Parasitic relationship of Cistanche deserticola and host-plant Haloxylon ammodendron based on genetic variation of host
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摘要
Objective: Cistanche deserticola is a famous and endangered medicinal plant that is parasitic upon Haloxylon ammodendron with rather low parasitic rates. It is important to find high affinity germplasms for increasing the survival of C. deserticola. However, little is known in genetic variation and high affinity populations of H. ammodendron in China.Methods: In this study, 98 accessions of H. ammodendron seeds were collected from five regions covering almost the entire natural distribution of H. ammodendron in China. Their genetic variations were analyzed using AFLP and ITS by the maximum parsimony method, and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average(UPGMA). The parasitic rates of C. deserticola on different accessions of H. ammodendron were calculated in the field experiment.Results: Both AFLP and ITS methods consistently revealed that there was a high level of genetic diversity in the natural populations of H. ammodendron. Hierarchical population structure analysis uncovered a clear pattern that all populations were grouped into three main clusters, and eight populations from eastern region were genetically clustered together. These regions were significantly differentiated(P < 0.05), 13.10% of variation occurred among populations, and 86.90% within populations was revealed by analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA). The populations of Inner Mongolia had the highest parasitic rates followed by Ganjiahu Reserve and Yongning Plantation for the top three, which were not completely related to the genetic variation.Conclusion: Genetic characteristics of H. ammodendron in China were clarified and the order of affinity of different populations was given, which were primers for discovering high affinity germplasms.
Objective: Cistanche deserticola is a famous and endangered medicinal plant that is parasitic upon Haloxylon ammodendron with rather low parasitic rates. It is important to find high affinity germplasms for increasing the survival of C. deserticola. However, little is known in genetic variation and high affinity populations of H. ammodendron in China.Methods: In this study, 98 accessions of H. ammodendron seeds were collected from five regions covering almost the entire natural distribution of H. ammodendron in China. Their genetic variations were analyzed using AFLP and ITS by the maximum parsimony method, and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average(UPGMA). The parasitic rates of C. deserticola on different accessions of H. ammodendron were calculated in the field experiment.Results: Both AFLP and ITS methods consistently revealed that there was a high level of genetic diversity in the natural populations of H. ammodendron. Hierarchical population structure analysis uncovered a clear pattern that all populations were grouped into three main clusters, and eight populations from eastern region were genetically clustered together. These regions were significantly differentiated(P < 0.05), 13.10% of variation occurred among populations, and 86.90% within populations was revealed by analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA). The populations of Inner Mongolia had the highest parasitic rates followed by Ganjiahu Reserve and Yongning Plantation for the top three, which were not completely related to the genetic variation.Conclusion: Genetic characteristics of H. ammodendron in China were clarified and the order of affinity of different populations was given, which were primers for discovering high affinity germplasms.
Objective: Cistanche deserticola is a famous and endangered medicinal plant that is parasitic upon Haloxylon ammodendron with rather low parasitic rates. It is important to find high affinity germplasms for increasing the survival of C. deserticola. However, little is known in genetic variation and high affinity populations of H. ammodendron in China.Methods: In this study, 98 accessions of H. ammodendron seeds were collected from five regions covering almost the entire natural distribution of H. ammodendron in China. Their genetic variations were analyzed using AFLP and ITS by the maximum parsimony method, and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average(UPGMA). The parasitic rates of C. deserticola on different accessions of H. ammodendron were calculated in the field experiment.Results: Both AFLP and ITS methods consistently revealed that there was a high level of genetic diversity in the natural populations of H. ammodendron. Hierarchical population structure analysis uncovered a clear pattern that all populations were grouped into three main clusters, and eight populations from eastern region were genetically clustered together. These regions were significantly differentiated(P < 0.05), 13.10% of variation occurred among populations, and 86.90% within populations was revealed by analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA). The populations of Inner Mongolia had the highest parasitic rates followed by Ganjiahu Reserve and Yongning Plantation for the top three, which were not completely related to the genetic variation.Conclusion: Genetic characteristics of H. ammodendron in China were clarified and the order of affinity of different populations was given, which were primers for discovering high affinity germplasms.
引文
Akhani,H.,Edwards,G.,&Roalson,E.H.(2007).Diversification of the old world Salsoleae sl.(Chenopodiaceae):Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification.International Journal of Plant Sciences,168(6),931-956.
Bay,R.A.,Rose,N.,Barrett,R.,Bernatchez,L.,Ghalambor,C.K.,Lasky,J.R.,et al.(2017).Predicting responses to contemporary environmental change using evolutionary response architectures.American Naturalist,189(5),463-473.
Chen,S.L.,Yao,H.,Han,J.P.,Liu,C.,Song,J.Y.,Shi,L.C.,et al.(2010).Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species.Plos One,5(1),E8613.
Cortan,D.,&Tubic,B.(2017).Viability and genetic diversity of Populus nigra population from riparian forest in SNR Gornje Podunavlje.Dendrobiology,78,157-167.
Crema,E.R.,Kandler,A.,&Shennan,S.(2016).Revealing patterns of cultural transmission from frequency data:Equilibrium and non-equilibrium assumptions.Scientific Reports,6,39122.
Excoffier,L.,Laval,G.,&Schneider,S.(2005).Arlequin(version 3.0):An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis.Evolutionary Bioinformatics,1,47-50.
G?ebocka,K.,&Pogorzelec,M.(2017).Genetic diversity of the Salix lapponum L.population intended as a source of material for reintroduction.Dendrobiology,78,136-145.
Guo,Q.S.,Guo,Z.H.,Yan,H.,Wang,C.L.,Tan,D.Y.,Ma,C.,et al.(2005).Studies on potential distribution of Haloxylon plants dominated desert vegetation in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(4),848-853.
Hebert,P.D.,Cywinska,A.,&Ball,S.L.(2003).Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,270(1512),313-321.
Husch,P.E.,Ferreira,D.G.,Seraphim,N.,Harvey,N.,Silva-Brand?o,K.L.,Sofia,S.H.,et al.(2018).Structure and genetic variation among populations of Euschistus heros from different geographic regions in Brazil.Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,166(3),191-203.
Joyce,A.L.,White,W.H.,Nuessly,G.S.,Solis,M.A.,Scheffer,S.J.,Lewis,M.L.,et al.(2014).Geographic population structure of the Sugarcane Borer,Diatraea saccharalis(F.)(Lepidoptera:Crambidae),in the Southern United States.Plos One,9(10),E110036.
Kumar,S.,Tamura,K.,&Nei,M.(2004).MEGA 3:Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment.Briefings in Bioinformatics,5(2),150-163.
Lowe,W.H.,Kovach,R.P.,&Allendorf,F.W.(2017).Population genetics and demography unite ecology and evolution.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,32(2),141-152.
Miller,M.P.(1997).Tools for population genetic analyses(TFPGA)1.3:A windows program for the analysis of allozyme and molecular population genetic data.Computer Software Distributed by Author,4,157.
Nei,M.(1978).Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals.Genetics,89(3),583-590.
Peakall,R.,&Smouse,P.E.(2012).Genalex 6.5:Genetic analysis in excel.Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update.Bioinformatics,28(19),2537-2539.
Porebski,S.,Bailey,L.G.,&Baum,B.R.(1997).Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components.Plant Molecular Biology Reporter,15(1),8-15.
Prinz,K.,Weising,K.,&Hensen,I.(2013).Habitat fragmentation and recent bottlenecks influence genetic diversity and differentiation of the Central European halophyte Suaeda maritima(Chenopodiaceae).American Journal of Botany,100(11),2210-2218.
Rohlf,F.J.(1997).NTSYS-pc:Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system version 2.0(p.31).Setauket,New York:Exeter software.
Saitou,N.,&Nei,M.(1987).The neighbor-joining method:A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.Molecular Biology and Evolution,4(4),406-425.
Shen,L.,Xu,R.,Chen,J.,Chen,A.P.,Zhu,G.Q.,Lv,J.,et al.(2014).AFLP analysis on genetic diversity of Haloxylon ammodendron in China.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,39(6),959-964.
Shen,L.,Xu,R.,Liu,S.,Chen,J.,Xu,C.Q.,Xie,C.X.,et al.(2015).Phenotypic variation of seed traits of Haloxylon ammodendron and its affecting factors.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,60,81-87.
Sheng,Y.,Zheng,W.H.,&Pei,K.Q.(2005).Genetic variation within and among populations of a dominant desert tree Haloxylon ammodendron(Amaranthaceae)in China.Annal of Botany-London,96(2),245-252.
Sorkheh,K.,Dehkordi,M.K.,Ercisli,S.,Hegedus,A.,&Halász,J.(2017).Comparison of traditional and new generation DNA markers declares high genetic diversity and differentiated population structure of wild almond species.Scientific Reports,7(1),5966.
Tajima,F.(1989).Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA Polymorphism.Genetics,123(3),585-595.
Toghraie,N.(2012).Wood features of Saxaul(Haloxylon spp.)from Central Iran.World Applied Sciences Journal,20(8),1114-1122.
Trapnell,D.W.,&Hamrick,J.L.(2005).Mating patterns and gene flow in the neotropical epiphytic orchid Laelia rubescens.Molecular Ecology,14(1),75-84.
Wang,X.M.,Yang,D.Y.,Tian,Y.Z.,Zhang,B.W.,Tu,P.F.,Sun,Q.S.,et al.(2009).Inter simple sequence repeats analysis of Halyxylon ammodendron from seeds carried back by“Shenzhou No.4”spaceships.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),39,259-263.
Wang,L.L.,Ding,H.,Yu,H.S.,Han,L.F.,Lai,Q.H.,Zhang,L.J.,et al.(2015).Cistanches herba:Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects.Chinese Herbal Medicines,7(2),135-142.
Wolf,L.J.,Anselin,L.,&Arribas,B.D.(2018).Stochastic efficiency of Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo in spatial econometric models:An empirical comparison of exact sampling methods.Geographical Analysis,50(1),97-119.
Wright,S.(1969).Evolution and the genetics of populations.Vol.2.The theory of gene frequencies.
Xu,R.,Chen,J.,Chen,S.L.,Liu,T.N.,Zhu,W.C.,&Xu,J.(2009).Cistanche deserticola Ma cultivated as a new crop in China.Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,56(1),137-142.
Yeh,F.C.,Yang,R.C.,Boyle,T.B.,Ye,Z.H.,&Mao,J.X.(1997).POPGENE,the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis(p.10).Edmonton,Canada:Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre,University of Alberta.
Zhang,P.,Dong,Y.Z.,Wei,Y.,&Hu,C.Z.(2006).ISSR analysis of genetic diversity of Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge in Xinjiang.Acta Bot Boreali-Occidential Sinica,26(7),1337-1341.
Zhao,B.,Yin,Z.F.,Xu,M.,&Wang,Q.C.(2012).AFLP analysis of genetic variation in wild populations of five rhododendron species in Qinling Mountain in China.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,45,198-205.
Bay,R.A.,Rose,N.,Barrett,R.,Bernatchez,L.,Ghalambor,C.K.,Lasky,J.R.,et al.(2017).Predicting responses to contemporary environmental change using evolutionary response architectures.American Naturalist,189(5),463-473.
Chen,S.L.,Yao,H.,Han,J.P.,Liu,C.,Song,J.Y.,Shi,L.C.,et al.(2010).Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species.Plos One,5(1),E8613.
Cortan,D.,&Tubic,B.(2017).Viability and genetic diversity of Populus nigra population from riparian forest in SNR Gornje Podunavlje.Dendrobiology,78,157-167.
Crema,E.R.,Kandler,A.,&Shennan,S.(2016).Revealing patterns of cultural transmission from frequency data:Equilibrium and non-equilibrium assumptions.Scientific Reports,6,39122.
Excoffier,L.,Laval,G.,&Schneider,S.(2005).Arlequin(version 3.0):An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis.Evolutionary Bioinformatics,1,47-50.
G?ebocka,K.,&Pogorzelec,M.(2017).Genetic diversity of the Salix lapponum L.population intended as a source of material for reintroduction.Dendrobiology,78,136-145.
Guo,Q.S.,Guo,Z.H.,Yan,H.,Wang,C.L.,Tan,D.Y.,Ma,C.,et al.(2005).Studies on potential distribution of Haloxylon plants dominated desert vegetation in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(4),848-853.
Hebert,P.D.,Cywinska,A.,&Ball,S.L.(2003).Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,270(1512),313-321.
Husch,P.E.,Ferreira,D.G.,Seraphim,N.,Harvey,N.,Silva-Brand?o,K.L.,Sofia,S.H.,et al.(2018).Structure and genetic variation among populations of Euschistus heros from different geographic regions in Brazil.Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,166(3),191-203.
Joyce,A.L.,White,W.H.,Nuessly,G.S.,Solis,M.A.,Scheffer,S.J.,Lewis,M.L.,et al.(2014).Geographic population structure of the Sugarcane Borer,Diatraea saccharalis(F.)(Lepidoptera:Crambidae),in the Southern United States.Plos One,9(10),E110036.
Kumar,S.,Tamura,K.,&Nei,M.(2004).MEGA 3:Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment.Briefings in Bioinformatics,5(2),150-163.
Lowe,W.H.,Kovach,R.P.,&Allendorf,F.W.(2017).Population genetics and demography unite ecology and evolution.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,32(2),141-152.
Miller,M.P.(1997).Tools for population genetic analyses(TFPGA)1.3:A windows program for the analysis of allozyme and molecular population genetic data.Computer Software Distributed by Author,4,157.
Nei,M.(1978).Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals.Genetics,89(3),583-590.
Peakall,R.,&Smouse,P.E.(2012).Genalex 6.5:Genetic analysis in excel.Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update.Bioinformatics,28(19),2537-2539.
Porebski,S.,Bailey,L.G.,&Baum,B.R.(1997).Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components.Plant Molecular Biology Reporter,15(1),8-15.
Prinz,K.,Weising,K.,&Hensen,I.(2013).Habitat fragmentation and recent bottlenecks influence genetic diversity and differentiation of the Central European halophyte Suaeda maritima(Chenopodiaceae).American Journal of Botany,100(11),2210-2218.
Rohlf,F.J.(1997).NTSYS-pc:Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system version 2.0(p.31).Setauket,New York:Exeter software.
Saitou,N.,&Nei,M.(1987).The neighbor-joining method:A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.Molecular Biology and Evolution,4(4),406-425.
Shen,L.,Xu,R.,Chen,J.,Chen,A.P.,Zhu,G.Q.,Lv,J.,et al.(2014).AFLP analysis on genetic diversity of Haloxylon ammodendron in China.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,39(6),959-964.
Shen,L.,Xu,R.,Liu,S.,Chen,J.,Xu,C.Q.,Xie,C.X.,et al.(2015).Phenotypic variation of seed traits of Haloxylon ammodendron and its affecting factors.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,60,81-87.
Sheng,Y.,Zheng,W.H.,&Pei,K.Q.(2005).Genetic variation within and among populations of a dominant desert tree Haloxylon ammodendron(Amaranthaceae)in China.Annal of Botany-London,96(2),245-252.
Sorkheh,K.,Dehkordi,M.K.,Ercisli,S.,Hegedus,A.,&Halász,J.(2017).Comparison of traditional and new generation DNA markers declares high genetic diversity and differentiated population structure of wild almond species.Scientific Reports,7(1),5966.
Tajima,F.(1989).Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA Polymorphism.Genetics,123(3),585-595.
Toghraie,N.(2012).Wood features of Saxaul(Haloxylon spp.)from Central Iran.World Applied Sciences Journal,20(8),1114-1122.
Trapnell,D.W.,&Hamrick,J.L.(2005).Mating patterns and gene flow in the neotropical epiphytic orchid Laelia rubescens.Molecular Ecology,14(1),75-84.
Wang,X.M.,Yang,D.Y.,Tian,Y.Z.,Zhang,B.W.,Tu,P.F.,Sun,Q.S.,et al.(2009).Inter simple sequence repeats analysis of Halyxylon ammodendron from seeds carried back by“Shenzhou No.4”spaceships.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),39,259-263.
Wang,L.L.,Ding,H.,Yu,H.S.,Han,L.F.,Lai,Q.H.,Zhang,L.J.,et al.(2015).Cistanches herba:Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects.Chinese Herbal Medicines,7(2),135-142.
Wolf,L.J.,Anselin,L.,&Arribas,B.D.(2018).Stochastic efficiency of Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo in spatial econometric models:An empirical comparison of exact sampling methods.Geographical Analysis,50(1),97-119.
Wright,S.(1969).Evolution and the genetics of populations.Vol.2.The theory of gene frequencies.
Xu,R.,Chen,J.,Chen,S.L.,Liu,T.N.,Zhu,W.C.,&Xu,J.(2009).Cistanche deserticola Ma cultivated as a new crop in China.Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,56(1),137-142.
Yeh,F.C.,Yang,R.C.,Boyle,T.B.,Ye,Z.H.,&Mao,J.X.(1997).POPGENE,the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis(p.10).Edmonton,Canada:Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre,University of Alberta.
Zhang,P.,Dong,Y.Z.,Wei,Y.,&Hu,C.Z.(2006).ISSR analysis of genetic diversity of Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge in Xinjiang.Acta Bot Boreali-Occidential Sinica,26(7),1337-1341.
Zhao,B.,Yin,Z.F.,Xu,M.,&Wang,Q.C.(2012).AFLP analysis of genetic variation in wild populations of five rhododendron species in Qinling Mountain in China.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,45,198-205.