频率域电磁感应技术在场地全覆盖污染快速筛查中的应用
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摘要
针对上海典型化工企业场地(A)和金属制品企业场地(B),运用低成本的频率域电磁感应技术(FDEMI)进行全覆盖扫描探测,依据地层视电导率(ECa)空间分布特征,快速定位土壤/地下水疑似污染区,并合理布置钻孔取样点位。取样测试分析结果显示,土壤/地下水实际污染空间分布与地层ECa值平面分布高度一致。综合FDEMI全覆盖扫描和钻孔取样分析结果,采取"点面结合"方式对全场进行风险分级分区,确定了场地A的西北部及中部存在TPH、氯代芳烃、苯系物和重金属Mn的复合污染区,占全场总面积的28%;场地B的中部为重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)重度污染区,占全场总面积的23%。土壤/地下水中重金属线性电导特性、污染物质极性、有机物自然降解过程中的离子释放现象等可能是引起地层ECa值空间变化的主要影响因素。
One low-cost FDEMI(frequency domain electromagnetic induction) technology was applied to perform full-coverage site investigation at one site of relocated chemical enterprise(site A) and one site of metal product enterprise(site B) in Shanghai. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of soil ECa(apparent electrical conductivity), FDEMI positioned efficiently the suspicious soil/groundwater contaminated areas of two sites, and helped to arrange reasonably the drilling sampling points. The results of lab analysis of soil and groundwater samples indicated that the spatial distribution of actual soil/groundwater contamination was highly consistent with the horizontal distribution of ECa values detected by FDEMI. The pollution risk mapping of the entire site was implemented by the combination of FDEMI scanning and drill-hole sampling, which was a diagnostic strategy of integrating point with surface. The northwest and middle parts of site(A) presented combined pollution with heavy metal(manganese), total petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene series substances, accounting for 28% of the site's total area. The central part of site(B) was heavily polluted by heavy metals(Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn), accounting for 23% of the site's total area. The linear conductance characteristics of heavy metals, the polarity of pollutants, and the release of ions during the natural degradation of organic matter in soil/groundwater might be the main factors influencing the spatial variation of strata ECa values.
One low-cost FDEMI(frequency domain electromagnetic induction) technology was applied to perform full-coverage site investigation at one site of relocated chemical enterprise(site A) and one site of metal product enterprise(site B) in Shanghai. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of soil ECa(apparent electrical conductivity), FDEMI positioned efficiently the suspicious soil/groundwater contaminated areas of two sites, and helped to arrange reasonably the drilling sampling points. The results of lab analysis of soil and groundwater samples indicated that the spatial distribution of actual soil/groundwater contamination was highly consistent with the horizontal distribution of ECa values detected by FDEMI. The pollution risk mapping of the entire site was implemented by the combination of FDEMI scanning and drill-hole sampling, which was a diagnostic strategy of integrating point with surface. The northwest and middle parts of site(A) presented combined pollution with heavy metal(manganese), total petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene series substances, accounting for 28% of the site's total area. The central part of site(B) was heavily polluted by heavy metals(Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn), accounting for 23% of the site's total area. The linear conductance characteristics of heavy metals, the polarity of pollutants, and the release of ions during the natural degradation of organic matter in soil/groundwater might be the main factors influencing the spatial variation of strata ECa values.
引文
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[2] BARCA E,CASTRIGNANò A,BUTTAFUOCO G,et al.Integration of Electromagnetic Induction Sensor Data in Soil Sampling Scheme Optimization Using Simulated Annealing[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,2015,187(7):422.
[3] NIELSEN D M.Practical Handbook of Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring (Second Edition) [M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,2005,27(8):797-810.
[4] RAMSEY M,RAMSEY M,ELLISON S,et al.Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling:A Guide to Methods and Approaches[R].Torino:Eurachem Citac,2007.
[5] WANG T P,CHEN C C,TONG L T,et al.Applying FDEM,ERT and GPR at a Site with Soil Contamination:A Case Study[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2015,121:21-30.
[6] DOOLITTLE J A,BREVIK E C.The Use of Electromagnetic Induction Techniques in Soils Studies[J].Geoderma,2014(s223/225):33-45.
[7] 鞠茂林,杨劲松.移动式电磁感应土地性质测定系统[J].水利水电技术,2002,33(4):48-50.JU Maolin,YANG Jinsong.Movable Electromagnetic Induction System for Ground Quality Evaluation[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2002,33(4):48-50.
[8] 姚荣江,杨劲松,邹平,等.基于电磁感应仪的田间土壤盐渍度及其空间分布定量评估[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(2):460-469.YAO Rongjiang,YANG Jinsong,ZOU Ping,et al.Quantitative Evaluation of the Field Soil Salinity and Its Spatial Distribution Based on Electromagnetic Induction Instruments[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(2):460-469.
[9] LESCH S M,RHOADES J D,HERRERO J.Monitoring for Temporal Changes in Soil Salinity Using Electromagnetic Induction Techniques[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62(1):232-242.
[10] CETIN M,IBRIKCI H,KIRDA C,et al.Using an Electromagnetic Sensor Combined with Geographic Information Systems to Monitor Soil Salinity in an Area of Southern Turkey Irrigated with Drainage Water[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2012,21(5):1 133-1 145.
[11] REEDY R C,SCANLON B R.Soil Water Content Monitoring Using Electromagnetic Induction[J].Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering,2003,129(11):1 028-1 039.
[12] MARTíNEZ G,VANDERLINDEN K,GIRáLDEZ J V,et al.Field-Scale Soil Moisture Pattern Mapping Using Electromagnetic Induction[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2010,9(4):871-881.
[13] CALAMITA G,PERRONE A,BROCCA L,et al.Field Test of a Multi-frequency Electromagnetic Induction Sensor for Soil Moisture Monitoring in Southern Italy Test Sites[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,529(1):316-329.
[14] LARDO A A,PALESE A M,et al.Electromagnetic Induction:A Support Tool for the Evaluation of Soil CO2 Emissions and Soil Organic Carbon Content in Olive Orchards Under Semi-arid Conditions[J].Geoderma,2016,264:188-194.
[15] ANDERSONCOOK C M,ALLEY M M,ROYGARD J K F,et al.Differentiating Soil Types Using Electromagnetic Conductivity and Crop Yield Maps[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66(5):1 562-1 570.
[16] SERRANO J M,PE?A J O,SILVA J R M D,et al.Mapping Soil and Pasture Variability with an Electromagnetic Induction Sensor[J].Computers & Electronics in Agriculture,2010,73(1):7-16.
[17] BRUS D J,KNOTTERS M,DOOREMOLEN W A V,et al.The Use of Electromagnetic Measurements of Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity to Predict the Boulder Clay Depth[J].Geoderma,1992,55(92):79-93.
[18] MARTINELLI H P,ROBLEDO F E,OSELLA A M,et al.Assessment of the Distortions Caused by a Pipe and an Excavation in the Electric and Electromagnetic Responses of a Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,77(1):21-29.
[19] PHENRAT T,THONGBOOT T,LOWRY G V.Electromagnetic Induction of Zerovalent Iron (ZVI) Powder and Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (NZVI) Particles Enhances Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene in Contaminated Groundwater and Soil:Proof of Concept[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2015,50(2):872.
[20] VIJVER E V D,MEIRVENNE M V,SAEY T,et al.Combining Multi-receiver Electromagnetic Induction and Stepped Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar for Industrial Site Investigation[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2015,66(4):688-698.
[21] NIELSEN D M.Practical Handbook of Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring (Second Edition) [M].CRC Press,2005,27(8):797-810.
[22] YACCUP R,BRABHAM P.Ground Electromagnetic Survey (GEM-2) Technique to Map the Hydrocarbon Contaminant Dispersion in the Subsurface at Barry Docks,Wales,UK[C]//Awam International Conference of Civil Engineering,2012.
[23] SCHREITER I J,SCHMIDT W,SCHüTH C.Sorption Mechanisms of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Biochar Produced from Different Feedstocks:Conclusions from Single- and Bi-solute Experiments[J].Chemosphere,2018,203:34-43.
[24] ATEKWANA E A.Geophysical Signatures of Microbial Activity at Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites:A Review[J].Survey in Geophysics,2010,31:247-283.
[25] EVERETT M E.Theoretical Developments in Electromagnetic Induction Geophysics with Selected Applications in the Near Surface[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2012,33(1):29-63.
[26] MCKENZIE R C,GEORGE R J,WOODS S A,et al.Use of the Electromagnetic-Induction Meter (EM38) as a Tool in Managing Salinisation[J].Hydrogeology Journal,1997,5(1):37-50.
[27] YAO R J,YANG J S,WU D H,et al.Geostatistical Monitoring of Soil Salinity for Precision Management Using Proximally Sensed Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Method[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(20):1 362.