深度休闲:国外文献述评与研究启示
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摘要
休闲日益成为现代社会的重要生活方式,深度休闲受到人们的热衷追求。国外学者关注较早、成果较多,而国内研究相对滞后,对实践发展指导有限。文章基于对国外文献的系统梳理发现:(1)从研究历程上来看,国外研究历经近半个世纪,大致经历了初步探索、理论框架形成和快速发展3个阶段。(2)研究对象方面,主要涉及业余爱好、体育运动、志愿服务和文化艺术4种活动类型。(3)研究方法运用上,既有质性研究,如分析归纳、深度访谈、问卷调查等的混合使用,也有结构方程模型分析的大量运用。此外,还有人类学和民族志研究方式、数理统计检验方法以及扎根理论的应用等。(4)研究内容方面,主要集中在深度休闲的概念及测量、动机与行为、成本与效益以及影响因素的考察等。国外文献为国内研究提供了重要的参考和指导,然而单维视角考察难免存在一定局限,建议国内研究除了学术态度上积极关注、研究内容上坚持借鉴和拓展相结合外,还应进行多学科、多角度的理论审视和系统分析。
Leisure has increasingly become an important way of life in modern society. The improvement of individuals' ability to pay for leisure and the optimization of structured leisure time led to higher demands for activity options and a greater degree of participation. Serious leisure is an important type of leisure activity that can reflect a higher level of leisure involvement to a certain extent; i.e., most people pursue their leisure activities seriously. On the one hand, strengthening the serious leisure research discussion can provide guidance to facilitate the active participation of individuals and meet their higher level of leisure needs. On the other hand, the literature can provide references for the management of the relevant departments. Internationally, scholars have studied serious leisure to improve individuals' leisure participation. However, Chinese scholars have only recently begun to discuss this topic and their research still lags behind that of Western scholars, which limits the guidance for the practical development of serious leisure activities in China. Chinese residents have unique leisure ideas compared with those upheld by Western society; thus, this uniqueness provides a broad field for serious leisure research in China. Therefore, it is very important to learn from the theoretical achievements of serious leisure research internationally. This paper categorizes and summarizes the serious leisure literature internationally to identify its development contexts, research themes, and trending characteristics to provide the necessary references and guidance for Chinese research.Four main conclusions were obtained from a systematic review of the literature. Scholars have focused on serious leisure from a research perspective for nearly 50 years. First, three stages were identified: i.e., preliminary exploration, the formation of a theoretical framework, and rapid development. Second, the research objects were mainly related to hobbies, sports, volunteering, and cultural arts. Third, the research methods included qualitative research, such as a mixture of analysis and induction, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and structural equation modeling analysis.They also included anthropological and ethnographic research methods, statistical methods, and the application of grounded theory. Fourth, the research contents were mainly concentrated on the concept and measurement of serious leisure, its motivations and behaviors, costs and benefits, and other influential factors.The international literature provides important references and guidance for researchers in China.However, a one-dimensional perspective inevitably has some limitations. Based on the cultural tradition of leisure in China, industrial development, and the status of academic research, we propose that the Chinese academic community pay attention to the serious leisure field and accurately understand its status and trends in the international research literature. Future research directions include the following five points:(1) Based on the conceptual framework of serious leisure, the applicability of the unique types of Chinese leisure activities should necessarily be investigated, and then theoretical interpretations within the framework may be amended and improved.(2) Using an international serious leisure scale to collect Chinese sample data, serious leisure measurement tools and means should be developed and tested empirically.(3) Serious leisure's mechanism of influence should be examined.(4)The quality of life and subjective well-being of participants engaging in serious leisure should be explored by combining their lifestyle perspectives in serious leisure studies.(5) An empirical analysis of the spatiotemporal differentiation and group differences in China is also important. Finally, the research methods used should be integrated and diverse. With the help of theories and methods from the fields of sociology, economics, management, and psychology, research in China can be conducted in a new theoretical examination and systematic analysis from a broader academic perspective, which extends to social lifestyles and industrial economic fields.
Leisure has increasingly become an important way of life in modern society. The improvement of individuals' ability to pay for leisure and the optimization of structured leisure time led to higher demands for activity options and a greater degree of participation. Serious leisure is an important type of leisure activity that can reflect a higher level of leisure involvement to a certain extent; i.e., most people pursue their leisure activities seriously. On the one hand, strengthening the serious leisure research discussion can provide guidance to facilitate the active participation of individuals and meet their higher level of leisure needs. On the other hand, the literature can provide references for the management of the relevant departments. Internationally, scholars have studied serious leisure to improve individuals' leisure participation. However, Chinese scholars have only recently begun to discuss this topic and their research still lags behind that of Western scholars, which limits the guidance for the practical development of serious leisure activities in China. Chinese residents have unique leisure ideas compared with those upheld by Western society; thus, this uniqueness provides a broad field for serious leisure research in China. Therefore, it is very important to learn from the theoretical achievements of serious leisure research internationally. This paper categorizes and summarizes the serious leisure literature internationally to identify its development contexts, research themes, and trending characteristics to provide the necessary references and guidance for Chinese research.Four main conclusions were obtained from a systematic review of the literature. Scholars have focused on serious leisure from a research perspective for nearly 50 years. First, three stages were identified: i.e., preliminary exploration, the formation of a theoretical framework, and rapid development. Second, the research objects were mainly related to hobbies, sports, volunteering, and cultural arts. Third, the research methods included qualitative research, such as a mixture of analysis and induction, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and structural equation modeling analysis.They also included anthropological and ethnographic research methods, statistical methods, and the application of grounded theory. Fourth, the research contents were mainly concentrated on the concept and measurement of serious leisure, its motivations and behaviors, costs and benefits, and other influential factors.The international literature provides important references and guidance for researchers in China.However, a one-dimensional perspective inevitably has some limitations. Based on the cultural tradition of leisure in China, industrial development, and the status of academic research, we propose that the Chinese academic community pay attention to the serious leisure field and accurately understand its status and trends in the international research literature. Future research directions include the following five points:(1) Based on the conceptual framework of serious leisure, the applicability of the unique types of Chinese leisure activities should necessarily be investigated, and then theoretical interpretations within the framework may be amended and improved.(2) Using an international serious leisure scale to collect Chinese sample data, serious leisure measurement tools and means should be developed and tested empirically.(3) Serious leisure's mechanism of influence should be examined.(4)The quality of life and subjective well-being of participants engaging in serious leisure should be explored by combining their lifestyle perspectives in serious leisure studies.(5) An empirical analysis of the spatiotemporal differentiation and group differences in China is also important. Finally, the research methods used should be integrated and diverse. With the help of theories and methods from the fields of sociology, economics, management, and psychology, research in China can be conducted in a new theoretical examination and systematic analysis from a broader academic perspective, which extends to social lifestyles and industrial economic fields.
引文
[1]STEBBINS R A.Serious leisure:A conceptual statement[J].Pacific Sociological Review,1982,25(2):251-272.
[2]STEBBINS R A.Serious leisure[J].Society,2001,38(4):52-57.
[3]STEBBINS R A.Project-based leisure:Theoretical neglect of a common use of free time[J].Leisure Studies,2005,24(1):1-11.
[4]STEBBINS R A.Serious Leisure:A Perspective for Our Time[M].New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Publishers,2006:18.
[5]SHEN X S,YARNAL C.Blowing open the serious leisure-casual leisure dichotomy:What.s in there?[J].Leisure Sciences,2010,32(2):162-179.
[6]HEO J,LEE Y,MCCORMICK B P,et al.Daily experience of serious leisure,flow and subjective well-being of older adults[J].Leisure Studies,2010,29(2):207-225.
[7]HEO J,LEE I H,KIM J,et al.Understanding the relationships among central characteristics of serious leisure:An empirical study of older adults in competitive sports[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2012,44(4):450-462.
[8]HEO J,STEBBINS R A,KIM J,et al.Serious leisure,life satisfaction,and health of older adults[J].Leisure Sciences,2013,35(1):16-32.
[9]MISENER K,DOHERTY A,HAMM-KERWIN S,et al.Learning from the experiences of older adult volunteers in sport:A serious leisure perspective[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2010,42(2):267-289.
[10]STEVENS-RATCHFORD R G.Ballroom dance:Linking serious leisure to successful aging[J].International Journal of Aging&Human Development,2016,83(3):290-308.
[11]PACHECO A C,STIGGER M P.“It.s leisure,alright,but it.s serious”:Notes on leisure from the daily life of a master league women’s volleyball team[J].Movimento,2016,22(1):129-142.
[12]DILLEY R E,SCRATON S J.Women,climbing and serious leisure[J].Leisure Studies,2010,29(2):125-141.
[13]STALP M C,CONTI R.Serious leisure in the home:Professional quilters negotiate family space[J].Gender,Work&Organization,2011,18(4):399-414.
[14]GALLANT K,SMALE B,ARAI S.Civic engagement through mandatory community service implications of serious leisure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2010,42(2):181-201.
[15]LIU H M,YU B.Serious leisure,leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being of Chinese university students[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,122(1):159-174.
[16]LEE K J,DUNLAP R,SCOTT D.Korean American males’serious leisure experiences and their perceptions of different play styles[J].Leisure Sciences,2011,33(4):290-308.
[17]PATTERSON I,PEGG S.Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities:Benefits and opportunities[J].Leisure Studies,2009,28(4):387-402.
[18]THURNELL-READ T.‘Real Ale’enthusiasts,serious leisure and the costs of getting‘Too Serious’about beer[J].Leisure Sciences,2016,38(1):68-84.
[19]PERRY R,CARNEGIE E.Reading pro-am theatre through a serious leisure lens:Organizational and policy-making implications[J].Leisure Studies,2013,32(4):383-398.
[20]BENDLE L J,PATTERSON I.Mixed serious leisure and grassroots organizational capacity:A study of amateur artist groups in a regional Australian city[J].Leisure Sciences,2009,31(3):272-286.
[21]BOCK O S.The causal relationship analysis among leisure facilitators,leisure constraints negotiation,serious leisure for winter sports tourism participants[J].The Korean Journal of Physical Education,2016,55(1):579-588.
[22]LYU S O,OH C O.Bridging the conceptual frameworks of constraints negotiation and serious leisure to understand leisure benefit realization[J].Leisure Sciences,2014,37(2):176-193.
[23]CHENG T M,TSAUR S H.The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and recreation involvement:A case study of Taiwan’s surfing activities[J].Leisure Studies,2012,31(1):53-68.
[24]ROSENBAUM M S.Maintaining the trail:Collective section in a serious leisure community[J].Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,2013,42(6):639-667.
[25]HULTSMAN W Z.Couple involvement in serious leisure:Examining participation in dog agility[J].Leisure Studies,2012,31(2):231-253.
[26]ANDERSON L.Time is of the essence:An analytic autoethnography of family,work,and serious leisure[J].Symbolic Interaction,2011,34(2):133-157.
[27]BARBIERI C,SOTOMAYOR S.Surf travel behavior and destination preferences:An application of the serious leisure inventory and measure[J].Tourism Management,2013,35(2):111-121.
[28]KIM J,DATTILO J,HEO J.Taekwondo participation as serious leisure for life satisfaction and health[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2011,43(4):545-559.
[29]LAMONT M,KENNELLY M,MOYLE B.Costs and perseverance in serious leisure careers[J].Leisure Sciences,2014,36(2):144-160.
[30]HARTEL J.Managing documents at home for serious leisure:Acase study of the hobby of gourmet cooking[J].Journal of Documentation,2010,66(6):847-874.
[31]SCOTT D.Amateurs,professionals,and serious leisureStebbins R A.[J].Leisure Sciences,1993,15(1):77-79.
[32]STEBBINS R A.Volunteering:A serious leisure perspective[J].Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,1996,25(2):211-224.
[33]STEBBINS R A.Right leisure:Serious,casual,or projectbased?[J].Neuro Rehabilitation,2008,23(4):335-341.
[34]VEAL A J.The serious leisure perspective and the experience of leisure[J].Leisure Sciences,2017,39(3):205-223.
[35]BREEZE M.Analysing‘Seriousness’in roller derby:Speaking critically with the serious leisure perspective[J].Sociological Research Online,2013,18(4):23.
[36]STEBBINS R A.Amateurs,Professionals,and Serious Leisure[M].Montreal:McGill Queen’s University Press,1992:47.
[37]BALDWIN C K,NORRIS P A.Exploring the dimensions of serious leisure Love me-Love my dog![J].Journal of Leisure Research,1999,31(1):1-17.
[38]GIBSON H,WILLMING C,HOLDNAK A.We’re Gators...not just Gator fans serious leisure and University of Florida Football[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2002,34(4):397-425.
[39]BROWN C A.The carolina shaggers:Dance as serious leisure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2007,39(4):623-647.
[40]YODER D G.A model for commodity intensive serious leisure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,1997,29(4):407-429.
[41]GOULD J,MOORE D,MCGUIRE F,et al.Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2008,40(1):47-68.
[42]GOULD J,MOORE D,KARLIN N J,et al.Measuring serious leisure in chess:Model confirmation and method bias[J].Leisure Sciences,2011,33(4):332-340.
[43]ZABRISKIE R B,MCCORMICK B P.Parent and child perspectives of family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2003,35(2):163-189.
[44]STALP M C.Negotiating time and space for serious leisure quilting in the modern US home[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2006,38(1):104-132.
[45]KRAUS R.Becoming a belly dancer:Gender,the life course and the beginnings of a serious leisure career[J].Leisure Studies,2013,33(6):565-579.
[46]GALLANT K,ARAI S,SMALE B.Serious leisure as an avenue for nurturing community[J].Leisure Sciences,2013,35(4):320-336.
[47]FAIRER W,FELICITE A.Motivation and behaviour of serious leisure participants:The case of the comrade’s marathon[J].South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation,2013,35(2):83-103.
[48]SHUPE F L,GAGNE P.Motives for and personal and social benefits of airplane piloting as a serious leisure activity for women[J].Journal of Contemporary Ethnographym,2016,45(1):85-112.
[49]LAMONT M,KENNELLY M,MOYLE B D.Toward conceptual advancement of costs and perseverance within the serious leisure perspective[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2015,47(5):645-652.
[50]PI L L,LIN Y H,CHEN C Y,et al.Serious leisure,motivation to volunteer and subjective well-being of volunteers in recreational events[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,119(3):1485-1494.
[51]CHEN K Y.The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and subjective well-being of older adult volunteers:The moderating effect of spousal support[J].Social Indicators Research,2013,119(1):197-210.
[52]KIM J,HEO J,LEE I H,et al.Predicting personal growth and happiness by using serious leisure model[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,122(1):147-157.
[53]KERR J,FUJIYAMA H,CAMPANO J.Emotion and stress in serious and hedonistic leisure sport activities[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2002,34(3):272-289.
[54]KENNELLY M,MOYLE B,LAMONT M.Constraint negotiation in serious leisure:A study of amateur Triathletes[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2013,45(4):466-484.
[55]O.CONNOR J P,BROWN T D.Riding with the sharks:Serious leisure cyclist.s perceptions of sharing the road with motorists[J].Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2010,13(1):53-58.
[56]LITTLEFIELD J,SIUDZINSKI R A.‘Hike your own hike’:Equipment and serious leisure along the Appalachian Trail[J].Leisure Studies,2012,31(4):465-486.
[57]MCQUARRIE F,JACKSON E L.Connections between negotiation of leisure constraints and serious leisure:An exploratory study of adult amateur ice skaters[J].Loisir&Societe-Society and Leisure,1996,19(2):459-483.
[58]WOOD M.On norms and their transgression in serious leisure:Two case studies from rock climbing[J].Culture and Organization,2016,22(3):262-282.
[59]TSAUR S H,LIANG Y W.Serious leisure and recreation specialization[J].Leisure Sciences,2008,30(4):325-341.
[60]LEE S,Scott D.Empirical linkages between serious leisure and recreational specialization[J].Human Dimensions of Wildlife,2013,18(6):450-462.
[61]SCOTT D.Serious leisure and recreation specialization:An uneasy marriage[J].Leisure Sciences,2012,34(4):366-371.
[62]YANG C Y.Exploring the correlation between serious leisure and recreation specialization during role transition of food critics using addictive tendency as a moderator[J].Pakistan Journal of Statistics,2011,27(5):709-719.
[63]GOFF S J,FICK D S,OPPLIGER R A.The moderating effect of spouse support on the relation between serious leisure and spouses.perceived leisure-family conflict[J].Journal of Leisure Research,1997,29(1):47-60.
[64]WANG Su,LONG Jiangzhi.Serious leisure:Conception,research status and prospect[J].Journal Beijing International Studies University,2011,33(1):1-9.[王苏,龙江智.深度休闲:概念内涵、研究现状及展望[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2011,33(1):1-9.]
[65]LONG Jiangzhi,WANG Su.Serious leisure and happy life:Alocalization study based on Chinese senior group[J].Tourism Tribune,2013,28(2):77-85.[龙江智,王苏.深度休闲与主观幸福感--基于中国老年群体的本土化研究[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(2):77-85.]
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[68]LIANG YingWen,CAO Shengxiong.The linking between serious leisure and place attachment:The role of recreation specialization[J].Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study,2007,20(3):1-24.[梁英文,曹胜雄.认真性休闲与场所依恋之关系:游憩专门化扮演的角色[J].户外游憩研究,2007,20(3):1-24.]
[69]ZHAO Hongjie,WU Bihu.A study on the relationships between recreation specialization and place attachment for great wall climbers[J].Human Geography,2012,27(1):127-135.[赵宏杰,吴必虎.长城攀登者游憩专业化与地方依恋关系之研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(1):127-135.]
[70]TANG Shu,TANG Hao,CHEN Lingling.Interrelationships among serious leisure,recreation specialization and place attachment:A case study of climbing visitors in purple mountain[J].Ecological Economy,2014,30(12):96-103.[汤澍,汤淏,陈玲玲.深度休闲、游憩专门化与地方依恋的关系研究--以紫金山登山游憩者为例[J].生态经济,2014,30(12):96-103.]
(1)我国台湾学者大多称之为严肃休闲、深度休闲或认真性休闲,而大陆学者更倾向于称作深度休闲。
[2]STEBBINS R A.Serious leisure[J].Society,2001,38(4):52-57.
[3]STEBBINS R A.Project-based leisure:Theoretical neglect of a common use of free time[J].Leisure Studies,2005,24(1):1-11.
[4]STEBBINS R A.Serious Leisure:A Perspective for Our Time[M].New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Publishers,2006:18.
[5]SHEN X S,YARNAL C.Blowing open the serious leisure-casual leisure dichotomy:What.s in there?[J].Leisure Sciences,2010,32(2):162-179.
[6]HEO J,LEE Y,MCCORMICK B P,et al.Daily experience of serious leisure,flow and subjective well-being of older adults[J].Leisure Studies,2010,29(2):207-225.
[7]HEO J,LEE I H,KIM J,et al.Understanding the relationships among central characteristics of serious leisure:An empirical study of older adults in competitive sports[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2012,44(4):450-462.
[8]HEO J,STEBBINS R A,KIM J,et al.Serious leisure,life satisfaction,and health of older adults[J].Leisure Sciences,2013,35(1):16-32.
[9]MISENER K,DOHERTY A,HAMM-KERWIN S,et al.Learning from the experiences of older adult volunteers in sport:A serious leisure perspective[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2010,42(2):267-289.
[10]STEVENS-RATCHFORD R G.Ballroom dance:Linking serious leisure to successful aging[J].International Journal of Aging&Human Development,2016,83(3):290-308.
[11]PACHECO A C,STIGGER M P.“It.s leisure,alright,but it.s serious”:Notes on leisure from the daily life of a master league women’s volleyball team[J].Movimento,2016,22(1):129-142.
[12]DILLEY R E,SCRATON S J.Women,climbing and serious leisure[J].Leisure Studies,2010,29(2):125-141.
[13]STALP M C,CONTI R.Serious leisure in the home:Professional quilters negotiate family space[J].Gender,Work&Organization,2011,18(4):399-414.
[14]GALLANT K,SMALE B,ARAI S.Civic engagement through mandatory community service implications of serious leisure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2010,42(2):181-201.
[15]LIU H M,YU B.Serious leisure,leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being of Chinese university students[J].Social Indicators Research,2014,122(1):159-174.
[16]LEE K J,DUNLAP R,SCOTT D.Korean American males’serious leisure experiences and their perceptions of different play styles[J].Leisure Sciences,2011,33(4):290-308.
[17]PATTERSON I,PEGG S.Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities:Benefits and opportunities[J].Leisure Studies,2009,28(4):387-402.
[18]THURNELL-READ T.‘Real Ale’enthusiasts,serious leisure and the costs of getting‘Too Serious’about beer[J].Leisure Sciences,2016,38(1):68-84.
[19]PERRY R,CARNEGIE E.Reading pro-am theatre through a serious leisure lens:Organizational and policy-making implications[J].Leisure Studies,2013,32(4):383-398.
[20]BENDLE L J,PATTERSON I.Mixed serious leisure and grassroots organizational capacity:A study of amateur artist groups in a regional Australian city[J].Leisure Sciences,2009,31(3):272-286.
[21]BOCK O S.The causal relationship analysis among leisure facilitators,leisure constraints negotiation,serious leisure for winter sports tourism participants[J].The Korean Journal of Physical Education,2016,55(1):579-588.
[22]LYU S O,OH C O.Bridging the conceptual frameworks of constraints negotiation and serious leisure to understand leisure benefit realization[J].Leisure Sciences,2014,37(2):176-193.
[23]CHENG T M,TSAUR S H.The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and recreation involvement:A case study of Taiwan’s surfing activities[J].Leisure Studies,2012,31(1):53-68.
[24]ROSENBAUM M S.Maintaining the trail:Collective section in a serious leisure community[J].Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,2013,42(6):639-667.
[25]HULTSMAN W Z.Couple involvement in serious leisure:Examining participation in dog agility[J].Leisure Studies,2012,31(2):231-253.
[26]ANDERSON L.Time is of the essence:An analytic autoethnography of family,work,and serious leisure[J].Symbolic Interaction,2011,34(2):133-157.
[27]BARBIERI C,SOTOMAYOR S.Surf travel behavior and destination preferences:An application of the serious leisure inventory and measure[J].Tourism Management,2013,35(2):111-121.
[28]KIM J,DATTILO J,HEO J.Taekwondo participation as serious leisure for life satisfaction and health[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2011,43(4):545-559.
[29]LAMONT M,KENNELLY M,MOYLE B.Costs and perseverance in serious leisure careers[J].Leisure Sciences,2014,36(2):144-160.
[30]HARTEL J.Managing documents at home for serious leisure:Acase study of the hobby of gourmet cooking[J].Journal of Documentation,2010,66(6):847-874.
[31]SCOTT D.Amateurs,professionals,and serious leisureStebbins R A.[J].Leisure Sciences,1993,15(1):77-79.
[32]STEBBINS R A.Volunteering:A serious leisure perspective[J].Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,1996,25(2):211-224.
[33]STEBBINS R A.Right leisure:Serious,casual,or projectbased?[J].Neuro Rehabilitation,2008,23(4):335-341.
[34]VEAL A J.The serious leisure perspective and the experience of leisure[J].Leisure Sciences,2017,39(3):205-223.
[35]BREEZE M.Analysing‘Seriousness’in roller derby:Speaking critically with the serious leisure perspective[J].Sociological Research Online,2013,18(4):23.
[36]STEBBINS R A.Amateurs,Professionals,and Serious Leisure[M].Montreal:McGill Queen’s University Press,1992:47.
[37]BALDWIN C K,NORRIS P A.Exploring the dimensions of serious leisure Love me-Love my dog![J].Journal of Leisure Research,1999,31(1):1-17.
[38]GIBSON H,WILLMING C,HOLDNAK A.We’re Gators...not just Gator fans serious leisure and University of Florida Football[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2002,34(4):397-425.
[39]BROWN C A.The carolina shaggers:Dance as serious leisure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2007,39(4):623-647.
[40]YODER D G.A model for commodity intensive serious leisure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,1997,29(4):407-429.
[41]GOULD J,MOORE D,MCGUIRE F,et al.Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2008,40(1):47-68.
[42]GOULD J,MOORE D,KARLIN N J,et al.Measuring serious leisure in chess:Model confirmation and method bias[J].Leisure Sciences,2011,33(4):332-340.
[43]ZABRISKIE R B,MCCORMICK B P.Parent and child perspectives of family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2003,35(2):163-189.
[44]STALP M C.Negotiating time and space for serious leisure quilting in the modern US home[J].Journal of Leisure Research,2006,38(1):104-132.
[45]KRAUS R.Becoming a belly dancer:Gender,the life course and the beginnings of a serious leisure career[J].Leisure Studies,2013,33(6):565-579.
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(1)我国台湾学者大多称之为严肃休闲、深度休闲或认真性休闲,而大陆学者更倾向于称作深度休闲。
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