Lipid Biomarkers and Their Stable Carbon Isotopes in Ancient Seep Carbonates from SW Taiwan, China
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摘要
Four massive brecciated, chimney-like, and slender pipe network carbonate samples(JA-4, JA-5, JX-8 and BG-12) were collected from southwestern Taiwan, which were suggested to have formed as a result of anaerobic oxidization of methane(AOM). Considering that the environmental conditions of the carbonates precipitation and the sources of carbon and organic matter need to be further declared, molecular fossils and compound-specific carbon isotopic investigations of the carbonates were conducted in this study. According to lipid biomarkers of 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane(PMI) and squalane diagnostic to methanotrophic archaea, as well as the extremely low δ~(13)C values(as low as -1~(13).4‰) detected in samples JA-4, JA-5 and JX-8, these carbonates were revealed to be a result of AOM. Based on the varied δ~(13)C values of characteristic archaea biomarkers in specific samples, biogenic methane was proposed to be responsible for the formation of samples JA-4 and JA-5, whereas a mixed carbon source of ~(13)C-depleted methane and ~(13)C-enriched residual CO_2 from methanogenesis was suggested for the carbonate of JX-8 due to the co-occurrence of a highly positive δ~(13) C_(carb) value(+8‰) and a moderate ~(13)C depletion of PMI. The low content of AOM-related biomarkers and the absence of indicators for ANME-2 suggested that these carbonates were formed in weak seep settings. By comparison, no typical lipid biomarkers for methanotrophic archaea was detected in carbonate BG-12. The short-chain and long-chain n-alkanes accounted for 30% and 45% of all hydrocarbons, respectively, with a CPI value of 1.2, suggesting that the n-alkanes were derived from both marine organisms and terrestrial inputs. A low thermal maturity could be revealed by the incomplete equilibrium value of the C~(31)αβ 22S/(22S+22R) ratio(0.5), and the carbonate BG-12 was probably deposited in a suboxic condition indicated by a value of Pr/Ph ratio(2.5).
Four massive brecciated, chimney-like, and slender pipe network carbonate samples(JA-4, JA-5, JX-8 and BG-12) were collected from southwestern Taiwan, which were suggested to have formed as a result of anaerobic oxidization of methane(AOM). Considering that the environmental conditions of the carbonates precipitation and the sources of carbon and organic matter need to be further declared, molecular fossils and compound-specific carbon isotopic investigations of the carbonates were conducted in this study. According to lipid biomarkers of 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane(PMI) and squalane diagnostic to methanotrophic archaea, as well as the extremely low δ~(13)C values(as low as -1~(13).4‰) detected in samples JA-4, JA-5 and JX-8, these carbonates were revealed to be a result of AOM. Based on the varied δ~(13)C values of characteristic archaea biomarkers in specific samples, biogenic methane was proposed to be responsible for the formation of samples JA-4 and JA-5, whereas a mixed carbon source of ~(13)C-depleted methane and ~(13)C-enriched residual CO_2 from methanogenesis was suggested for the carbonate of JX-8 due to the co-occurrence of a highly positive δ~(13) C_(carb) value(+8‰) and a moderate ~(13)C depletion of PMI. The low content of AOM-related biomarkers and the absence of indicators for ANME-2 suggested that these carbonates were formed in weak seep settings. By comparison, no typical lipid biomarkers for methanotrophic archaea was detected in carbonate BG-12. The short-chain and long-chain n-alkanes accounted for 30% and 45% of all hydrocarbons, respectively, with a CPI value of 1.2, suggesting that the n-alkanes were derived from both marine organisms and terrestrial inputs. A low thermal maturity could be revealed by the incomplete equilibrium value of the C~(31)αβ 22S/(22S+22R) ratio(0.5), and the carbonate BG-12 was probably deposited in a suboxic condition indicated by a value of Pr/Ph ratio(2.5).
Four massive brecciated, chimney-like, and slender pipe network carbonate samples(JA-4, JA-5, JX-8 and BG-12) were collected from southwestern Taiwan, which were suggested to have formed as a result of anaerobic oxidization of methane(AOM). Considering that the environmental conditions of the carbonates precipitation and the sources of carbon and organic matter need to be further declared, molecular fossils and compound-specific carbon isotopic investigations of the carbonates were conducted in this study. According to lipid biomarkers of 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane(PMI) and squalane diagnostic to methanotrophic archaea, as well as the extremely low δ~(13)C values(as low as -1~(13).4‰) detected in samples JA-4, JA-5 and JX-8, these carbonates were revealed to be a result of AOM. Based on the varied δ~(13)C values of characteristic archaea biomarkers in specific samples, biogenic methane was proposed to be responsible for the formation of samples JA-4 and JA-5, whereas a mixed carbon source of ~(13)C-depleted methane and ~(13)C-enriched residual CO_2 from methanogenesis was suggested for the carbonate of JX-8 due to the co-occurrence of a highly positive δ~(13) C_(carb) value(+8‰) and a moderate ~(13)C depletion of PMI. The low content of AOM-related biomarkers and the absence of indicators for ANME-2 suggested that these carbonates were formed in weak seep settings. By comparison, no typical lipid biomarkers for methanotrophic archaea was detected in carbonate BG-12. The short-chain and long-chain n-alkanes accounted for 30% and 45% of all hydrocarbons, respectively, with a CPI value of 1.2, suggesting that the n-alkanes were derived from both marine organisms and terrestrial inputs. A low thermal maturity could be revealed by the incomplete equilibrium value of the C~(31)αβ 22S/(22S+22R) ratio(0.5), and the carbonate BG-12 was probably deposited in a suboxic condition indicated by a value of Pr/Ph ratio(2.5).
引文
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Feng,D.,Peng,Y.,Bao,H.,Peckmann,J.,Roberts,H.H.,and Chen,D.,2016.A carbonate-based proxy for sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane.Geology,44(12):999-1002.
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Blumenberg,M.,Seifert,R.,Reitner,J.,Pape,T.,and Michaelis,W.,2004.Membrane lipid patterns typify distinct anaerobic methanotrophic consortia.Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America,101(30):11111-11116.
Blumenberg,M.,Walliser,E-O.,Taviani,M.,Seifert,R.,and Reitner,J.,2015.Authigenic carbonate formation and its impact on the biomarker inventory at hydrocarbon seeps-Acase study from the Holocene Black Sea and the PlioPleistocene Northern Apennines(Italy).Marine and petroleum geology,66(3):532-541.
Blumer,M.,Guillard,R.R.L.,and Chase,T.,1971.Hydrocarbons of marine plankton.Marine Biology,8:183-189.
Boetius,A.,Ravenschlag,K.,Schubert,C.J.,Rickert,D.,Widdel,F.,Gieseke,A.,Amann,R.,J?rgensen,B.B.,Witte,U.,and Pfannkuche,O.,2000.A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane.Nature,407:623-626.
Boetius,A.,and Wenzh?fer,F.,2013.Seafloor oxygen consumption fueled by methane from cold seeps.Nature Geoscience,6:725?734.
Budai,J.M.,Martin,A.M.,Walter,L.M.,and Ku,T.C.W.,2002.Fracture-fill calcite as a record of microbial methanogenesis and fluid migration:a case study from the Devonian Antrim Shale,Michigan Basin.Geofluids,2(3):163-183.
Campbell,K.A.,2006.Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent palaeoenvironments and paleontology:Past developments and future research directions.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,232(2-4):362?407.
Chevalier,N.,Bouloubassi,I.,Birgel,D.,Taphanel,M.H.,and Lopez-Garcia,P.,2013.Microbial methane turnover at Marmara Sea cold seeps:a combined 16S rRNA and lipid biomarker investigation.Geobiology,11(1):55-71.
Chien,C.W.,Huang,C.Y.,Chen,Z.,Lee,H.C.,and Harris,R.,2012.Miocene shallow-marine cold seep carbonate in foldand-thrust Western Foothills,SW Taiwan.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,56:200-211.
Chien,C.W.,Huang,C.Y.,Lee,H.C.,and Yang,K.M.,2013.Patterns and sizes of authigenic carbonate formation in the Pliocene foreland in southwestern Taiwan:Implications of an ancient methane seep.Terrestrial atmospheric and oceanic sciences,24(6):971?984.
Chiu,J.K.,Tseng,W.H.,and Liu,C.S.,2006.Distribution of gassy sediments and mud volcanoes offshore southwestern Taiwan.Terrestrial atmospheric and oceanic sciences,17(4):703-722.
Chung,C.T.,1962.Geology of the Hunghuatzu anticline,Kaohsiung,Taiwan.Petroleum Geology of Taiwan,1:31-50.
Cranwell,P.A.,Eglinton,G.,and Robinson,N.,1987.Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments-II.Organic Geochemistry,11:513-527.
Eglinton,G.,and Hamilton,R.J.,1963.The distribution of alkanes.In:Swain,T.(Eds.),Chemical Plant Taxonomy.Academic Press,pp.187-217.
Eglinton,G.,Hamilton,R.J.,Raphael,R.A.,and Gonzalez,A.G.,1962.Hydrocarbon constituents of the wax coatings of plant leaves:a taxonomic survey.Nature,193(2):739-742.
Elvert,M.,Suess,E.,Greinert,J.,and Whiticar,M.J.,2000.Archaea mediating anaerobic methane oxidation in deep-sea sediments at cold seeps of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone.Organic Geochemistry,31(11):1175-1187.
Elvert,M.,Suess,E.,and Whiticar,M.J.,1999.Anaerobic methane oxidation associated with marine gas hydrates:superlight C-isotopes from saturated and unsaturated C20 and C25 irregular isoprenoids.Naturwissenschaften,86(6):295-300.
Feng,D.,Birgel,D.,Peckmann,J.,Roberts,H.H.,Joye,S.B.,Sassen,R.,Liu,X.L.,Hinrichs,K.-U.,and Chen,D.,2014.Time integrated variation of sources of fluids and seepage dynamics archived in authigenic carbonates from Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Seafloor Observatory.Chemical Geology,385:129?139.
Feng,D.,Peng,Y.,Bao,H.,Peckmann,J.,Roberts,H.H.,and Chen,D.,2016.A carbonate-based proxy for sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane.Geology,44(12):999-1002.
Feng,D.,and Roberts,H.H.,2010.Initial results of comparing cold-seep carbonates from mussel-and tubeworm-associated environments at Atwater Valley lease block 340,northern Gulf of Mexico.Deep-Sea Research part II,57(21-23):2030-2039.
Giger,W.,Schaffner,C.,and Wakeham,S.G.,1980.Aliphatic and olefinic hydrocarbons in recent sediments of Greifensee,Switzerland.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,44(1):119-129.
Guan,H.,Feng,D.,Wu,N.,and Chen,D.,2016b.Methane seepage intensities traced by biomarker patterns in authigenic carbonates from the South China Sea.Organic Geochemistry,91:109?119.
Guan,H.,Sun,Y.,Mao,S.,Zhu,X.,and Wu,N.,2014.Molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of hopanoids in seep carbonates from the South China Sea continental slope.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,92:254-261.
Guan,H.,Sun,Y.,Zhu,X.,Mao,S.,Feng,D.,Wu,N.,and Chen,D.,2013.Factors controlling the types of microbial consortia in cold-seep environments:A molecular and isotopic investigation of authigenic carbonates from the South China Sea.Chemical Geology,354:55-64.
Guan,H.,Zhang,M.,Mao,S.,Wu,N.,Lu,H.,and Chen,D.,2016a.Methane seepage in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea:constraints from carbonate chimneys.GeoMarine Letters,36(3):175?186.
Harris,N.B.,Freeman,K.H.,Pancost,R.D.,White,T.S.,and Mitchel,G.D.,2004.The character and origin of lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous synrift section,Congo Basin,West Africa.AAPG Bulletin,88(8):1163?1184.
Himmler,T.,Birgel,D.,Bayon,G.,Pape,T.,Ge,L.,Bohrmann,G.,and Peckmann,J.,2015.Formation of seep carbonates along the Makran convergent margin,northern Arabian Sea and a molecular and isotopic approach to constrain the carbon isotopic composition of parent methane.Chemical Geology,415:102-117.
Hinrichs.K-U.,Summons,R.E.,Orphan,V.,Sylva,S.P.,and Hayes,J.M.,2000.Molecular and isotopic analysis of anaerobic methane-oxidizing communities in marine sediments.Organic Geochemistry,31(12):1685-1701.
Huang,C.Y.,Chien,C.W.,Zhao,M.,Li,H.C.,and Iizuka,Y.,2006.Geological Study of active cold seeps in the syncollision accretionary prism Kaoping slope off SW Taiwan.Terrestrial atmospheric and oceanic sciences,17(4):679-702.
Huang,C.Y.,Xia,K.Y.,Yuan,P.B.,and Chen,P.G.,2001.Structural evolution from Paleogene extension to Latest Miocene-Recent arc-continent collision offshore Taiwan:comparison with on land geology.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,19(5):619?639.
Judd,A.,and Hovland,M.,2007.Seabed Fluid Flow,475.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Lapham,L.L.,Chanton,J.P.,Martens,C.S.,Sleeper,K.,and Woolsey,J.R.,2008.Microbial activity in surficial sediments overlying acoustic wipeout zones at a Gulf of Mexico cold seep.Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,9(6):3043-3061.
Li,J.,Zhang,M.,and Kong,T.,2017.New Discoveries of the Influence of Sedimentary Environment on Rearranged Hopanes in Source Rocks.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(2):747-748.
Lin,A.T.,Watts,A.B.,and Hesselbow,S.P.,2003.Cenozoic stratigraphy and subsidence history of the South China Sea margin in the Taiwan region,Basin Research,15(4):453-478.
Meyers,P.A.,2003.Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions:a summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes.Organic Geochemistry,34(2):261-289.
Mille,G.,Asia,L.,Guiliano,M.,Malleret,L.,and Doumenq,P.,2007.Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Mediterranean Sea(Gulf of Fos area,France).Marine pollution bulletin,54(5):566-575.
Naraoka,H.,and Ishiwatari,R.,2000.Molecular and isotopic abundances of long-chain n-fatty acids in open marine sediments of the western North Pacific.Chemical Geology,165(1):23-36.
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