基于改进地累积指数法的沉积物重金属污染评价
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摘要
沉积物中重金属污染评价的常用方法——地累积指数法,可定量分析确定点位特定重金属污染程度,但在流域重金属污染评价或多种重金属复合污染评价中难以适用。针对特定重金属污染评价情景,本文将最大浓度与浓度平均值以内梅罗指数法引入地累积指数法中;针对复合污染评价情景,综合考虑重金属浓度及其生态毒性,提出"等当量生态毒性指数"的概念,以此为依据筛选出生态危害贡献最大的重金属,将其浓度变化指数及多种重金属浓度变化指数的平均值以内梅罗指数法引入地累积指数法中。改进的地累积指数法既考虑了重金属浓度的最大值,又兼顾各重金属的毒性特征。本文以丹江口水库支流朝北河沉积物中重金属的污染评价为例,验证改进的地累积指数法的评价结果。在评价流域特定重金属污染时,改进的地累积指数法避免了地累积指数取平均值忽视重污染点位的问题,能够有效识别出流域内Hg元素在个别点位存在的严重污染,各重金属污染等级排序结果更有利于全面反映流域内重金属污染情况。在评价重金属复合污染时,改进的地累积指数法与潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果总体一致,且有效避免了潜在生态危害指数法直接利用未修正重金属毒性系数造成的评价结果不合理的问题。
The geo-accumulation index method(GAI)is a commonly used approach for the quantitative assessment of heavy metal pollution in sediments. However, it can hardly be adapted to conduct an integrated evaluation of multi-heavy metals pollution in an entire river basin as it focuses only on a specific heavy metal in individual sampling locations. This investigation presents a novel approach in which pollution of multi-heavy metals sampled from different locations in a basin can be systematically assessed. Two indicators of both maximum and average concentrations were embedded into the GAI method through the Nemerow index method. The concept of"Equivalent Eco-Toxicity Index"was proposed considering the integrated effects on environment as different heavy metals have different eco-toxicities and different concentrations. This improved approach used the maximum concentration of heavy metals that plays a key role in the assessment, as well as the eco-toxicity of all metals presented. Therefore, a more integrated assessment result was obtained. The improved Geo-Accumulation Index(IGAI)approach was employed and validated for evaluating heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the Chaobei river catchment(a river branch of Danjiangkou reservoir basin). That IGAI approach avoided the problem of averaging the heavy pollution points used by conventional GAI. It could effectively express the serious pollution condition of Hg at individual points. The results of the pollution ranking sequence of different heavy metals could systematically reflect the pollution status at the catchment. In assessing the composite pollution of heavy metals, the IGAI approach produced similar results as the Potential Eco-Hazard Index method, but with much less deviation caused by using uncorrected heavy metal toxicity coefficients as in the previous study.
The geo-accumulation index method(GAI)is a commonly used approach for the quantitative assessment of heavy metal pollution in sediments. However, it can hardly be adapted to conduct an integrated evaluation of multi-heavy metals pollution in an entire river basin as it focuses only on a specific heavy metal in individual sampling locations. This investigation presents a novel approach in which pollution of multi-heavy metals sampled from different locations in a basin can be systematically assessed. Two indicators of both maximum and average concentrations were embedded into the GAI method through the Nemerow index method. The concept of"Equivalent Eco-Toxicity Index"was proposed considering the integrated effects on environment as different heavy metals have different eco-toxicities and different concentrations. This improved approach used the maximum concentration of heavy metals that plays a key role in the assessment, as well as the eco-toxicity of all metals presented. Therefore, a more integrated assessment result was obtained. The improved Geo-Accumulation Index(IGAI)approach was employed and validated for evaluating heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the Chaobei river catchment(a river branch of Danjiangkou reservoir basin). That IGAI approach avoided the problem of averaging the heavy pollution points used by conventional GAI. It could effectively express the serious pollution condition of Hg at individual points. The results of the pollution ranking sequence of different heavy metals could systematically reflect the pollution status at the catchment. In assessing the composite pollution of heavy metals, the IGAI approach produced similar results as the Potential Eco-Hazard Index method, but with much less deviation caused by using uncorrected heavy metal toxicity coefficients as in the previous study.
引文
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[3]Chen F,Lin J,Qian B,et al.Geochemical assessment and spatial analysis of heavy metals in the surface sediments in the eastern Beibu gulf:A reflection on the industrial development of the South China Coast[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2018,15(3):496.
[4]Liu J J,Ni Z X,Diao Z H,et al.Contamination level,chemical fraction and ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from Daya Bay,South China Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2018,128:132-139.
[5]曾维特,杨永鹏,张东强,等.海南岛北部海湾沉积物重金属来源分布主控因素及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1085-1094.ZENG Wei-te,YANG Yong-peng,ZHANG Dong-qiang,et al.Sources,distribution of main controlling factors,and potential ecological risk assessment for heavy metals in the surface sediment of Hainan Island north bay,South China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1085-1094.
[6]Liu J,Xu Y,Cheng Y,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the Xiangjiang River,China[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2017,24(3):2711.
[7]郭泌汐,刘勇勤,张凡,等.西藏湖泊沉积物重金属元素特征及生态风险评估[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):490-498.GUO Bi-xi,LIU Yong-qin,ZHANG Fan,et al.Characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in core sediments from lakes of Tibet[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):490-498.
[8]Han D.Spatial distribution,risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1/2):141-148.
[9]丁之勇,蒲佳,吉力力·阿不都外力.中国主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与评价分析[J].环境工程,2017,35(6):136-141.DING Zhi-yong,PU Jia,JILILI Abuduwaili.Heavy metal contamination characteristics and its assessment in surface sediments of major lakes in China[J].Environmental Engineering,2017,35(6):136-141.
[10]李莹杰,张列宇,吴易雯,等.江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属GIS空间分布及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1321-1329.LI Ying-jie,ZHANG Lie-yu,WU Yi-wen,et al.GIS spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of shallow lakes in Jiangsu Province[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1321-1329.
[11]赵丽,王雯雯,姜霞,等.丹江口水库沉积物重金属背景值的确定及潜在生态风险评估[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2113-2120.ZHAO Li,WANG Wen-wen,JIANG Xia,et al.Determination of background value and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the Danjiangkou Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(6):2113-2120.
[12]Nur A S,Ahmad Z A,Mohamad P Z,et al.Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments[J].Environmental Letters,2013,48(2):182-190.
[13]Soliman N F,Nasr S M,Okbah M A.Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from the Mediterranean coast,Egypt[J].Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science&Engineering,2015,13(1):70.
[14]陈晓燕,范成五,瞿飞,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法概述[J].浙江农业科学,2017,58(10):1801-1804.CHEN Xiao-yan,FAN Cheng-wu,QU Fei,et al.Overview of evaluation methods of heavy metals pollution in soil[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2017,58(10):1801-1804.
[15]高秋生,田自强,焦立新,等.白洋淀重金属污染特征与生态风险评价[J].环境工程技术学报,2019,9(1):66-75.GAO Qiu-sheng,TIAN Zi-qiang,JIAO Li-xin,et al.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Baiyangdian Lake[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2019,9(1):66-75.
[16]乔飞,时瑶,秦延文,等.岷江干流重金属空间分布特征及污染评价[J].环境工程技术学报,2018,8(6):602-609.QIAO Fei,SHI Yao,QIN Yan-wen,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in Minjiang River mainstream[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2018,8(6):602-609.
[17]Agah H,Saleh A,Bastami,K,et al.Ecological risk,source and preliminary assessment of metals in the surface sediments of Chabahar Bay,Oman Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,107(1):383-388.
[18]Shah B A,Shah A V,Mistry C B,et al.Assessment of heavy metals in sediments near hazira industrial zone at Tapti River Estuary,Surat,India[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,69(7):2365-2376.
[19]陈明,蔡青云,徐慧,等.水体沉积物重金属污染风险评价研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(6):1069-1074.CHEN Ming,CAI Qing-yun,XU Hui,et al.Research progress of risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in water body sediment[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(6):1069-1074.
[20]许桂苹,王晓飞,付洁.土壤重金属污染评价方法研究综述[J].农村经济与科技,2014,25(1):71-74.XU Gui-ping,WANG Xiao-fei,FU Jie.A review of evaluation methods of heavy metal pollution in soil[J].Rural Economy and ScienceTechnology,2014,25(1):71-74.
[21]Muller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2(108):108-118.
[22]Krzysztof L,Wiechu?a D,Korus I.Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry[J].Environment International,2004,30(2):159-165.
[23]于常武,王琳,高超.水体沉积物重金属污染地累积指数法和分级提取评价技术的差异[J].辽宁工业大学学报（自然科学版）,2015,35(3):196-199.YU Chang-wu,WANG Lin,GAO Chao.Difference between index of geo-accumulation and sequential extraction procedure on evaluating heavy pollution in aquatic sediments[J].Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2015,35(3):196-199.
[24]Zhang L,Liao Q,Shao S,et al.Heavy metal pollution,fractionation,and potential ecological risks in sediments from Lake Chaohu(Eastern China)and the surrounding rivers[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,122:14115-14131.
[25]Bi S,Yang Y,Xu C,et al.Distribution of heavy metals and environmental assessment of surface sediment of typical estuaries in eastern China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017:S0025326X17304939.
[26]Miao R Q,Yan Y F,Bai Y,et al.Assessment of heavy metal contamination of soil in Kunming[J].Advanced Materials Research,2015(1092/1093):774-779.
[27]张秀,易廷辉.城市土壤重金属评价标准限值探讨[J].科学咨询,2008(13):74-75.ZHANG Xiu,YI Ting-hui.Discussion on the limit value of heavy metals assessment criteria in urban soil[J].Technology&Management,2008(13):74-75.
[28]孙华,谢丽,张金婷,等.基于改进内梅罗指数法的棕（褐）地周边土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境保护科学,2018,44(2):98-102.SUN Hua,XIE Li,ZHANG Jin-ting,et al.Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the soils around the brownfield based on the modified Nemero Index Method[J].Environmental Protection Science,2018,44(2):98-102.
[29]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.XU Zheng-qi,NI Shi-jun,TUO Xian-guo,et al.Calculation of heavy metals′toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,31(2):389112-115.
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