流域水资源利用的极化程度研究——以黄河流域为例（英文）
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摘要
水资源过度利用对流域水资源实现可持续利用及生态环境具有很大的影响,量化水资源的开发利用程度对水资源合理利用具有重要的指导作用。基于此,本文提出了水资源利用极化概念旨在定性分析水资源利用是否存在超采;依据ER指数、TW指数以及方差的偏离度构建水资源利用极化指数模型,用来量化水资源利用的超采程度。并以黄河七个二级流域区为例,分别计算了地表水以及地下水资源可利用量、超采量、极化指数。结果显示:2012年黄河流域地表水资源可利用量为344.9亿m~3,占地表水资源总量的56.21%;地下水资源可利用量为58.4亿m~3,占地下水资源的58.74%。而且在黄河流域中下游水资源极化严重,其中黄河兰州至头道拐流域、龙门至三门峡流域段极化度最高,极化指数分别为:19.88、11.81。龙羊峡以上以及头道拐至龙门段不存在极化现象。总体而言,黄河流域水资源利用极化指数是7.95。水资源利用极化度的计算可为黄河流域水资源可持续利用提供重要的理论支撑。
The overexploitation of water resources has a substantial influence on their sustainable utilization and the ecological environment in a river basin. Quantification of the development and utilization of water resources plays an important role in guiding the rational utilization of water resources. Based on this, this paper develops the concept of water resource utilization polarization(WRUP) in order to qualitatively analyze whether water resources are being overexploited in the process of utilization. An index model of WRUP was built to quantify the degree of water resources overexploitation. In addition, taking seven secondary basins of the Yellow River as examples, the available quantity, overdraft and polarization indexes of surface water and groundwater resources were calculated. The results show that there are 34.49×108 m3 of surface water available, which accounts for 56.21% of the total surface water volume. A total of 5.84×108 m3 of groundwater is available, which is 58.74% of the total groundwater resources. We also found that the water resources are heavily overexploited and that there is extensive polarization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The highest polarization of water resources occurs from Lanzhou to Toudaoguai where the polarization index is 19.88 and from Longmen to Sanmenxia where it is 11.81. There is no polarization above Longyangxia or from Toudaoguai to Longmen. Overall, the polarization of water resources is 7.95 over the entire Yellow River area. These results provide a reference for the availability of water resources that can be used to determine the degree of overexploitation of the water resources in the Yellow River.
The overexploitation of water resources has a substantial influence on their sustainable utilization and the ecological environment in a river basin. Quantification of the development and utilization of water resources plays an important role in guiding the rational utilization of water resources. Based on this, this paper develops the concept of water resource utilization polarization(WRUP) in order to qualitatively analyze whether water resources are being overexploited in the process of utilization. An index model of WRUP was built to quantify the degree of water resources overexploitation. In addition, taking seven secondary basins of the Yellow River as examples, the available quantity, overdraft and polarization indexes of surface water and groundwater resources were calculated. The results show that there are 34.49×108 m3 of surface water available, which accounts for 56.21% of the total surface water volume. A total of 5.84×108 m3 of groundwater is available, which is 58.74% of the total groundwater resources. We also found that the water resources are heavily overexploited and that there is extensive polarization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The highest polarization of water resources occurs from Lanzhou to Toudaoguai where the polarization index is 19.88 and from Longmen to Sanmenxia where it is 11.81. There is no polarization above Longyangxia or from Toudaoguai to Longmen. Overall, the polarization of water resources is 7.95 over the entire Yellow River area. These results provide a reference for the availability of water resources that can be used to determine the degree of overexploitation of the water resources in the Yellow River.
引文
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Ching G,Wang E.2007.Extension of a measure of polarization,with an application to the income distribution of five OECD countries.Journal of Economic Inequality.5(1):1-19.
Dinka M O,Loiskandl W,Ndambuki J M.2015.Hydrochemical characterization of various surface water and groundwater resources available in Matahara areas,Fantalle Woreda of Oromiya region.Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies.3(C):444-456.
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Guan X J,Liang S X,Meng Y.2016.Evaluation of water resources comprehensive utilization efficiency in yellow river basin.Water Science&Technology Water Supply,16(6):1561-1570.
Guo Zhouting.2001.Initial analysis of estimation for usable quantity of water resources.Hydrology,21(5):23-26.(in Chinese)
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Munyaneza O,Mukubwa A,Maskey S,et al.2014.Assessment of surface water resources availability using catchment modeling and the results of tracer studies in the meso-scale Migina catchment,Rwanda.Hydrology&Earth System Sciences.18(12):5289-5301.
Mysiak J,Giupponi C,Rosato P.2005.Towards the development of a decision support system for water resource management.Environmental Modelling&Software.20(2):203-214.
Nakayama T,Shankman D.2013.Evaluation of uneven water resource and relation between anthropogenic water withdrawal and ecosystem degradation in Changjiang and Yellow River basins.Hydrological Processes.27(23):3350-3362.
Perroux,F.1955.Note on the concept of growth poles.Applied Economy,1955:307-320.
Scanlon B R,Healy R W,Cook P G.2002.Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge.Hydrogeology Journal.10(1):347-347.
Shi Jianguo,Yan Changrong,He Wenqing.2008.Study of spatial and temporal variation of water surplus and deficiency in Yellow River Basin.Journal of Natural Resources.23(1):113-119.(in Chinese).
Sophocleous,M.(2000)From safe yield to sustainable development of water resources:the Kansas experience.Journal ofHydrology.235:27-43.
Wang G,Zhang J,Jin J,et al.2015.Impacts of climate change on water resources in the Yellow River basin and identification of global adaptation strategies.Mitigation&Adaptation Strategies for Global Change.22(1):1-17.
Wolfson,Michael.1994.When Inequalities Diverge.American Economic Review,84(2):353-358.
Wang Y,Tsui K.2000.Polarization orderings and news classes of polarization indices.Journal of Public Economic Theory,2(3):349-363.
Xia Q Y,Wang W Y,Liao L X.2007.Comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources development degree based on AHP.Zhejiang Hydrotechnics.3(2):49-50+54.
Yang Qiyong,LI Jingbao,Wang Keling,et al.2007.Comprehensive evaluation of water resource development on AHP in Hu’nan Province.Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation.27(2):150-153.(in Chinese).
Yao Shuiping,Guo Zonglou,REN Ji,et al.2005.On calculation of amount of available surface water.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric&Life Sci).31(4):479-482.(in Chinese)
Zhang M B.2008.Analysis of available quantity of surface water resources in the Hanjiang River Basin.Yangtze River.39(17):21-23,42.(in Chinese)
Zhang X,Kanbur R.2011.What difference do polarization measures make?An application to China.Journal of Development Studies,37(3):85-98.
Alley,W.M.&Leake,S.A.(2004).The journey from safe yield to sustainability.Groundwater,42(1):12-16.
Ching G,Wang E.2007.Extension of a measure of polarization,with an application to the income distribution of five OECD countries.Journal of Economic Inequality.5(1):1-19.
Dinka M O,Loiskandl W,Ndambuki J M.2015.Hydrochemical characterization of various surface water and groundwater resources available in Matahara areas,Fantalle Woreda of Oromiya region.Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies.3(C):444-456.
Esteban J M,Ray D C.1994.On the measurement of polarization.Econometrica,62(4):819-851.
Fetter J C W.1972.The concept of safe groundwater yield in coastal aquifers.Journal of the American Water Resources Association.8(6):1173-1176.
Gigliarano C,Mosler K.2009.Constructing indices of multivariate polarization.Journal of Economic Inequality.7(4):435-460.
Guan X J,Liang S X,Meng Y.2016.Evaluation of water resources comprehensive utilization efficiency in yellow river basin.Water Science&Technology Water Supply,16(6):1561-1570.
Guo Zhouting.2001.Initial analysis of estimation for usable quantity of water resources.Hydrology,21(5):23-26.(in Chinese)
Kalf F R P,Woolley D R.2005.Applicability and methodology of determining sustainable yield in groundwater systems.Hydrogeology Journal.13(1):295-312.
Jia R,Xue X J,Xue H F,et al.1999.Comprehensive Evaluation of Development Level of Regional Water Resources.China Rural Water and Hydropower.11:22-24.(in Chinese).
Lóaiciga H A,Leipnik R B.2001.Theory of sustainable groundwater management:an urban case study.Urban Water.3(3):217-228.
Liu K K,Li C H,Cai Y P,et al.2014.Comprehensive evaluation of water resources security in the yellow river basin based on a fuzzy multi-attribute decision analysis approach.Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,11(1):1605-1623.
Munyaneza O,Mukubwa A,Maskey S,et al.2014.Assessment of surface water resources availability using catchment modeling and the results of tracer studies in the meso-scale Migina catchment,Rwanda.Hydrology&Earth System Sciences.18(12):5289-5301.
Mysiak J,Giupponi C,Rosato P.2005.Towards the development of a decision support system for water resource management.Environmental Modelling&Software.20(2):203-214.
Nakayama T,Shankman D.2013.Evaluation of uneven water resource and relation between anthropogenic water withdrawal and ecosystem degradation in Changjiang and Yellow River basins.Hydrological Processes.27(23):3350-3362.
Perroux,F.1955.Note on the concept of growth poles.Applied Economy,1955:307-320.
Scanlon B R,Healy R W,Cook P G.2002.Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge.Hydrogeology Journal.10(1):347-347.
Shi Jianguo,Yan Changrong,He Wenqing.2008.Study of spatial and temporal variation of water surplus and deficiency in Yellow River Basin.Journal of Natural Resources.23(1):113-119.(in Chinese).
Sophocleous,M.(2000)From safe yield to sustainable development of water resources:the Kansas experience.Journal ofHydrology.235:27-43.
Wang G,Zhang J,Jin J,et al.2015.Impacts of climate change on water resources in the Yellow River basin and identification of global adaptation strategies.Mitigation&Adaptation Strategies for Global Change.22(1):1-17.
Wolfson,Michael.1994.When Inequalities Diverge.American Economic Review,84(2):353-358.
Wang Y,Tsui K.2000.Polarization orderings and news classes of polarization indices.Journal of Public Economic Theory,2(3):349-363.
Xia Q Y,Wang W Y,Liao L X.2007.Comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources development degree based on AHP.Zhejiang Hydrotechnics.3(2):49-50+54.
Yang Qiyong,LI Jingbao,Wang Keling,et al.2007.Comprehensive evaluation of water resource development on AHP in Hu’nan Province.Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation.27(2):150-153.(in Chinese).
Yao Shuiping,Guo Zonglou,REN Ji,et al.2005.On calculation of amount of available surface water.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric&Life Sci).31(4):479-482.(in Chinese)
Zhang M B.2008.Analysis of available quantity of surface water resources in the Hanjiang River Basin.Yangtze River.39(17):21-23,42.(in Chinese)
Zhang X,Kanbur R.2011.What difference do polarization measures make?An application to China.Journal of Development Studies,37(3):85-98.