Differential Characteristics of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale Reservoir and its Implications for Exploration and Development of Shale Gas in/around the Sichuan Basin
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摘要
The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(E&D) in China. Based on sedimentary environment, material basis, storage space, fracability and reservoir evolution data, the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas E&D are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that(1) the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM) shale gradually migrates from east to west. The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales, which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5. The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales, which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2) Deep shale gas(the burial depth >3500 m) in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties. The organic-rich siliceous, calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties. The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief, which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3) Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies, depth, pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties, it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200～4000 m under current technical conditions.(4) Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, several suggestions for future research directions and E&D of shale gas are formulated.
The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(E&D) in China. Based on sedimentary environment, material basis, storage space, fracability and reservoir evolution data, the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas E&D are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that(1) the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM) shale gradually migrates from east to west. The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales, which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5. The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales, which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2) Deep shale gas(the burial depth >3500 m) in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties. The organic-rich siliceous, calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties. The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief, which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3) Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies, depth, pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties, it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200～4000 m under current technical conditions.(4) Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, several suggestions for future research directions and E&D of shale gas are formulated.
The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(E&D) in China. Based on sedimentary environment, material basis, storage space, fracability and reservoir evolution data, the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas E&D are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that(1) the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM) shale gradually migrates from east to west. The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales, which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5. The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales, which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2) Deep shale gas(the burial depth >3500 m) in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties. The organic-rich siliceous, calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties. The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief, which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3) Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies, depth, pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties, it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200～4000 m under current technical conditions.(4) Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, several suggestions for future research directions and E&D of shale gas are formulated.
引文
Borjigin,T.,Shen,B.,Yu,L.,Yang,Y.,Zhang,W.,Tao,C.,Xi,B.,Zhang,Q.,Bao,F.,and Qin J.,2017.Mechanisms of shale gas generation and accumulation in the Ordovician WufengLongmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,44(1):69-78.
Chen,X.,Rong,J.,Charles,E.M.,David,A.T.H.,Fan,J.,Zhang,R.,Zhang,Y.,Li,R.,and Wang,Y.,2000.Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian graptolite and brachiopod biozonation from the Yangtze region,South China,with a global correlation.Geological Magazine,137(6):623-650.
Dong,D.,Shi,Z.,Guan,Q.,Jiang,S.,Zhang,M.,Zhang,C.,Wang,S.,Sun,S.,Yu,R.,Liu,D.,Peng,P.,and Wang,S.,2018a.Progress,challenges and prospects of shale gas exploration in the Wufeng-Longmaxi reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Industry B,5(5),415-424.
Dong,D.,Shi,Z.,Sun,S.,Guo,C.,Zhang,C.,Guo,W.,Guan,Q.,Zhang,M.,Jiang,S.,Zhang,L.,Ma,C.,Wu,J.,Li,N.,and Chang,Y.,2018b.Factors controlling microfractures in black shale:A case study of Ordovician Wufeng FormationSilurian Longmaxi Formation in Shuanghe Profile,Changning area,Sichuan Basin,SW China,Petroleum Exploration and Development,45(5):818-829.
Fan,C.,He,S.,Zhang,Y.,Qin,Q.,and Zhong,C.,2018.Development phases and mechanisms of tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation shale of the Dingshan area in Southeast Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(6):2351-2366.
Gale,J.F.W.,Reed,R.M.,and Holder,J.,2007.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments.AAPG Bulletin,91(4):603-622.
Han,C.,Han,M.,Jiang,Z.,Han,Z.,Song,Z.,Zhong,W.,Liu,K.,and Wang,C.,2019.Source analysis of quartz from the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian black shale and its effects on shale gas reservoir in the southern Sichuan Basin and its periphery,China.Geological Journal,54:438-449.
He,Z.,Hu,Z.,Nie,H.,Li,S.,and Xu,J.,2017a.Characterization of shale gas enrichment in the Wufeng Formatione-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin of China and evaluation of its geological constructiontransformation evolution sequence.Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience,2(1):1-10.
He,Z.,Nie,H.,Zhao,J.,Liu,W.,Bao,F.,and Zhang,W.,2017b.Types and origin of nanoscale pores and fractures in Wufeng and Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin and its periphery.Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,17(9):6626-6633.
Hu,Z.,Du,W.,Peng,Y.,and Zhao,J.,2015.Microscopic pore characteristics and the source-reservoir relationship of shale:A case study from the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Southeast Sichuan Basin.Oil&Gas Geology,36(6):1001-1008(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu,Z.,Du,W.,Sun,C.,Wu,J.,Zhu,T.,Zhao,J.,and Yan,C.,2018.Evolution and migration of shale facies and their control on shale gas:A case study from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in the Sichuan Basin and its surroundings.Interpretation,6(4):SN57-SN70.
Jarvie,D.M.,Hill,R.J.,Ruble,T.E.,and Pollastro,R.M.,2007.Unconventional shale-gas systems:The Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment.AAPG Bulletin,91(4):475-499.
Jin,Z.,Hu,Z.,Gao,B.,and Zhao,J.,2016.Controlling factors on the enrichment and high productivity of shale gas in the Wufeng Longmaxi Formation,southeastern Sichuan Basin.Earth Science Frontiers,23(1):1-10(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jin,Z.,Nie,H.,Liu,Q.,Zhao,J.,and Jiang,T.,2018.Source and seal coupling mechanism for shale gas enrichment in upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery.Marine and Petroleum Geology,97:78-93.
Li,S.,Santosh,M.,Zhao,G.,Zhang,G.,Jin,C.,2012.Intracontinental deformation in a frontier of superconvergence:a perspective on the tectonic milieu of the South China Block.Journal of Asian Earth Science,49:313-329.
Liu,S.,Ma,W.,Luba,J.,Huang,W.,Zeng,X.,and Zhang,C.,2011.Characteristics of the shale gas reservoir rocks in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,East Sichuan basin,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(8):2239-2252(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,W.,Liu,J.,Cai,M.,Luo,C.,Shi,X.,and Zhang,J.,2017.Pore evolution characteristic of shale in the Longmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin.Petroleum Research,2(4):291-300.
Liu,L.,Bao,H.,Li,K.,Li,G.,Zeng,Y.,Zheng,A.,and Xiong,H.,2018.Evaluation of gas content in shale reservoirs and analysis of influencing factors in Fuling shale gas field.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,40(1):58-63(in Chinese with English abstract).
Long,S.,Peng,Y.,Liu,H.,Zhao,C.,Zhao,J.,Yu,L.,Sun,C.,and Tang,X.,2017.Micro-characteristics of the shale in the First Member of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southeastern Sichuan basin,China.Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,17(9):6662-6669.
Long,S.,Feng,D.,Li,F.,and Du,W.,2018.Prospect of the deep marine shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,29(4):443-451(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nie,H.,Zhang,J.,and Jiang,S.,2015.Types and characteristics of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around the Sichuan Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(6):1973-1985.
Nie,H.,Jin,Z.,Bian,R.,and Du,W.,2016.The“source-cap hydrocarbon-controlling”enrichment of shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin and its periphery.Acta Petrolei Sinica,37(5):557-571(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nie,H.,Jin,Z.,Ma,X.,Liu,Z.,Lin,T.,and Yang,Z.,2017.Dispositional characteristics of Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas.Petroleum Research,2(3):233-246.
Nie,H.,Jin,Z.,and Zhang,J.,2018.Characteristics of three organic matter pore types in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale of the Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.Scientific Reports,8:1-11.
Qiao,H.,Jia,A.,Jia,C.,Wei,Y.,and Yuan,H.,2018.Factors controlling heterogeneity in the high-quality shale reservoirs of the Changning region.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University,40(3):23-33(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rickman,R.,Mullen,M.J.,Petre,J.E.,Grieser,W.V.,and Kundert,D.,2008.A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimi-zation:All shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale.SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,21-24.
Shi,X.,Jiang,S.,Lu,S.,He,Z.,Li,D.,Wang,Z.,and Xiao,D.,2019.Identification of mechanical properties of Longmaxi shale with beddings by nanoindentation tests:A case study on Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Youyang area in southeast Chongqing.Petroleum Exploration and Development,46(1):155-164.
Wang,R.,Gong,D.,Leng,J.,Wang,X.,Cong,Sen.,Ding,W.,Fu,F.,Yang,T.,and Lai,F.,2017.Developmental characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale reservoir in Northern Guizhou area:a case study in the Cengong block.Earth Science Frontiers,24(6):286-299(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,R.,Hu,Z.,Sun,C.,Liu,Z.,Zhang,C.,Gao,B.,Du,W.,Zhao,J.,and Tang,W,2018a.Comparative analysis of shale reservoir characteristics in the Wufeng-Longmaxi(O3w-S1l)and Niutitang(?1n)Formations:A case study of wells JY1and TX1 in the southeastern Sichuan Basin and its neighboring areas,southwestern China.Interpretation,6(4):SN31-SN45.
Wang,R.,Hu,Z.,Liu,J.,Wang,X.,Gong,D.,and Yang,T.,2018b.Comparative analysis of characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in marine and continental shales:A case study of the Lower Cambrian in Cengong area,northern Guizhou Province.Oil&Gas Geology,39(4):631-640(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei,X.,Zhao,Z.,Wang,Q.,Liu,Z.,Zhou,M.,and Zhang,H.,2017.Comprehensive Evaluation on Geological Conditions of the Shale Gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng FormationLower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Dingshan Area,Qijiang,Southeastern Sichuan.Geological Review,63(1):153-164(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu,J.,Liang,C.,Hu,Z.,Yang,R.,Xie,J.,Wang,R.,and Zhao,J.,2018.Sedimentation mechanisms and enrichment of organic matter in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin.Marine and Petroleum Geology,101:556-565.
Wu,J.,Liang,C.,Jiang,Z.,and Zhang,C.,2019.Shale reservoir characterization and control factors on gas accumulation of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale,Sichuan Basin,South China.Geological Journal,54:1604-1616.
Xi,B.,Borjigin,T.,Yu,L.,Jiang,H.,Shen,B.,and Deng,M.,2016.Trapping pressure of fluid inclusions and its significance in shale gas reservoirs,southeastern Sichuan Basin.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,38(4):473-479(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,H.,Zhang,J.,Wang,G.,Fu,L.,Sun,Q.,and Tian,Z.,2018.Fabric difference and mineral nanomechanics characteristics of high-quality shale in Longmaxi Formation,Weiyuan block in Sichuan Basin and Zhaotong block in Yunnan Province.Natural Gas Exploration and Development,41(1):16-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,R.,He,S.,Yi,J.,and Hu,Q.,2016.Nano-scale pore structure and fractal dimension of organic-rich WufengLongmaxi shale from Jiaoshiba area,Sichuan Basin:Investigations using FE-SEM,gas adsorption and helium pycnometry.Marine and Petroleum Geology,70:27-45.
Yang,R.,Hao,F.,He,S.,He,C.,Guo,X.,Yi,J.,Hu,H.,Zhang,S.,and Hu,Q.,2017.Experimental investigations on the geometry and connectivity of pore space in organic-rich Wufeng and Longmaxi shales.Marine and Petroleum Geology,84(6):225-242.
Yin,S.,Lv,D.,Jin,L.,and Ding,W.,2018.Experimental analysis and application of the effect of stress on continental shale reservoir brittleness.Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,15(2):478-494.
Yin,S.,and Ding,W.,2018.Evaluation indexes of coalbed methane accumulation in the strong deformed strike-slip fault zone considering tectonics and fractures:A 3D geomechanical simulation study.Geological Magazine,155:1-17.
Yin,S.,Xie,R.,Wu,Z.,Liu,J.,and Ding,W.,2019.In situ stress heterogeneity in a highly developed strike-slip fault zone and its effect on the distribution of tight gases:A 3Dfinite element simulation study.Marine and Petroleum Geology,81:1-17.
Yuan,Y.,Jin,Z.,Zhou,Y.,Li,S.,and Liu,Q.,2017.Burial depth interval of the shale brittle-ductile transition zone and its implications in shale gas exploration and production.Petroleum Science,4:1-11.
Zhang,C.,Wang,Y.,Dong,D.,and Guan,Q.,2016.Brittleness characteristics of Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in Changning region,Southern Sichuan.Natural Gas Geoscience,27(9):1629-1639(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhao,J.,Jin,Z.,Jin,Z.,Geng,Y.,Wen,X.,and Yan,C.,2016.Applying sedimentary geochemical proxies for paleoenvironment interpretation of organic-rich shale deposition in the Sichuan Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,163:52-71.
Zhao,J.,Jin,Z.,Jin,Z.,Wen,X.,and Geng,Y.,2017.Origin of authigenic quartz in organic-rich shales of the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in the Sichuan Basin,South China:Implications for pore evolution.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,38:21-38.
Zou,C.,Yang,Z.,Pan,S.,Chen,Y.,Lin,S.,Huang,J.,Wu,S.,Dong,D.,Wang,S.,Liang,F.,Sun,S.,Huang,Y.,and Weng,D.,2016.Shale gas formation and cccurrence in China:An overview of the current status and future potential.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(4):1249-1283.
Chen,X.,Rong,J.,Charles,E.M.,David,A.T.H.,Fan,J.,Zhang,R.,Zhang,Y.,Li,R.,and Wang,Y.,2000.Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian graptolite and brachiopod biozonation from the Yangtze region,South China,with a global correlation.Geological Magazine,137(6):623-650.
Dong,D.,Shi,Z.,Guan,Q.,Jiang,S.,Zhang,M.,Zhang,C.,Wang,S.,Sun,S.,Yu,R.,Liu,D.,Peng,P.,and Wang,S.,2018a.Progress,challenges and prospects of shale gas exploration in the Wufeng-Longmaxi reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Industry B,5(5),415-424.
Dong,D.,Shi,Z.,Sun,S.,Guo,C.,Zhang,C.,Guo,W.,Guan,Q.,Zhang,M.,Jiang,S.,Zhang,L.,Ma,C.,Wu,J.,Li,N.,and Chang,Y.,2018b.Factors controlling microfractures in black shale:A case study of Ordovician Wufeng FormationSilurian Longmaxi Formation in Shuanghe Profile,Changning area,Sichuan Basin,SW China,Petroleum Exploration and Development,45(5):818-829.
Fan,C.,He,S.,Zhang,Y.,Qin,Q.,and Zhong,C.,2018.Development phases and mechanisms of tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation shale of the Dingshan area in Southeast Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(6):2351-2366.
Gale,J.F.W.,Reed,R.M.,and Holder,J.,2007.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments.AAPG Bulletin,91(4):603-622.
Han,C.,Han,M.,Jiang,Z.,Han,Z.,Song,Z.,Zhong,W.,Liu,K.,and Wang,C.,2019.Source analysis of quartz from the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian black shale and its effects on shale gas reservoir in the southern Sichuan Basin and its periphery,China.Geological Journal,54:438-449.
He,Z.,Hu,Z.,Nie,H.,Li,S.,and Xu,J.,2017a.Characterization of shale gas enrichment in the Wufeng Formatione-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin of China and evaluation of its geological constructiontransformation evolution sequence.Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience,2(1):1-10.
He,Z.,Nie,H.,Zhao,J.,Liu,W.,Bao,F.,and Zhang,W.,2017b.Types and origin of nanoscale pores and fractures in Wufeng and Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin and its periphery.Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,17(9):6626-6633.
Hu,Z.,Du,W.,Peng,Y.,and Zhao,J.,2015.Microscopic pore characteristics and the source-reservoir relationship of shale:A case study from the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Southeast Sichuan Basin.Oil&Gas Geology,36(6):1001-1008(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu,Z.,Du,W.,Sun,C.,Wu,J.,Zhu,T.,Zhao,J.,and Yan,C.,2018.Evolution and migration of shale facies and their control on shale gas:A case study from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in the Sichuan Basin and its surroundings.Interpretation,6(4):SN57-SN70.
Jarvie,D.M.,Hill,R.J.,Ruble,T.E.,and Pollastro,R.M.,2007.Unconventional shale-gas systems:The Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment.AAPG Bulletin,91(4):475-499.
Jin,Z.,Hu,Z.,Gao,B.,and Zhao,J.,2016.Controlling factors on the enrichment and high productivity of shale gas in the Wufeng Longmaxi Formation,southeastern Sichuan Basin.Earth Science Frontiers,23(1):1-10(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jin,Z.,Nie,H.,Liu,Q.,Zhao,J.,and Jiang,T.,2018.Source and seal coupling mechanism for shale gas enrichment in upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery.Marine and Petroleum Geology,97:78-93.
Li,S.,Santosh,M.,Zhao,G.,Zhang,G.,Jin,C.,2012.Intracontinental deformation in a frontier of superconvergence:a perspective on the tectonic milieu of the South China Block.Journal of Asian Earth Science,49:313-329.
Liu,S.,Ma,W.,Luba,J.,Huang,W.,Zeng,X.,and Zhang,C.,2011.Characteristics of the shale gas reservoir rocks in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,East Sichuan basin,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(8):2239-2252(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,W.,Liu,J.,Cai,M.,Luo,C.,Shi,X.,and Zhang,J.,2017.Pore evolution characteristic of shale in the Longmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin.Petroleum Research,2(4):291-300.
Liu,L.,Bao,H.,Li,K.,Li,G.,Zeng,Y.,Zheng,A.,and Xiong,H.,2018.Evaluation of gas content in shale reservoirs and analysis of influencing factors in Fuling shale gas field.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,40(1):58-63(in Chinese with English abstract).
Long,S.,Peng,Y.,Liu,H.,Zhao,C.,Zhao,J.,Yu,L.,Sun,C.,and Tang,X.,2017.Micro-characteristics of the shale in the First Member of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southeastern Sichuan basin,China.Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,17(9):6662-6669.
Long,S.,Feng,D.,Li,F.,and Du,W.,2018.Prospect of the deep marine shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,29(4):443-451(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nie,H.,Zhang,J.,and Jiang,S.,2015.Types and characteristics of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around the Sichuan Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(6):1973-1985.
Nie,H.,Jin,Z.,Bian,R.,and Du,W.,2016.The“source-cap hydrocarbon-controlling”enrichment of shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin and its periphery.Acta Petrolei Sinica,37(5):557-571(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nie,H.,Jin,Z.,Ma,X.,Liu,Z.,Lin,T.,and Yang,Z.,2017.Dispositional characteristics of Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas.Petroleum Research,2(3):233-246.
Nie,H.,Jin,Z.,and Zhang,J.,2018.Characteristics of three organic matter pore types in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale of the Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.Scientific Reports,8:1-11.
Qiao,H.,Jia,A.,Jia,C.,Wei,Y.,and Yuan,H.,2018.Factors controlling heterogeneity in the high-quality shale reservoirs of the Changning region.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University,40(3):23-33(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rickman,R.,Mullen,M.J.,Petre,J.E.,Grieser,W.V.,and Kundert,D.,2008.A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimi-zation:All shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale.SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,21-24.
Shi,X.,Jiang,S.,Lu,S.,He,Z.,Li,D.,Wang,Z.,and Xiao,D.,2019.Identification of mechanical properties of Longmaxi shale with beddings by nanoindentation tests:A case study on Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Youyang area in southeast Chongqing.Petroleum Exploration and Development,46(1):155-164.
Wang,R.,Gong,D.,Leng,J.,Wang,X.,Cong,Sen.,Ding,W.,Fu,F.,Yang,T.,and Lai,F.,2017.Developmental characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale reservoir in Northern Guizhou area:a case study in the Cengong block.Earth Science Frontiers,24(6):286-299(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,R.,Hu,Z.,Sun,C.,Liu,Z.,Zhang,C.,Gao,B.,Du,W.,Zhao,J.,and Tang,W,2018a.Comparative analysis of shale reservoir characteristics in the Wufeng-Longmaxi(O3w-S1l)and Niutitang(?1n)Formations:A case study of wells JY1and TX1 in the southeastern Sichuan Basin and its neighboring areas,southwestern China.Interpretation,6(4):SN31-SN45.
Wang,R.,Hu,Z.,Liu,J.,Wang,X.,Gong,D.,and Yang,T.,2018b.Comparative analysis of characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in marine and continental shales:A case study of the Lower Cambrian in Cengong area,northern Guizhou Province.Oil&Gas Geology,39(4):631-640(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei,X.,Zhao,Z.,Wang,Q.,Liu,Z.,Zhou,M.,and Zhang,H.,2017.Comprehensive Evaluation on Geological Conditions of the Shale Gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng FormationLower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Dingshan Area,Qijiang,Southeastern Sichuan.Geological Review,63(1):153-164(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu,J.,Liang,C.,Hu,Z.,Yang,R.,Xie,J.,Wang,R.,and Zhao,J.,2018.Sedimentation mechanisms and enrichment of organic matter in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin.Marine and Petroleum Geology,101:556-565.
Wu,J.,Liang,C.,Jiang,Z.,and Zhang,C.,2019.Shale reservoir characterization and control factors on gas accumulation of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale,Sichuan Basin,South China.Geological Journal,54:1604-1616.
Xi,B.,Borjigin,T.,Yu,L.,Jiang,H.,Shen,B.,and Deng,M.,2016.Trapping pressure of fluid inclusions and its significance in shale gas reservoirs,southeastern Sichuan Basin.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,38(4):473-479(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,H.,Zhang,J.,Wang,G.,Fu,L.,Sun,Q.,and Tian,Z.,2018.Fabric difference and mineral nanomechanics characteristics of high-quality shale in Longmaxi Formation,Weiyuan block in Sichuan Basin and Zhaotong block in Yunnan Province.Natural Gas Exploration and Development,41(1):16-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,R.,He,S.,Yi,J.,and Hu,Q.,2016.Nano-scale pore structure and fractal dimension of organic-rich WufengLongmaxi shale from Jiaoshiba area,Sichuan Basin:Investigations using FE-SEM,gas adsorption and helium pycnometry.Marine and Petroleum Geology,70:27-45.
Yang,R.,Hao,F.,He,S.,He,C.,Guo,X.,Yi,J.,Hu,H.,Zhang,S.,and Hu,Q.,2017.Experimental investigations on the geometry and connectivity of pore space in organic-rich Wufeng and Longmaxi shales.Marine and Petroleum Geology,84(6):225-242.
Yin,S.,Lv,D.,Jin,L.,and Ding,W.,2018.Experimental analysis and application of the effect of stress on continental shale reservoir brittleness.Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,15(2):478-494.
Yin,S.,and Ding,W.,2018.Evaluation indexes of coalbed methane accumulation in the strong deformed strike-slip fault zone considering tectonics and fractures:A 3D geomechanical simulation study.Geological Magazine,155:1-17.
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