大气污染背景下公众减少驾车以及购车意愿的影响因素研究
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摘要
从"社会困境"的理论视角,使用针对北京居民环境行为的网络问卷调查数据,探究公众面临大气污染时选择减少驾车和购车行为的可能影响因素。采用线性与定序两种回归方法分析问卷调查数据,结果显示影响个体购车和驾车减排行为的主观因素有所不同。其中,未购车人群的购车意愿受到个体知觉行为控制感的影响较明显,而已购车人群减少驾车的意愿更容易受到个体对大气污染的道德规范影响。研究结果表明,当个体预期付出成本较大时,即使他们具备高的知觉行为控制感,也难以在行为上发生改变。
Drawing upon understanding on "social dilemma", this study uses online survey data obtained from Beijing residents to explore possible factors affecting the reduction of car-driving and car-purchasing intentions of the public in face of air pollution. Results illustrate that different factors influence individual's intention to reduce his car-purchasing or car-driving behavior. Individual intention to purchase his first car is most likely affected by the sense of behavior control. However, for those already purchasing his own car, intention to reduce driving is more likely to be affected by individual norms in regard of air pollution. The results suggest that when the public perceive a relatively high cost from environmental behavior, it is difficult for them to make changes even if they have a high sense of behavior control.
Drawing upon understanding on "social dilemma", this study uses online survey data obtained from Beijing residents to explore possible factors affecting the reduction of car-driving and car-purchasing intentions of the public in face of air pollution. Results illustrate that different factors influence individual's intention to reduce his car-purchasing or car-driving behavior. Individual intention to purchase his first car is most likely affected by the sense of behavior control. However, for those already purchasing his own car, intention to reduce driving is more likely to be affected by individual norms in regard of air pollution. The results suggest that when the public perceive a relatively high cost from environmental behavior, it is difficult for them to make changes even if they have a high sense of behavior control.
引文
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[6]Qiao Xue,Ying Qi,Li Xinghua,et al.Source apportionment of PM2.5 for 25 Chinese provincial capitals and municipalities using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality model.Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:462-471
[7]王雪松,李金龙,张远航,等.北京地区臭氧污染的来源分析.中国科学:化学,2009,39(6):548-559
[8]Yu Lingda,Wang Guangfu,Zhang Renjian,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in an urban environment in Beijing.Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13(2):574-583
[9]Nordlund A M,Garvill J.Effects of values,problem awareness,and personal norm on willingness to reduce personal car use.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(4):339-347
[10]Jensen B B.Knowledge,action and pro-environmental behaviour.Environmental Education Research,2002,8(3):325-334
[11]Kollmuss A,Agyeman J.Mind the gap:why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?.Environmental Education Research,2002,8(3):239-260
[12]Dawes R M.Social dilemmas.Annual Review of Psychology,1980,31(1):169-193
[13]Nyborg K,Anderies J M,Dannenberg A,et al.Social norms as solutions.Science,2016,354:42-43
[14]Olson M.The logic of collective action.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1965
[15]Andreoni J.Privately provided public goods in a large economy:the limits of altruism.Journal of Public Economics,1988,35(1):57-73
[16]Piliavin J A,Charng H W.Altruism:a review of recent theory and research.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,16(1):27-65
[17]Clark C F,Kotchen M J,Moore M R.Internal and external influences on pro-environmental behavior:participation in a green electricity program.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(3):237-246
[18]Andreoni J.Impure altruism and donations to public goods?:a theory of warm-glow giving.The Economic Journal,1990,100:464-477
[19]Turaga R M R,Howarth R B,Borsuk M E.Proenvironmental behavior:rational choice meets moral motivation.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1185(1):211-224
[20]Schwartz S H.Awareness of interpersonal consequences,responsibility denial,and volunteering.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1974,30(1):57-63
[21]Schwartz S H.Normative influences on altruism.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,1977,10:221-279
[22]Stern P C,Dietz T,Kalof L.Value orientations,gender,and environmental concern.Environment and Behavior,1993,25(5):322-348
[23]Brekke K A,Kverndokk S,Nyborg K.An economic model of moral motivation.Journal of Public Economics,2003,87(9):1967-1983
[24]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211
[25]Henry G T,Gordon C S.Driving less for better air:impacts of a public information campaign.Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2002,22(1):45-63
[26]Tertoolen G,Van Kreveld D,Verstraten B.Psychological resistance against attempts to reduce private car use.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,1998,32(3):171-181
[27]Gardner B,Abraham C.What drives car use?Agrounded theory analysis of commuters’reasons for driving.Transportation Research Part F:Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,2007,10(3):187-200
[28]Steg L.Car use:lust and must.Instrumental,symbolic and affective motives for car use.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2005,39(2/3):147-162
[29]Semenza J C,Hall D E,Wilson D J,et al.Public perception of climate change:voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008,35(5):479-487
[30]Lee J A,Holden S J S.Understanding the determinants of environmentally conscious behavior.Psychology and Marketing,1999,16(5):373-392
[31]Farrow K,Grolleau G,Ibanez L.Social norms and pro-environmental behavior:a review of the evidence.Ecological Economics,2017,140:1-13
[32]Xu Jianhua,Jiang Hua,Shao Kan.Perception and behavior:citizens’response toward urban air pollution//38th Anuual Fall Research Conference:The Role of Research in Making Government More Effective.Appam,2016:1-36
[33]Hunecke M,Bl?baum A,Matthies E,et al.Responsibility and environment:ecological norm orientation and external factors in the domain of travel mode choice behavior.Environment and Behavior,2001,33(6):830-852
[34]Lorenzoni I,Nicholson-Cole S,Whitmarsh L.Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications.Global Environmental Change,2007,17(3):445-459
[35]Inglehart R.Post-materialism in an environment of insecurity.The American Political Science Review,1981,75(4):880-900
[36]Aklin M,Bayer P,Harish S P,et al.Understanding environmental policy preferences:new evidence from Brazil.Ecological Economics,2013,94:28-36
[37]Chuk-ling Lai J,Tao J.Perception of environmental hazards in Hong Kong Chinese.Risk Analysis,2003,23(4):669-684
[38]Dietz T,Kalof L,Stern P C.Gender,values,and environmentalism.Social Science Quarterly,2002,83(1):353-364
[39]O’connor R E,Bord R J,Fisher A.Risk perceptions,general environmental beliefs,and willingness to address climate change.Risk Analysis,1999,19(3):461-471
[40]Liobikiene G,Juknys R.The role of values,environmental risk perception,awareness of consequences,and willingness to assume responsibility for environmentally-friendly behaviour:the Lithuanian case.Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:3413-3422
[41]Johnson B B.Experience with urban air pollution in Paterson,New Jersey and implications for Air Pollution Communication.Risk Analysis,2011,32(1):39-53
[42]Best H,Lanzendorf M.Division of labour and gender differences in metropolitan car use:an empirical study in Cologne,Germany.Journal of Transport Geography,2005,13(2):109-121
[43]Truelove H B,Gillis A J.Perception of pro-environmental behavior.Global Environmental Change,2018,49:175-185
[44]Cialdini R B,Trost M R.Social influence:social norms,conformity and compliance//Gilbert D T,Fiske S T,Lindzey G.The handbook of social psychology.New York:McGraw-Hill,1998:151-192
[45]Nolan J M,Schultz P W,Cialdini R B,et al.Normative social influence is underdetected.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(7):913-923
[46]Wall R,Devine-Wright P,Mill G A.Interactions between perceived behavioral control and personalnormative motives:Qualitative and quantitative evidence from a study of commuting-mode choice.Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2008,2(1):63-86
[47]Tobler C,Visschers V H M,Siegrist M.Addressing climate change:determinants of consumers’willingness to act and to support policy measures.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2012,32(3):197-207
[48]Skov T,Cordtz T,Jensen L K,et al.Modifications of health behaviour in response to air pollution notifications in Copenhagen.Social Science&Medicine,1991,33(5):621-626
[49]Lee Y.Attitudes of people in Hong Kong to cars and the environment:an application of cognitive dissonance theory[D].Hong Kong:University of Hong Kong,2003
[50]Major A M.Environmental concern and situational communication theory:implications for communicating with environmental publics.Journal of Public Relations Research,1993,5(4):251-268
[51]Karlin B,Davis N,Sanguinetti A,et al.Dimensions of conservation:exploring differences among energy behaviors.Environment and Behavior,2014,46(4):423-452
[52]Verplanken B,Aarts H,Knippenberg A,et al.Habit versus planned behaviour:a field experiment.British Journal of Social Psychology,1998,37(1):111-128
(1)伤残调整生命年是用来衡量疾病负担的单位,表征由于疾病、失能、早逝所带来的健康寿命损失年。
(1)Dawes对社会困境核心特征的描述都是针对个体层面而言,即全社会合作比全社会不合作对于单个个体而言是更好的。
[2]Forouzanfar M H,Alexander L,Anderson H R,et al.Global,regional,and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural,environmental and occupational,and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188countries,1990-2013:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,2015,386:2287-2323
[3]Landrigan P J,Fuller R,Acosta N J R,et al.The Lancet commission on pollution and health.The Lancet,2018,391:462-512
[4]Chen Y Y,Ebenstein A,Greenstone M,et al.Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States,2013,110(32):12936-12941
[5]Ebenstein A,Fan Maoyong,Greenstone M,et al.New evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States,2017,114(39):1-58
[6]Qiao Xue,Ying Qi,Li Xinghua,et al.Source apportionment of PM2.5 for 25 Chinese provincial capitals and municipalities using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality model.Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:462-471
[7]王雪松,李金龙,张远航,等.北京地区臭氧污染的来源分析.中国科学:化学,2009,39(6):548-559
[8]Yu Lingda,Wang Guangfu,Zhang Renjian,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in an urban environment in Beijing.Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13(2):574-583
[9]Nordlund A M,Garvill J.Effects of values,problem awareness,and personal norm on willingness to reduce personal car use.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(4):339-347
[10]Jensen B B.Knowledge,action and pro-environmental behaviour.Environmental Education Research,2002,8(3):325-334
[11]Kollmuss A,Agyeman J.Mind the gap:why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?.Environmental Education Research,2002,8(3):239-260
[12]Dawes R M.Social dilemmas.Annual Review of Psychology,1980,31(1):169-193
[13]Nyborg K,Anderies J M,Dannenberg A,et al.Social norms as solutions.Science,2016,354:42-43
[14]Olson M.The logic of collective action.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1965
[15]Andreoni J.Privately provided public goods in a large economy:the limits of altruism.Journal of Public Economics,1988,35(1):57-73
[16]Piliavin J A,Charng H W.Altruism:a review of recent theory and research.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,16(1):27-65
[17]Clark C F,Kotchen M J,Moore M R.Internal and external influences on pro-environmental behavior:participation in a green electricity program.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(3):237-246
[18]Andreoni J.Impure altruism and donations to public goods?:a theory of warm-glow giving.The Economic Journal,1990,100:464-477
[19]Turaga R M R,Howarth R B,Borsuk M E.Proenvironmental behavior:rational choice meets moral motivation.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1185(1):211-224
[20]Schwartz S H.Awareness of interpersonal consequences,responsibility denial,and volunteering.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1974,30(1):57-63
[21]Schwartz S H.Normative influences on altruism.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,1977,10:221-279
[22]Stern P C,Dietz T,Kalof L.Value orientations,gender,and environmental concern.Environment and Behavior,1993,25(5):322-348
[23]Brekke K A,Kverndokk S,Nyborg K.An economic model of moral motivation.Journal of Public Economics,2003,87(9):1967-1983
[24]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211
[25]Henry G T,Gordon C S.Driving less for better air:impacts of a public information campaign.Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2002,22(1):45-63
[26]Tertoolen G,Van Kreveld D,Verstraten B.Psychological resistance against attempts to reduce private car use.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,1998,32(3):171-181
[27]Gardner B,Abraham C.What drives car use?Agrounded theory analysis of commuters’reasons for driving.Transportation Research Part F:Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,2007,10(3):187-200
[28]Steg L.Car use:lust and must.Instrumental,symbolic and affective motives for car use.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2005,39(2/3):147-162
[29]Semenza J C,Hall D E,Wilson D J,et al.Public perception of climate change:voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008,35(5):479-487
[30]Lee J A,Holden S J S.Understanding the determinants of environmentally conscious behavior.Psychology and Marketing,1999,16(5):373-392
[31]Farrow K,Grolleau G,Ibanez L.Social norms and pro-environmental behavior:a review of the evidence.Ecological Economics,2017,140:1-13
[32]Xu Jianhua,Jiang Hua,Shao Kan.Perception and behavior:citizens’response toward urban air pollution//38th Anuual Fall Research Conference:The Role of Research in Making Government More Effective.Appam,2016:1-36
[33]Hunecke M,Bl?baum A,Matthies E,et al.Responsibility and environment:ecological norm orientation and external factors in the domain of travel mode choice behavior.Environment and Behavior,2001,33(6):830-852
[34]Lorenzoni I,Nicholson-Cole S,Whitmarsh L.Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications.Global Environmental Change,2007,17(3):445-459
[35]Inglehart R.Post-materialism in an environment of insecurity.The American Political Science Review,1981,75(4):880-900
[36]Aklin M,Bayer P,Harish S P,et al.Understanding environmental policy preferences:new evidence from Brazil.Ecological Economics,2013,94:28-36
[37]Chuk-ling Lai J,Tao J.Perception of environmental hazards in Hong Kong Chinese.Risk Analysis,2003,23(4):669-684
[38]Dietz T,Kalof L,Stern P C.Gender,values,and environmentalism.Social Science Quarterly,2002,83(1):353-364
[39]O’connor R E,Bord R J,Fisher A.Risk perceptions,general environmental beliefs,and willingness to address climate change.Risk Analysis,1999,19(3):461-471
[40]Liobikiene G,Juknys R.The role of values,environmental risk perception,awareness of consequences,and willingness to assume responsibility for environmentally-friendly behaviour:the Lithuanian case.Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:3413-3422
[41]Johnson B B.Experience with urban air pollution in Paterson,New Jersey and implications for Air Pollution Communication.Risk Analysis,2011,32(1):39-53
[42]Best H,Lanzendorf M.Division of labour and gender differences in metropolitan car use:an empirical study in Cologne,Germany.Journal of Transport Geography,2005,13(2):109-121
[43]Truelove H B,Gillis A J.Perception of pro-environmental behavior.Global Environmental Change,2018,49:175-185
[44]Cialdini R B,Trost M R.Social influence:social norms,conformity and compliance//Gilbert D T,Fiske S T,Lindzey G.The handbook of social psychology.New York:McGraw-Hill,1998:151-192
[45]Nolan J M,Schultz P W,Cialdini R B,et al.Normative social influence is underdetected.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(7):913-923
[46]Wall R,Devine-Wright P,Mill G A.Interactions between perceived behavioral control and personalnormative motives:Qualitative and quantitative evidence from a study of commuting-mode choice.Journal of Mixed Methods Research,2008,2(1):63-86
[47]Tobler C,Visschers V H M,Siegrist M.Addressing climate change:determinants of consumers’willingness to act and to support policy measures.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2012,32(3):197-207
[48]Skov T,Cordtz T,Jensen L K,et al.Modifications of health behaviour in response to air pollution notifications in Copenhagen.Social Science&Medicine,1991,33(5):621-626
[49]Lee Y.Attitudes of people in Hong Kong to cars and the environment:an application of cognitive dissonance theory[D].Hong Kong:University of Hong Kong,2003
[50]Major A M.Environmental concern and situational communication theory:implications for communicating with environmental publics.Journal of Public Relations Research,1993,5(4):251-268
[51]Karlin B,Davis N,Sanguinetti A,et al.Dimensions of conservation:exploring differences among energy behaviors.Environment and Behavior,2014,46(4):423-452
[52]Verplanken B,Aarts H,Knippenberg A,et al.Habit versus planned behaviour:a field experiment.British Journal of Social Psychology,1998,37(1):111-128
(1)伤残调整生命年是用来衡量疾病负担的单位,表征由于疾病、失能、早逝所带来的健康寿命损失年。
(1)Dawes对社会困境核心特征的描述都是针对个体层面而言,即全社会合作比全社会不合作对于单个个体而言是更好的。