柑橘/大球盖菇套作下土壤CO_2排放及其效率对秸秆还田量的响应
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摘要
以柑橘/大球盖菇套作模式为研究对象,利用秸秆作为大球盖菇的培养基原料,通过原位试验,连续监测大球盖菇生长期内,不同秸秆还田量(半量、全量和倍量)下土壤CO_2排放规律,并进一步对比栽培大球盖菇(HSM、ASM和DSM)和未栽培大球盖菇(HS、AS和DS)处理下土壤CO_2排放量变化及其影响因素,结合大球盖菇产量及土壤碳排放效率,分析不同秸秆还田量所产生的环境及经济效益,为合理利用柑橘园林下土地提供理论依据.结果表明:①秸秆还田处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量均高于常规种植(CK),随着秸秆还田量的增加呈增加趋势;且栽培大球盖菇处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量大于未栽培大球盖菇,表现为:DSM(52. 09 t·hm-2)> ASM(41. 10 t·hm-2)> HSM(33. 20 t·hm-2)> DS(27. 15 t·hm-2)> AS(25. 34t·hm-2)> HS(18. 94 t·hm-2)> CK(12. 16 t·hm-2);其中,倍量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(DSM)处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量增加最为显著,较CK增加了328. 37%;②对于栽培了大球盖菇的处理,土壤CO_2排放量最大时段均集中在大球盖菇菌丝生长期,其次为出菇后和出菇期;其中DSM处理在菌丝生长期的土壤CO_2累积排放量占其总累积排放量的43. 27%,其次为全量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(ASM,42. 63%)和半量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(HSM,40. 57%);③栽培大球盖菇处理降低了温度敏感系数Q10; 5cm土壤温度能解释27%～71%的土壤CO_2排放速率变化(P <0. 01),而土壤体积含水量单因子对土壤CO_2排放速率不存在显著影响;但双因子拟合发现,5 cm土壤温度和体积含水量可以解释土壤CO_2排放速率变化的36%～82%;④对于栽培了大球盖菇的处理,各处理产量分别为:DSM(49. 7 t·hm-2)> ASM(47. 0 t·hm-2)> HSM(23. 3 t·hm-2),其中ASM的土壤碳排放效率最高(CEE=1. 14).综上,柑橘/大球盖菇套作模式短期内会显著促进土壤CO_2排放,但同时也提高了柑橘园综合经济效益,其中全量秸秆还田能较好地协调其产生的经济及环境效益.
Based on the pattern of citrus tree/stropharia mushrooms intercropping,returning-straw was used as the raw material for the stropharia mushrooms,and an in-situ experiment was conducted to monitor soil CO_2 emissions under different dosage of straw application during the stropharia growth period. Soil CO_2 emissions and the influencing factors were analyzed under different treatments of cultivated( HSM,ASM,and DSM) and uncultivated stropharia mushrooms( HS,AS,and DS). The mushroom yield and soil carbon emission efficiency( CEE) were used to provide a theoretical basis for improving the use of land under citrus orchards. The results showed that: ① Straw return increased the cumulative CO_2 emissions compared with the control system( conventional planting,CK) and cumulative CO_2 emissions increased with the dosage of straw application. Cumulative CO_2 emissions from soil treated with cultivated stropharia mushrooms were higher than those from soil treated with uncultivated stropharia mushrooms,in the order of DSM( 52. 09 t·hm-2) > ASM( 41. 10 t·hm-2) > HSM( 33. 20 t·hm-2) > DS( 27. 15 t·hm-2) > AS( 25. 34 t·hm-2) > HS( 18. 94 t·hm-2) > CK( 12. 16 t·hm-2). Cumulative CO_2 emissions under the DSM treatment significantly increased by 328. 37% compared with CK. ② For the treatment of cultivated stropharia mushrooms,peak soil CO_2 emissions occurred during the period of mycelium growth. The highest cumulative CO_2 emissions during this period were obtained under the DSM treatment and accounted for 43. 27% of the total cumulative emissions. This was followed by ASM and HSM which accounted for 42. 63% and 40. 57% of emissions,respectively. ③ Cultivated stropharia mushrooms reduced the temperature sensitivity coefficient( Q10). The soil temperature( 5 cm depth) had a significant effect on the soil CO_2 emission rate( P < 0. 01) but soil moisture did not( P > 0. 05). Soil temperature explained 27% to 71% of the variation in soil CO_2 emissions rates,and the two-factor fitting of soil temperature and soil moisture explained 36% to 82% of the variation. ④ For the treatment of cultivated stropharia mushrooms,the ranked yield of each treatment was DSM( 49. 7 t·hm-2) > ASM( 47. 0 t·hm-2) > HSM( 23. 3 t·hm-2),and ASM had the highest soil CEE( 1. 14). Therefore,under the system of citrus tree/stropharia mushroom intercropping,straw return can increase soil CO_2 emissions,with the highest emissions being obtained when a double dosage of straw was applied. However,the optimal amount of straw still needs to be determined in combination with changes in soil nutrients and crop yields.
Based on the pattern of citrus tree/stropharia mushrooms intercropping,returning-straw was used as the raw material for the stropharia mushrooms,and an in-situ experiment was conducted to monitor soil CO_2 emissions under different dosage of straw application during the stropharia growth period. Soil CO_2 emissions and the influencing factors were analyzed under different treatments of cultivated( HSM,ASM,and DSM) and uncultivated stropharia mushrooms( HS,AS,and DS). The mushroom yield and soil carbon emission efficiency( CEE) were used to provide a theoretical basis for improving the use of land under citrus orchards. The results showed that: ① Straw return increased the cumulative CO_2 emissions compared with the control system( conventional planting,CK) and cumulative CO_2 emissions increased with the dosage of straw application. Cumulative CO_2 emissions from soil treated with cultivated stropharia mushrooms were higher than those from soil treated with uncultivated stropharia mushrooms,in the order of DSM( 52. 09 t·hm-2) > ASM( 41. 10 t·hm-2) > HSM( 33. 20 t·hm-2) > DS( 27. 15 t·hm-2) > AS( 25. 34 t·hm-2) > HS( 18. 94 t·hm-2) > CK( 12. 16 t·hm-2). Cumulative CO_2 emissions under the DSM treatment significantly increased by 328. 37% compared with CK. ② For the treatment of cultivated stropharia mushrooms,peak soil CO_2 emissions occurred during the period of mycelium growth. The highest cumulative CO_2 emissions during this period were obtained under the DSM treatment and accounted for 43. 27% of the total cumulative emissions. This was followed by ASM and HSM which accounted for 42. 63% and 40. 57% of emissions,respectively. ③ Cultivated stropharia mushrooms reduced the temperature sensitivity coefficient( Q10). The soil temperature( 5 cm depth) had a significant effect on the soil CO_2 emission rate( P < 0. 01) but soil moisture did not( P > 0. 05). Soil temperature explained 27% to 71% of the variation in soil CO_2 emissions rates,and the two-factor fitting of soil temperature and soil moisture explained 36% to 82% of the variation. ④ For the treatment of cultivated stropharia mushrooms,the ranked yield of each treatment was DSM( 49. 7 t·hm-2) > ASM( 47. 0 t·hm-2) > HSM( 23. 3 t·hm-2),and ASM had the highest soil CEE( 1. 14). Therefore,under the system of citrus tree/stropharia mushroom intercropping,straw return can increase soil CO_2 emissions,with the highest emissions being obtained when a double dosage of straw was applied. However,the optimal amount of straw still needs to be determined in combination with changes in soil nutrients and crop yields.
引文
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[3]汪虹,陈辉,张津京,等.大球盖菇生物活性成分及药理作用研究进展[J].食用菌学报,2018,25(4):115-120.Wang H,Chen H,Zhang J J,et al. Research progresses on bioactive components in Stropharia rugosoannulata and their pharmacological effects[J]. Acta Edulis Fungi,2018,25(4):115-120.
[4]廖家艳,雷干农.梨园套种大球盖菇试验研究[J].现代农业科技,2010,(24):108-109.Liao J Y,Lei G N. The experimental research on transplanting Stropharia ruqoso-annulata in pear orchard[J]. Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,2010,(24):108-109.
[5]颜淑婉,苏诗垂.大球盖菇立体高效栽培模式[J].食用菌,1997,(6):34-35.
[6]张洋,刘月娇,倪九派,等.柑橘/大球盖菇间作对三峡库区紫色土活性有机碳库的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(5):53-65.Zhang Y,Liu Y J,Ni J P,et al. Effect of Citrus tree/Stropharia mushrooms intercropping on ‘purple soil’labile organic carbon in the Three Gorges Reservoir region[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(5):53-65.
[7]农金花.果菇间作系统下紫色土碳氮组分变化特征及其相互关系研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.Nong J H. Study on the variation characteristics and relationships of carbon and nitrogen compositions in purple soil under the intercropping system[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2017.
[8]马超,周静,刘满强,等.秸秆促腐还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):915-921.Ma C,Zhou J,Liu M Q,et al. Effects of incorportion of pretreated straws into field on soil nutrients and labile organic carbon in ShaJiang black soil[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(5):915-921.
[9]王丙文,迟淑筠,田慎重,等.不同玉米秸秆还田方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5):1374-1380.Wang B W,Chi S J,Tian S Z,et al. Effects of different maize straw-returning modes on the soil respiration in a winter wheat field[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1374-1380.
[10]范围,吴景贵,李建明,等.秸秆均匀还田对东北地区黑钙土土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤学报,2018,55(4):835-846.Wu W,Wu J G,Li J M,et al. Effects of straw return on soil physico-chemical properties of chernozem in Northeast China and Maize Yield Therein[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(4):835-846.
[11]矫丽娜,李志洪,殷程程,等.高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):665-672.Jiao L N,Li Z H,Yin C C,et al. Effect of incorporation of crop straw on composition of soil organic matter and enzyme activity in black soil relative to depth and rate of the incorporation[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):665-672.
[12]张莉,王婧,逄焕成,等.短期秸秆颗粒还田对小麦-玉米系统作物产量与土壤呼吸的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(2):565-572.Zhang L, Wang J, Pang H C, et al. Effects of short-term granulated straw incorporation on grain yield and soil respiration in a winter wheat-summer maize cropping system[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):565-572.
[13]王海飞,贾兴永,高兵,等.不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应[J].土壤学报,2013,50(6):1172-1182.Wang H F,Jia X Y,Gao B,et al. Response of greenhouse gas emission to application of carbon and nitrogen in soils different in land use[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(6):1172-1182.
[14]李昕竺,曾先富,沈鹰,等.秸秆栽培食用菌的现状与发展趋势[J].食药用菌,2015,23(4):222-224.
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