青海大通不同林地类型林下植被与土壤水分的关系
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摘要
为探究青海高寒山区典型退耕林地土壤水分与林下植被及其相互间关系。以青海大通县青海云杉林、华北落叶松林、祁连圆柏林3种典型人工林分为研究对象,原生荒草地为对照,通过实地调查和室内实验,研究不同林地类型林下植被和0～200 cm土层土壤水分及其相互间关系。结果表明:1)该研究区林地内土壤水分相对缺乏,林下草本多为披碱草、白莲蒿、早熟禾等旱生植物占明显优势。华北落叶松林下草本的丰富度和多样性最好,青海云杉林次之,祁连圆柏林下植被与荒草地较为接近。2)不同林地类型与荒草地土壤平均含水量由大到小顺序为青海云杉林(23. 79%)、荒草地(21. 29%)、祁连圆柏林(19. 02%)、华北落叶松林(16. 93%)。3)对表层土壤(0～20 cm)而言,林地的持水能力均优于荒草地,在20～60 cm土层时青海云杉林地持水能力最好,华北落叶松林地持水能力最差。4)林下植被物种多样性与其生物量和林地土壤含水量分别呈显著正相关和负相关关系(P <0. 05)。且其相互的影响程度随着土层深度的增加不断减小,但其作用主要集中于0～120 cm土层土壤水分情况。综上所述,青海云杉可作为营造水源涵养林的主要造林树种,华北落叶松可作为在土壤水分相对缺乏地区营造水土保持林的主要营林树种,祁连圆柏林下植被与荒草地较为接近,可以有效的形成林草复合结构体系;因此,可将华北落叶松和祁连圆柏作为该地区植被建设的主要树种,同时兼顾对本地物种的引入,从而加快植被恢复的进程,有助于实现通过植树造林维持生态系统良性循环,完善生态系统服务功能的目标。
[Background] This work is to explore the characteristics of soil water and understory vegetation and their relationship with each other in typical deforestation forests in the alpine region of Qinghai. [Methods] The three typical plantations of Picea crasslia forest,Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Sabina przewalskii forest in Datong county of Qinghai province were selected as research objects,and the original grassland was used as the control. The characteristics of understory vegetation and the soil moisture characteristics of 0-200 cm soil layer and their relationship with each other were studied through field investigation and laboratory experiments. [Results] 1) The soil moisture in the forest lands of the study area was relatively scarce,and the herbaceous plants under the forests were dominated with dry-land plants such as the Elymus dahuricus,Artemisia sacrorum,Poa annua,etc. The richness and diversity of herbs under the L. principis-rupprechtii forest was the best,followed by the P.crasslia forest. The vegetation characteristics of the S. przewalskii were similar to those of the grassland.2) The average moisture content of different forest types and grassland was in descending order P.crasslia forest( 23. 79%),grassland( 21. 29%),S. przewalskii forest( 19. 02%),and L. principisrupprechtii forest( 16. 93%). 3) For topsoil( 0-20 cm),the water-holding capacity of forest land was better than that of barren grassland. In 20-60 cm soil layer,the water-holding ability of P. crasslia forest land was the best,and the water-holding capacity of L. principis-rupprechtii forest land was the worst. The effect of vegetation types on soil water-holding capacity increased with increasing soil depth.4) There was a significantly positive correlation and negative correlation between the species diversity of understory vegetation and biomass and the soil moisture content of the forest( P < 0. 05),respectively.And the degree of mutual influence decreased with the increase of soil depth,but its effect was mainly concentrated on the soil moisture of 0-120 cm soil layer. [Conclusions]P. crasslia can be used as the main afforestation species for constructing water conservation forests; L. principis-rupprechtii can be used as the main forest tree species for constructing soil and water conservation forests in areas where soil moisture is relatively scarce; the vegetation characteristics of S. przewalskii are close to wild grassland,then S. przewalskii can effectively form a forest and grass composite structural system. L. principisrupprechtii and S. przewalskii can be used as the main tree species for vegetation construction in the region,and the introduction of local species can be taken into account,thus accelerating the process of vegetation restoration,helping to maintain a virtuous cycle of ecosystems through afforestation and improving the ecosystem of the goal of the service function.
[Background] This work is to explore the characteristics of soil water and understory vegetation and their relationship with each other in typical deforestation forests in the alpine region of Qinghai. [Methods] The three typical plantations of Picea crasslia forest,Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Sabina przewalskii forest in Datong county of Qinghai province were selected as research objects,and the original grassland was used as the control. The characteristics of understory vegetation and the soil moisture characteristics of 0-200 cm soil layer and their relationship with each other were studied through field investigation and laboratory experiments. [Results] 1) The soil moisture in the forest lands of the study area was relatively scarce,and the herbaceous plants under the forests were dominated with dry-land plants such as the Elymus dahuricus,Artemisia sacrorum,Poa annua,etc. The richness and diversity of herbs under the L. principis-rupprechtii forest was the best,followed by the P.crasslia forest. The vegetation characteristics of the S. przewalskii were similar to those of the grassland.2) The average moisture content of different forest types and grassland was in descending order P.crasslia forest( 23. 79%),grassland( 21. 29%),S. przewalskii forest( 19. 02%),and L. principisrupprechtii forest( 16. 93%). 3) For topsoil( 0-20 cm),the water-holding capacity of forest land was better than that of barren grassland. In 20-60 cm soil layer,the water-holding ability of P. crasslia forest land was the best,and the water-holding capacity of L. principis-rupprechtii forest land was the worst. The effect of vegetation types on soil water-holding capacity increased with increasing soil depth.4) There was a significantly positive correlation and negative correlation between the species diversity of understory vegetation and biomass and the soil moisture content of the forest( P < 0. 05),respectively.And the degree of mutual influence decreased with the increase of soil depth,but its effect was mainly concentrated on the soil moisture of 0-120 cm soil layer. [Conclusions]P. crasslia can be used as the main afforestation species for constructing water conservation forests; L. principis-rupprechtii can be used as the main forest tree species for constructing soil and water conservation forests in areas where soil moisture is relatively scarce; the vegetation characteristics of S. przewalskii are close to wild grassland,then S. przewalskii can effectively form a forest and grass composite structural system. L. principisrupprechtii and S. przewalskii can be used as the main tree species for vegetation construction in the region,and the introduction of local species can be taken into account,thus accelerating the process of vegetation restoration,helping to maintain a virtuous cycle of ecosystems through afforestation and improving the ecosystem of the goal of the service function.
引文
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[2]张洛丹．不同植被类型对陡坡地土壤水分循环的影响[D]．陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学，2015:20.ZHANG Luodang. Effects of different vegetation types on soil water cycle in steep slopes[D]. Yangling,Shaaxi:Northwest A&F University,2015:20.
[3]朱清科，张岩，赵磊磊，等．陕北黄土高原植被恢复及近自然造林[M]．北京:科学出版社，2012:31.ZHU Qingke,ZHANG Yan,ZHAO Leilei,et al. Vegetation restoration and near-nature afforestation in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2012:31.
[4]尹秋龙，焦菊英，寇萌．极端强降雨条件下黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型土壤水分特征[J]．自然资源学报，2015,30(3):459.YIN Qiulong,JIAO Juying,YAN Meng. Soil water characteristics of different vegetation types in loess hilly and gully region under extreme heavy rainfall[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(3):459.
[5]丁松，应学亮，吕丹，等．赣南飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度对土壤质量的影响[J]．水土保持研究，2014,21(3):31.DING Song,YING Xueliang,LU Dan,et al. Effects of vegetation coverage on soil quality in Pinus massoniana forests in southern Fujian[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(3):31.
[6]朱喜，何志斌，杜军，等．林下植被组成和功能研究进展[J]．世界林业研究，2014,27(5):25ZHU Xi,HE Zhibin,DU Jun,et al. Research progress on the composition and function of understory vegetation[J]. World Forestry Research,2014,27(5):25.
[7]黎芳，潘萍，宁金魁，等．马尾松-木荷不同比例混交林林下植被物种组成及其多样性分析[J]．西北林学院学报，2016,31(6):35.LI Fang,PAN Ping,NING Jinkui,et al. Analysis of species composition and diversity of understory vegetation in different proportions of Pinus massoniana-Schima superba[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2016,31(6):35.
[8]卫新东，汪星，汪有科，等．黄土丘陵区红枣经济林根系分布与土壤水分关系研究[J]．农业机械学报，2015,46(4):88.WEI Xindong,WANG Xing,WANG Youke,et al. Study on the relationship between root distribution and soil moisture of Jujube economic forest in loess hilly region[J]. Transactions of the CSAM,2015,46(4):88.
[9]张建军，李慧敏，徐佳佳．黄土高原水土保持林对土壤水分的影响[J]．生态学报，2011,31(23):71.ZHANG Jianjun,LI Huimin,XU Jiajia. Effects of soil and water conservation forests on soil moisture in the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(23):71.
[10]贾小旭．典型黄土区土壤水分布及其对草地生态系统碳过程的影响[D]．陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学，2014:32.JIA Xiaoxu. Soil water distribution in typical loess area and its impact on grassland ecosystem carbon process[D]. Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2014:32.
[11]杨林．半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林土壤水分与其群落特征研究[J]．甘肃林业科技，37(3):32.YANG Lin. Study on soil moisture and community characteristics of artificial forest in semi-arid loess hilly and gully region[J]. Gansu Forestry Science and Technology,37(3):32.
[12]邢旭光，赵文刚，马孝义，等．土壤水分特征曲线测定过程中土壤收缩特性研究[J]．水利学报，2015,46(10):1183.XING Xuguang,ZHAO Wengang,MA Xiaoyi,et al.Study on soil shrinkage characteristics during the determination of soil water characteristic curve[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(10):1183.
[13]赵耀，王百田．晋西黄土区不同林地植物多样性研究[J]．北京林业大学学报，2018,40(9):45.ZHUO Yao,WANG Baitian. Study on plant diversity of different forest lands in the loess area of western Shanxi province[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(9):45.
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