Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi Carlintype gold district(Southwest Guizhou, China) and their geological implications
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摘要
The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H_2O–NaCl–CO_2–CH_4±N_2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260°C)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H_2O–NaCl±CO_2±CH_4,with low temperature(120–200°C)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO_2and CH_4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ~(13)C,d D,and δ~(18)O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ~(34)S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.
The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H_2O–NaCl–CO_2–CH_4±N_2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260°C)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H_2O–NaCl±CO_2±CH_4,with low temperature(120–200°C)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO_2and CH_4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ~(13)C,d D,and δ~(18)O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ~(34)S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.
The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H_2O–NaCl–CO_2–CH_4±N_2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260°C)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H_2O–NaCl±CO_2±CH_4,with low temperature(120–200°C)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO_2and CH_4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ~(13)C,d D,and δ~(18)O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ~(34)S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.
引文
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Claypool GE,Holser WT,Kaplan IR,Sakai H,Zak I(1980)The age curves of sulfur andoxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation.Chem Geol 28:199-260
Clayton RN,Mayeda TK(1963)The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27:43-52
Clayton RN,O’Neil JR,Mayeda TK(1972)Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water.J Geophys Res 77:3057-3067
Cline JS,Muntean JL,Gu XX,Xia Y(2013)A comparison of Carlintype gold deposits:Guizhou Province,Golden Triangle,Southwest China,and Northern Nevada,USA.Earth Sci Front 20:1-18
Coleman ML,Shepherd TJ,Durham JJ,Rouse JE,Moore GR(1982)Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis.Anal Chem 54:993-995
Collins PL(1979)Gas hydrates in CO2-bearing fluid inclusions and the use of freezing data for estimation of salinity.Econ Geol74:1435-1444
Fan J(2015)Study on geochemistry and metallogenic mechanism of the Getang large-scale gold ore deposit Dissertation.Kunming University of Science and Technology Dissertation,pp 1-169(in Chinese with English abstract)
Finlow-Bates T,Stumpfl EF(1981)The behaviour of so-called immobile elements in hydrothermally altered rocks associated with volcanogenic submarine-exhalative ore deposits.Miner Depos 16:319-328
Grant JA(1986)The isocon diagram-a simple solution to gresens equation for metasomatic alteration.Econ Geol 81:1976-1982.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1976
Gresens RL(1967)Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism.Chem Geol 2:47-65
Gu XX,Zhang YM,Li BH,Dong SY,Xue CJ,Fu SH(2012)Hydrocarbon-and ore-bearing basinal fluids:a possible link between gold mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Youjiang basin,South China.Miner Depos 47:663-682(in Chinese with English abstract)
Han ZJ,Wang YG,Feng JZ,Chen TJ,Luo XH,Liu YH(1999)The geology and exploration of gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou:China.Guizhou Science and Technology Press,Guiyang,pp 1-146(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hoefs J(2009)Stable isotope geochemistry.Springer,Berlin
Hofstra AH(1994)Geology and genesis of the Carlin-type gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon district,Nevada.Dissertation,University of Colorado
Hofstra AH et al(2005)Source of ore fluids in Carlin-type gold deposits,China:implications for genetic models.Miner Depos Res Meet Glob Chall.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_137
Holser WT,Kaplan IR(1966)Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates.Chem Geol 1:93-135
Hou L et al(2016)Textures and in situ chemical and isotopic analyses of pyrite,Huijiabao Trend,Youjiang Basin,China:implications for paragenesis and source of sulfur.Econ Geol 111:331-353.https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.2.331
Hu RZ,Su WC,Bi XW,Tu GZ,Hofstra AH(2002)Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China.Miner Depos 37:378-392.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7
Hu RZ et al(2017)The giant South China Mesozoic low-temperature metallogenic domain:reviews and a new geodynamic model.J Asian Earth Sci 137:9-34.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.10.016
Hu XL,Gong YJ,Zeng GP,Zhang ZJ,Wang J,Yao SZ(2018a)Multistage pyrite in the Getang sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit,southwestern Guizhou Province,China:Insights from textures and in situ chemical and sulfur isotopic analyses.Ore Geol Rev 99:1-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.05.020
Hu XL,Zeng GP,Zhang ZJ,Li WT,Liu WH,Gong YJ,Yao SZ(2018b)Gold mineralization associated with Emeishan basaltic rocks:mineralogical,geochemical,and isotopic evidences from the Lianhuashan ore field,southwestern Guizhou Province,China.Ore Geol Rev 95:604-619.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.03.016
Kesler SE et al(2003)Evaluation of the role of sulfidation in deposition of gold,Screamer section of the Betze-Post Carlintype deposit,Nevada.Econ Geol Bull Soc Econ Geol98:1137-1157.https://doi.org/10.2113/98.6.1137
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