space Syntax(Partial Integration Level) to analyze the current road system in Kunming City, and puts forward some improving suggestions on the layout of medical facilities: lay out medical facilities relying on the high integration level of road, construct classified the medical facilities, popularize and apply remote basic medical model, strengthen Service-Oriented(SOD) model for guiding urban space development.In the paper, Firstly, through the literature and data query, it is found that the concentration of Kunming population is obvious; public service facilities are one of the reasons for the centralized urban congestion in the main city; the total amount of medical facilities has basically reached the national standard level, but according to the actual investigation, residents outside the Second Circle Road still have problems such as difficulty in meeting a doctor. Therefore,the traditional statistical methods cannot objectively ref lect the real situation of residents' medical treatment. Planning medical facilities based on the "thousand indicators" may further aggravate the problem of population concentration and aggravate the accumulation of urban centers. Then, through the network analysis function of GIS, the study quantifies the status quo of medical facilities and residential areas in Kunming, sets the service radius of medical facilities to 1 000 m, finds the corresponding relationship between the two, and introduces the concept of coverage and overlap rate. The current situation is described and analyzed, and the gap in the medical environment of different living areas is obtained, that is, the fairness of the medical environment. At last, using Depthmap10.0 analysis, the local integration map of existing urban roads in Kunming is obtained. The integration degree value shows space unit and all other spatial agglomeration and dispersion degree in the system, that is, the centrality of a certain space relative to the rest of the urban space. The greater the integration value, the higher the accessibility, and the greater the potential for spatial flow. According to the analysis of local integration degree, the districts of Chenggong, Jinning, Wuhua, Guandu and Panlong all have areas with cohesiveness and high accessibility. Therefore, medical facilities should be built on the basis of such roads and regions.In summary, the distribution of medical facilities is important for each resident, and the unreasonable distribution will result in the phenomenon of "different medical environments in the same city", which will bring certain pressure to social stability. Through the analysis of the quantitative connection between the current medical facilities layout and living space in the central area of Kunming City, it is found that the layout of urban medical facilities is due to the deviation of public facilities planning and actual urban space expansion during urban development. Problems that planning is lagging behind urban development are common in the process of urban space expansion. In urban expansion and new district construction, in addition to the current Transit-Oriented Development(TOD) model, the role of Service-Oriented Development(SOD) should be gradually strengthened, especially for the government. In the planning and construction of public facilities for financial investment, it is necessary to carry out reasonable layout planning from its service efficiency and fairness, in order to improve the urban functional structure and guide the rational expansion of the city.
Medical facility is important for urban public service. Reasonable and fair distribution of it in central district can alleviate the pressure of population, density, etc. This paper uses GIS(Network Analysis) to quantitative research the spatial distribution of medical facilities in the central district of Kunming, and obtains the overlap rate(400%) and the coverage rate(88%).Combined with the distribution of residential space in central district, the quantitative connection between medical facilities and residential space is established, and the fair problems of the layout are found in several aspects: insufficient quantity, uneven distribution and centralization of better resource. According to these problems, the research uses Space Syntax(Partial Integration Level) to analyze the current road system in Kunming City, and puts forward some improving suggestions on the layout of medical facilities: lay out medical facilities relying on the high integration level of road, construct classified the medical facilities, popularize and apply remote basic medical model, strengthen Service-Oriented(SOD) model for guiding urban space development.In the paper, Firstly, through the literature and data query, it is found that the concentration of Kunming population is obvious; public service facilities are one of the reasons for the centralized urban congestion in the main city; the total amount of medical facilities has basically reached the national standard level, but according to the actual investigation, residents outside the Second Circle Road still have problems such as difficulty in meeting a doctor. Therefore,the traditional statistical methods cannot objectively ref lect the real situation of residents' medical treatment. Planning medical facilities based on the "thousand indicators" may further aggravate the problem of population concentration and aggravate the accumulation of urban centers. Then, through the network analysis function of GIS, the study quantifies the status quo of medical facilities and residential areas in Kunming, sets the service radius of medical facilities to 1 000 m, finds the corresponding relationship between the two, and introduces the concept of coverage and overlap rate. The current situation is described and analyzed, and the gap in the medical environment of different living areas is obtained, that is, the fairness of the medical environment. At last, using Depthmap10.0 analysis, the local integration map of existing urban roads in Kunming is obtained. The integration degree value shows space unit and all other spatial agglomeration and dispersion degree in the system, that is, the centrality of a certain space relative to the rest of the urban space. The greater the integration value, the higher the accessibility, and the greater the potential for spatial flow. According to the analysis of local integration degree, the districts of Chenggong, Jinning, Wuhua, Guandu and Panlong all have areas with cohesiveness and high accessibility. Therefore, medical facilities should be built on the basis of such roads and regions.In summary, the distribution of medical facilities is important for each resident, and the unreasonable distribution will result in the phenomenon of "different medical environments in the same city", which will bring certain pressure to social stability. Through the analysis of the quantitative connection between the current medical facilities layout and living space in the central area of Kunming City, it is found that the layout of urban medical facilities is due to the deviation of public facilities planning and actual urban space expansion during urban development. Problems that planning is lagging behind urban development are common in the process of urban space expansion. In urban expansion and new district construction, in addition to the current Transit-Oriented Development(TOD) model, the role of Service-Oriented Development(SOD) should be gradually strengthened, especially for the government. In the planning and construction of public facilities for financial investment, it is necessary to carry out reasonable layout planning from its service efficiency and fairness, in order to improve the urban functional structure and guide the rational expansion of the city.
引文
[1]梁鸿.上海市医疗设施布局的研究[J].中国卫生事业管理,1995(5):243-246.LIANG H.Research on the layout of medical facilities in Shanghai[J].Chinese Health Service Management,1995(5):243-246.
[2]于珊珊,彭鹏.基于GIS的长沙市医院空间布局及其优化[J].长沙大学学报,2012(3):90-94.YU S S,PENG P. Spatial layout and optimization of hospitals in Changsha based on GIS[J].Journal of Changsha University,2012(3):90-94.
[3]王正东.昆明市呈贡新区医疗资源配置状况研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2012:64.WANG Z D.Study on the allocation of medical resources in Chenggong New District of Kunming City[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2012:64.
[4]谢小华,王瑞璋.医疗设施布局的GIS优化评价——以翔安区医疗设施为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2015(2):318-327.XIE X H,WANG R Z.GIS Optimization Evaluation of Medical Facilities LayoutTaking Medical Facilities in Xiang'an District as an Example[J].Journal of GeoInformation Science,2015(2):318-327.
[5]魏杰.适老化视角下贾汪区医疗设施配置与空间布局研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学,2016.WEI J.Study on the Allocation and Spatial Layout of Jiawang District's Medical Facilities for the Elderly[D].Beijing:China University of Mining,2016.
[6]KLAUS R K.Planning for Spatial Equity in Europe[J].International Planning Studies,1998,3(1):101-120.
[7]高军波,周春山.广州城市公共服务设施分布的空间公平研究[J].规划师,2010(4):12-18.GAO J B,ZHOU C S.Study on the Spatial Equity of the Distribution of Public Service Facilities in Guangzhou City[J].Planners,2010(4):12-18.
[8]江海燕,周春山.西方城市公共服务空间分布的公平性研究进展[J].城市规划,2011(7):72-77.JIANG H Y,ZHOU C S.Research Progress on the Fairness of Public Service Spatial Distribution in Western Cities[J].City Planning Review,2011(7):72-77.
[9]孙德芳,秦萧.城市公共服务设施配置研究进展与展望[J].现代城市研究,2013(3):90-97.SUN D F,QIN X.Progress and Prospects of Urban Public Service Facilities Allocation[J].Modern Urban Research,2013(3):90-97.
[10]王丽娟.城市公共服务设施的空间公平研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.WANG L J.Research on Spatial Equity of Urban Public Service Facilities[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Univercity,2014.
[11]刘静,朱青.城市公共服务设施布局的均衡性研究——以北京市城六区医疗设施为例[J].城市发展研究,2016(5):6-11.LIU J,ZHU Q.Study on the Balance of the Distribution of Urban Public ServiceFacilities—Taking the Medical Facilities in Chengliu District of Beijing City as an Example[J].Urban Development Studies,2016(5):C6-C11.
[12]张愚,王建国.再论“空间句法”[J].建筑师,2004(6):33-44.ZHANG Y,WANG J G.Further Discussion on"Space Sy ntax"[J].Architect,2004(6):33-44.
[13]伍端.空间句法相关理论导读[J].世界建筑,2005(11):10-15.WU D.Spatial Syntax Related Theory Introduction[J].World Architecture,2005(11):10-15.
[14]DELMELLEA E C,CASES I.Evaluating the Spatial Equity of bus Rapid transitBased Accessibility Patternsin a Developing Country:The case Cali,Colombia[J].Transpot Policy,2012,20(C):36-46.
[15]田金欢.昆明城市公共设施服务边界研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2013.TIAN J H.Research on Urban Public Service Boundary of Kunming City,Yunnan[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2013.
[16]于璨宁.昆明公共服务设施空间分布公平性研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2016.YU C N.Research on Urban Public Service Facilities Fairness of Spatial Layout in Kunming City[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2016.
(1)人口数据由昆明各街道办提供汇总。
(2)2007年数据统计的资料来源为昆明市总体规划修编(2008—2020)说明书。2013年数据来源为昆明年鉴(2014)。
(3)据高德地图发布的2018年一季度《中国主要城市交通分析报告》,昆明市一季度高峰拥堵延时指数1.797,即高峰出行时间是畅通状态下的1.797倍,高峰平均行车速度24.86 km/h。五华区成为全城最堵地区,早晚高峰路上花费的时间是畅通状态下的1.92倍,五华区也是昆明医疗设施最为集中的地区。https://c.m.163.com/news/a/DFRCRJ6B0530I1JA.html?spss=newsapp.
(4)地图来源:昆明市城市总体规划修编(2008—2020)。
(5)《城市公共设施规划规范》《城市居住区设计规范》《城市居住小区公共配套服务管理规定》。
(6)服务区面积为各医疗点通过网络分析后所得的面积总和;融合后面积表示去除相邻医疗点的重叠面积后所得的面积和。
(7)覆盖率是有公共服务设施服务范围覆盖居住点与居住点总数的比例,覆盖率越高则表明有更多的居住点可获得相应的公共服务。重叠率是同一类不同位置的公共服务设施的服务范围相互重叠的比例,重叠率越高,说明服务半径内,可达的服务设施越多。
[2]于珊珊,彭鹏.基于GIS的长沙市医院空间布局及其优化[J].长沙大学学报,2012(3):90-94.YU S S,PENG P. Spatial layout and optimization of hospitals in Changsha based on GIS[J].Journal of Changsha University,2012(3):90-94.
[3]王正东.昆明市呈贡新区医疗资源配置状况研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2012:64.WANG Z D.Study on the allocation of medical resources in Chenggong New District of Kunming City[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2012:64.
[4]谢小华,王瑞璋.医疗设施布局的GIS优化评价——以翔安区医疗设施为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2015(2):318-327.XIE X H,WANG R Z.GIS Optimization Evaluation of Medical Facilities LayoutTaking Medical Facilities in Xiang'an District as an Example[J].Journal of GeoInformation Science,2015(2):318-327.
[5]魏杰.适老化视角下贾汪区医疗设施配置与空间布局研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学,2016.WEI J.Study on the Allocation and Spatial Layout of Jiawang District's Medical Facilities for the Elderly[D].Beijing:China University of Mining,2016.
[6]KLAUS R K.Planning for Spatial Equity in Europe[J].International Planning Studies,1998,3(1):101-120.
[7]高军波,周春山.广州城市公共服务设施分布的空间公平研究[J].规划师,2010(4):12-18.GAO J B,ZHOU C S.Study on the Spatial Equity of the Distribution of Public Service Facilities in Guangzhou City[J].Planners,2010(4):12-18.
[8]江海燕,周春山.西方城市公共服务空间分布的公平性研究进展[J].城市规划,2011(7):72-77.JIANG H Y,ZHOU C S.Research Progress on the Fairness of Public Service Spatial Distribution in Western Cities[J].City Planning Review,2011(7):72-77.
[9]孙德芳,秦萧.城市公共服务设施配置研究进展与展望[J].现代城市研究,2013(3):90-97.SUN D F,QIN X.Progress and Prospects of Urban Public Service Facilities Allocation[J].Modern Urban Research,2013(3):90-97.
[10]王丽娟.城市公共服务设施的空间公平研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.WANG L J.Research on Spatial Equity of Urban Public Service Facilities[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Univercity,2014.
[11]刘静,朱青.城市公共服务设施布局的均衡性研究——以北京市城六区医疗设施为例[J].城市发展研究,2016(5):6-11.LIU J,ZHU Q.Study on the Balance of the Distribution of Urban Public ServiceFacilities—Taking the Medical Facilities in Chengliu District of Beijing City as an Example[J].Urban Development Studies,2016(5):C6-C11.
[12]张愚,王建国.再论“空间句法”[J].建筑师,2004(6):33-44.ZHANG Y,WANG J G.Further Discussion on"Space Sy ntax"[J].Architect,2004(6):33-44.
[13]伍端.空间句法相关理论导读[J].世界建筑,2005(11):10-15.WU D.Spatial Syntax Related Theory Introduction[J].World Architecture,2005(11):10-15.
[14]DELMELLEA E C,CASES I.Evaluating the Spatial Equity of bus Rapid transitBased Accessibility Patternsin a Developing Country:The case Cali,Colombia[J].Transpot Policy,2012,20(C):36-46.
[15]田金欢.昆明城市公共设施服务边界研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2013.TIAN J H.Research on Urban Public Service Boundary of Kunming City,Yunnan[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2013.
[16]于璨宁.昆明公共服务设施空间分布公平性研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2016.YU C N.Research on Urban Public Service Facilities Fairness of Spatial Layout in Kunming City[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2016.
(1)人口数据由昆明各街道办提供汇总。
(2)2007年数据统计的资料来源为昆明市总体规划修编(2008—2020)说明书。2013年数据来源为昆明年鉴(2014)。
(3)据高德地图发布的2018年一季度《中国主要城市交通分析报告》,昆明市一季度高峰拥堵延时指数1.797,即高峰出行时间是畅通状态下的1.797倍,高峰平均行车速度24.86 km/h。五华区成为全城最堵地区,早晚高峰路上花费的时间是畅通状态下的1.92倍,五华区也是昆明医疗设施最为集中的地区。https://c.m.163.com/news/a/DFRCRJ6B0530I1JA.html?spss=newsapp.
(4)地图来源:昆明市城市总体规划修编(2008—2020)。
(5)《城市公共设施规划规范》《城市居住区设计规范》《城市居住小区公共配套服务管理规定》。
(6)服务区面积为各医疗点通过网络分析后所得的面积总和;融合后面积表示去除相邻医疗点的重叠面积后所得的面积和。
(7)覆盖率是有公共服务设施服务范围覆盖居住点与居住点总数的比例,覆盖率越高则表明有更多的居住点可获得相应的公共服务。重叠率是同一类不同位置的公共服务设施的服务范围相互重叠的比例,重叠率越高,说明服务半径内,可达的服务设施越多。