添加生物炭对东台滨海区杨树人工林3种温室气体排放的长期影响
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摘要
为了解施用生物炭对杨树人工林土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O3种温室气体排放的长期影响及其主要调控机理,以东台国有林场杨树人工林为对象,设置低生物炭添加量(D,40 t·hm~(-2))、中生物炭添加量(Z,80 t·hm~(-2))、高生物炭添加量(G,120 t·hm~(-2))及对照(CK,0 t·hm~(-2))4种不同处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对CO_2、CH_4、N_2O3种温室气体的排放速率进行了多次测定,同时测定分析了土壤含水率、土壤酶活性等土壤理化及生化指标,为阐明生物炭对杨树人工林生态系统的长期影响提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)对照样地土壤CO_2排放速率变化范围为123.428-412.066mg·m-2·h-1,中、高生物炭添加处理显著促进了土壤CO_2的排放(P=0.001、0.000),分别导致CO_2年平均排放速率增加了21%和20%;(2)对照样地土壤CH4排放速率变化范围为0.578-1.405 mg·m-2·h-1,中、高生物炭添加处理显著抑制了土壤CH_4的排放(P=0.000、0.000),分别导致CH4年平均排放速率降低了21%和33%;(3)对照样地土壤N2O排放速率变化范围为0.124-0.297mg·m-2·h-1,中、高生物炭添加处理显著抑制了土壤N2O的排放(P=0.003、0.000),分别导致N_2O年平均排放速率降低14%和37%;(4)土壤CO_2排放主要与土壤微生物量C(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、全氮(TN)、蔗糖酶活性(IA)呈显著正相关关系(P=0.000、0.000、0.013、0.000),与土壤微生物量N(MBN)、土壤微生物量P(MBP)呈显著负相关关系(P=0.000、0.000);(5)土壤CH4排放和N2O排放主要与MBN、MBP、土壤含水率(SMC)、蛋白酶活性(PA)、脲酶活性(UA)、IA呈显著正相关关系(PCH4=0.011、0.009、0.005、0.000、0.000、0.007;PN2O=0.021、0.024、0.002、0.000、0.001、0.019),与MBC、DOC、TN呈显著负相关关系(PCH4=0.000、0.003、0.002;PN2O=0.001、0.012、0.001)。综上,添加生物炭导致了土壤N、P养分有效性增加和蛋白酶、脲酶等相关酶活性降低,可能是本区域生物炭调控杨树人工林土壤3种温室气体排放的主要机制。
In order to understand the long-term effects of biochar application on soil CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O emissions under poplar plantation and the main regulatory mechanism, and to provide a theoretical basis for elucidation of the long-term effects of biochar on poplar plantation ecosystem. In the poplar plantation of Dongtai forest center, we measured three types of soil greenhouse gas emission rates using static box-gas chromatography method in four different biochar treatments. The treatments included low quantity biochar addition(D, 40 t·hm~(-2)), middle quantity biochar addition(Z, 80 t·hm~(-2)), high quantity biochar addition(G, 120 t·hm~(-2)) and contrast(CK, 0 t·hm~(-2)) with four replications for each treatment. Soil physical and chemical indicators such as soil moisture content and soil enzyme activities were also analyzed. The results showed that:(1) Soil CO_2 emission rate of CK ranged from 123.428 to 412.066 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1), only Z and G treatments significantly promoted soil CO_2 emission rate(P=0.001, 0.000),resulting in a 21% and 20% increase of annual average emission rate, respectively.(2) Soil CH_4 emission rate of CK ranged from0.578 to 1.405 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1), only Z and G treatments significantly inhibited soil CH_4 emission rate(P=0.000, 0.000), resulting in a21% and 33% decrease of annual average emission rate, respectively.(3) Soil N_2O emission rate of CK ranged from 0.124 to 0.297 mg·m-2·h-1, only Z and G treatments significantly inhibited soil N_2O emission rate(P=0.003, 0.000), resulting in a 14% and 37%decrease of annual average emission rate, respectively.(4) Soil CO_2 emissions were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC), dissolved organic carbon(DOC), total nitrogen(TN), and invertase enzyme activity(IA)(P=0.000, 0.000, 0.013, 0.000),but negatively correlated with soil microbial biomass N(MBN) and soil microbial biomass P(MBP)(P=0.000, 0.000). And(5) soil CH_4 and N_2O emissions were positively correlated with MBN, MBP, soil moisture content(SMC), protease activity(PA), urease activity(UA) and IA(PCH_4=0.011, 0.009, 0.005, 0.000, 0.000, 0.007; PN_2O=0.021, 0.024, 0.002, 0.000, 0.001, 0.019), and negatively correlated with MBC, DOC and TN(PCH_4=0.000, 0.003, 0.002; PN_2O=0.001, 0.012, 0.001). The results indicate that biochar may promote soil N, P availability and inhibit activities of soil protease, urease and other related enzymes, which potentially is the main mechanism of biochar to regulate the emissions of three greenhouse gases in this region.
In order to understand the long-term effects of biochar application on soil CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O emissions under poplar plantation and the main regulatory mechanism, and to provide a theoretical basis for elucidation of the long-term effects of biochar on poplar plantation ecosystem. In the poplar plantation of Dongtai forest center, we measured three types of soil greenhouse gas emission rates using static box-gas chromatography method in four different biochar treatments. The treatments included low quantity biochar addition(D, 40 t·hm~(-2)), middle quantity biochar addition(Z, 80 t·hm~(-2)), high quantity biochar addition(G, 120 t·hm~(-2)) and contrast(CK, 0 t·hm~(-2)) with four replications for each treatment. Soil physical and chemical indicators such as soil moisture content and soil enzyme activities were also analyzed. The results showed that:(1) Soil CO_2 emission rate of CK ranged from 123.428 to 412.066 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1), only Z and G treatments significantly promoted soil CO_2 emission rate(P=0.001, 0.000),resulting in a 21% and 20% increase of annual average emission rate, respectively.(2) Soil CH_4 emission rate of CK ranged from0.578 to 1.405 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1), only Z and G treatments significantly inhibited soil CH_4 emission rate(P=0.000, 0.000), resulting in a21% and 33% decrease of annual average emission rate, respectively.(3) Soil N_2O emission rate of CK ranged from 0.124 to 0.297 mg·m-2·h-1, only Z and G treatments significantly inhibited soil N_2O emission rate(P=0.003, 0.000), resulting in a 14% and 37%decrease of annual average emission rate, respectively.(4) Soil CO_2 emissions were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC), dissolved organic carbon(DOC), total nitrogen(TN), and invertase enzyme activity(IA)(P=0.000, 0.000, 0.013, 0.000),but negatively correlated with soil microbial biomass N(MBN) and soil microbial biomass P(MBP)(P=0.000, 0.000). And(5) soil CH_4 and N_2O emissions were positively correlated with MBN, MBP, soil moisture content(SMC), protease activity(PA), urease activity(UA) and IA(PCH_4=0.011, 0.009, 0.005, 0.000, 0.000, 0.007; PN_2O=0.021, 0.024, 0.002, 0.000, 0.001, 0.019), and negatively correlated with MBC, DOC and TN(PCH_4=0.000, 0.003, 0.002; PN_2O=0.001, 0.012, 0.001). The results indicate that biochar may promote soil N, P availability and inhibit activities of soil protease, urease and other related enzymes, which potentially is the main mechanism of biochar to regulate the emissions of three greenhouse gases in this region.
引文
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CASE S D C,UNO H,NAKAJIMA Y,et al.,2018.Bamboo biochar does not affect paddy soil N2O emissions or source following slurry or mineral fertilizer amendment-a 15N tracer study[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,181(1):90-98.
CASE S D C,MCNAMARA N P,REAY D S,et al.,2015.Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,81:178-185.
CASE S D C,MCNAMARA N P,REAY D S,et al.,2012.The effect of biochar addition on N2O and CO2 emissions from a sandy loam soilthe role of soil aeration[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,51:125-134.
DUAN P P,ZHANG X,ZHANG Q Q,et al.,2018.Field-aged biochar stimulated N2O production from greenhouse vegetable production soils by nitrification and denitrification[J].The Science of the total environment,642:1303-1310.
HAGEMANN N,HARTER J,KALDAMUKOVA R,et al.,2016.Does soil aging affect the N2O mitigation potential of biochar?A combined microcosm and field study[J].GCB Bioenergy,DOI:10.1111/gcbb.12390.
HAWTHORNE I,JOHNSON M S,JASSAL R S,et al.,2017.Application of biochar and nitrogen influences fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O in a forest soil[J].Journal of Environmental Management,192:203-214.
KARHU K,MATTILA T,BERGSTROM I,et al.,2011.Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity-Results from a short-term pilot field study[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,140(1-2):309-313.
KEITH A,SINGH B,DIJKSTRA F A,et al.,2016.Biochar field study:greenhouse gas emissions,productivity,and nutrients in two soils[J].Agronomy Journal,108(5):1805-1815.
LAIRD D A,2008.The charcoal vision:a win-win-win scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy,permanently sequestering carbon,while improving soil and water quality[J].Agronomy Journal,100(1):178-181.
LEHMANN J,2007.A handful of carbon[J].Nature,447(7141):143-144.
LEHMANN J,RONDON M,2006.Biochar soil management on highly weathered soils in the humid tropics[M]//Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems.CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL:517-530.
LEHMANN J,RONDON M,2005.Biochar soil management on highly-weathered soils in the humid tropics[M]//In:Uphoff,N.,Ed.,Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems,CRC Press,Boca Raton:517-529.
LIANG B,LEHMANN J,SOHI S P,et al.,2010.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,41(2):206-213.
LIANG B,LEHMANN J,SOLOMON D,et al.,2006.Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,70(5):1719-1730.
LIN Y X,DING W X,LIU D Y,et al.,2017.Wheat straw-derived biochar amendment stimulated N2O emissions from rice paddy soils by regulating the amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,113:89-98.
LIU Q,LIU B J,ZHANG Y H,et al.,2017.Can biochar alleviate soil compaction stress on wheat growth and mitigate soil N2O emissions?[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,104:8-17.
LIU X,QI Z M,WANG Q,et al.,2017.Effects of biochar addition on CO2and CH4 emissions from a cultivated sandy loam soil during freeze-thaw cycles[J].Plant Soil and Environment,63(6):243-249.
LIU X Y,ZHENG J F,ZHANG D X,et al.,2016.Biochar has no effect on soil respiration across Chinese agricultural soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,554-555:259-265.
MARRIS E,2006.Black is the new green[J].Nature,442:624-626.
MYHRE G,SHINDELL D,BREON F M,et al.,2013.Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing[M]//In:Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA:Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
POKHAREL P,KWAK J H,OK Y S,et al.,2018.Pine sawdust biochar reduces GHG emission by decreasing microbial and enzyme activities in forest and grassland soils in a laboratory experiment[J].Science of the Total Environment,625:1247-1256.
RAMLOW M,COTRUFO M F,2018.Woody biochar's greenhouse gas mitigation potential across fertilized and unfertilized agricultural soils and soil moisture regimes[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,10(2):108-122.
SINGH B P,HATTON B J,BALWANT S,et al.,2010.Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,39(4):1224-1235.
SINGLA A,DUBEY S K,SINGH A,et al.,2014.Effect of biogas digested slurry-based biochar on methane flux and methanogenic archaeal diversity in paddy soil[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,197:278-287.
SOHI S,LOPEZ-CAPEL E,KRULL E,et al.,2009.Biochar,climate change and soil:A review to guide future research[J].CSIRO Land and Water Science Report 05/09,64.
SONOKI T,FURUKAWA T,JINDO K,et al.,2013.Influence of biochar addition on methane metabolism during thermophilic phase of composting[J].Journal of Basic Microbiology,53(7):617-621.
SPOKAS K A,2013.Impact of biochar field aging on laboratory greenhouse gas production potentials[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,5(2):165-176.
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