施用生物炭和秸秆对石灰性褐土氮肥去向的影响
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摘要
为明确秸秆直接还田和秸秆炭化为生物炭后施入土壤对氮肥转化(植株吸收、土壤残留及损失)的影响,采用大田微区试验,运用15N标记示踪技术,分析了石灰性褐土施用生物炭和秸秆后氮肥的去向,并阐明其影响机制。试验共设3个处理,单施化肥(NPK)、施化肥并施生物炭(NPK+B)以及施化肥并施秸秆(NPK+S)。结果表明:石灰性褐土上高粱植株当季的氮肥吸收率、土壤残留率和损失率分别是18.41%～24.94%、22.67%～35.47%和46.12%～52.40%;与NPK处理相比,NPK+B和NPK+S处理高粱植株的氮肥利用率分别降低2.20个百分点和6.53个百分点(P<0.05),土壤残留率分别增加5.58个百分点(P<0.05)和12.80个百分点(P<0.05),氮肥损失率分别降低3.40个百分点和6.28个百分点(P<0.05);施用秸秆显著提高了土壤活性有机碳含量、土壤微生物数量及代谢活性,增强了氮肥转化过程中土壤微生物对肥料氮的固定,从而减少氮肥损失。因此,与施用生物炭比较,秸秆直接还田是提高石灰性褐土氮肥有效性及秸秆资源合理利用的更有效途径。
【Objective】Nowadays, application of straw directly or after it is pyrolyzed into biochar is the main practice of straw resource utilization. However, how application of straw directly or after it is pyrolyzed into biochar affects transformation of nitrogen is still not clear.【Method】 A field experiment was carried out to explore effect of the application on transformation of fertilizer N in calcareous cinnamon soil and its possible mechanism. Sorghum uptake, residual in soil and losses of fertilizer N were studied using the 15 N isotope technique. The experiment was designed to have three treatments: NPK(chemical fertilizer only), NPK+B(chemical fertilizer with straw biochar), and NPK+S(chemical fertilizer with straw). 【Result】Sorghum nitrogen absorption rate, soil N retention rate, and N loss rate in the experiment was determined to be 18.4%～24.9%, 22.7%～35.5% and 46.1%～52.4%, respectively. Compared with NPK,NPK+B and NPK+S was 2.20 and 6.53(P<0.05) percentage point respectively lower in sorghum nitrogen absorption rate and 3.40 and 6.28(P<0.05) percentage point lower in N loss rate, but 5.58(P<0.05) and12.80(P<0.05) percentage point higher in soil N retension rate. Besides, NPK+B and NPK+S was 23.5%(P<0.05) and 4.3% respectively higher than NPK in content of soil organic carbon, 2.8% and 19.4% higher in soil labile organic carbon, 25.0% and 13.4% higher in population of soil bacteria, and 29.4% and 161.1%higher in population of fungi. Moreover, NPK+S was 103.7% and 72.8% higher than NPK+B and NPK in AWCD(Average well color development) value after 96 hours of incubation. 【Conclusion】In conclusion,application of straw or straw-derived biochar may reduce nitrogen absorption rate of sorghum, increase N retention rate, and lower N loss rate in the calcareous cinnamon soil. Application of straw significantly increases soil labile organic carbon, soil microbial population and metabolic activity, which in turn improves nitrogen transformation from nitrogen fertilizer to soil nutrient, and consequently reduces N loss rate. Straw returning or application o straw directly is an effective measure to improve availability of nitrogen fertilizer to the crop in the calcareous soil and promote reasonable utilization of the straw resources.
【Objective】Nowadays, application of straw directly or after it is pyrolyzed into biochar is the main practice of straw resource utilization. However, how application of straw directly or after it is pyrolyzed into biochar affects transformation of nitrogen is still not clear.【Method】 A field experiment was carried out to explore effect of the application on transformation of fertilizer N in calcareous cinnamon soil and its possible mechanism. Sorghum uptake, residual in soil and losses of fertilizer N were studied using the 15 N isotope technique. The experiment was designed to have three treatments: NPK(chemical fertilizer only), NPK+B(chemical fertilizer with straw biochar), and NPK+S(chemical fertilizer with straw). 【Result】Sorghum nitrogen absorption rate, soil N retention rate, and N loss rate in the experiment was determined to be 18.4%～24.9%, 22.7%～35.5% and 46.1%～52.4%, respectively. Compared with NPK,NPK+B and NPK+S was 2.20 and 6.53(P<0.05) percentage point respectively lower in sorghum nitrogen absorption rate and 3.40 and 6.28(P<0.05) percentage point lower in N loss rate, but 5.58(P<0.05) and12.80(P<0.05) percentage point higher in soil N retension rate. Besides, NPK+B and NPK+S was 23.5%(P<0.05) and 4.3% respectively higher than NPK in content of soil organic carbon, 2.8% and 19.4% higher in soil labile organic carbon, 25.0% and 13.4% higher in population of soil bacteria, and 29.4% and 161.1%higher in population of fungi. Moreover, NPK+S was 103.7% and 72.8% higher than NPK+B and NPK in AWCD(Average well color development) value after 96 hours of incubation. 【Conclusion】In conclusion,application of straw or straw-derived biochar may reduce nitrogen absorption rate of sorghum, increase N retention rate, and lower N loss rate in the calcareous cinnamon soil. Application of straw significantly increases soil labile organic carbon, soil microbial population and metabolic activity, which in turn improves nitrogen transformation from nitrogen fertilizer to soil nutrient, and consequently reduces N loss rate. Straw returning or application o straw directly is an effective measure to improve availability of nitrogen fertilizer to the crop in the calcareous soil and promote reasonable utilization of the straw resources.
引文
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[2]Seufert V,Ramankutty N,Foley J A.Comparing the yields of organic and convertional agriculture.Nature,2012,485(7397):229-232
[3]Shindo H,Nishio T.Immobilization and remineralization of N following addition of wheat straw into soil:Detemination of gross N transrformation rates by 15N-ammonium isotope dilution technique.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2005,37(3):425-432
[4]胡国庆,刘肖,何红波,等.免耕覆盖还田下玉米秸秆氮素的去向研究.土壤学报,2016,53(4):963-971Hu G Q,Liu X,He H B,et al.Fate of nitrogen contained in maize stalk mulch in no-tillage system(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(4):963-971
[5]Huang Y,Zou J W,Zheng X H,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions as influenced by amendment of plant residues with different C:N ratios.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36(6):973-981
[6]Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-A review.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Chance,2006,11(2):395-419
[7]杜衍红,蒋恩臣,王明峰,等.炭-肥互作对芥菜产量和肥料利用率的影响.农业机械学报,2016,47(4):59-64Du Y H,Jiang E C,Wang M F,et al.Effect of interaction of biochar and fertilizer on mustard yield and fertilizer utilization rate(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(4):59-64
[8]王军,施雨,李子媛,等.生物炭对退化蔬菜地土壤及其修复过程中N2O产排的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(3):713-723Wang J,Shi Y,Li Z Y,et al.Effects of biochar application on N2O emission in degraded vegetable soil and in remediation process of the soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(3):713-723
[9]Ding Y,Liu Y X,Wu W X.Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multilayered soil columns.Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2010,213(1/4):47-55
[10]Steiner C,Glaser B,Teixeira W G,et al.Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian Ferrasol amended with compost and charcoal.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171(6):893-899
[11]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.旱地土壤施用生物炭减少土壤氮损失及提高氮素利用率.农业工程学报,2014,30(6):54-61Gao D C,Zhang L,Liu Q,et al.Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):54-61
[12]Jones D L,Rousk J,Edwards-Jones G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124
[13]刘娇,高健,赵英.玉米秸秆及其黑炭添加对黄绵土氮素转化的影响.土壤学报,2014,51(6):1361-1368Liu J,Gao J,Zhao Y.Effect of addition of both maize stalk and its biochar to loess soil on N transformations(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(6):1361-1368
[14]葛顺峰,彭玲,任饴华,等.秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子交换量和氮素利用的影响.中国农业科学,2014,47(2):366-373Ge S F,Peng L,Ren Y H,et al.Effect of straw and biochar on soil bulk density,cation exchange capacity and nitrogen absorption in apple orchard soil(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(2):366-373
[15]王浩.不同水分条件下生物炭对土壤特性和高粱生长的影响.太原:山西大学,2015Wang H.Effects of biochar on soil properties and sorghum growth under different levels of water(In Chinese).Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2015
[16]武爱莲,丁玉川,焦晓燕,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对褐土微生物功能多样性及细菌群落的影响.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):736-743Wu A L,Ding Y C,Jiao X Y,et al.Effect of cornstalk biochar on soil microbial functional diversity and bacterial community in cinnamon soils(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(6):736-743
[17]Frac M,Oszust K,Lipiec J.Community level physiological profiles(CLPP),characterization and microbial activity of soil amended with dairy sewage sludge.Sensors,2012,12(3):3253-3268
[18]许毛毛.秸秆与秸秆炭对土壤碳库及养分的影响.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016Xu M M,Effects of straw and biochar on soil organic carbon pool management index and soil nutrients(In Chinese).Haerbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2016
[19]Zhang A F,Cui L Q,Pan G X,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake Plain,China.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2010,139(4):469-475
[20]王耀锋,刘玉学,吕豪豪,等.水洗生物炭配施化肥对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):1049-1055Wa n g Y F,Liu Y X,LüH H,et al.E ffect of washing biochar and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and nutrient uptake(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(4):1049-1055
[21]Eagle A J,Bird J A,Horwath W R,et al.Rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under alternative straw management practices.Agronomy Journal,2000,92(6):1096-1103
[22]李玮,乔玉强,陈欢,等.玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦土壤氮素表观盈亏及产量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(3):561-570Li W,Qiao Y Q,Chen H,et al.Effects of combined maize straw and N application on soil nitrogen surplus amount and yield of winter wheat(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(3):561-570
[23]Bingemann C W,Varner J E,Mar t in W P.The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil.Soil Science Society of American Proceedings,1953,17:34-38
[24]赵金花,张丛志,张佳宝.激发式秸秆深还对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(2):438-449Zhao J H,Zhang C Z,Zhang J B.Effect of straw returning via deep burial coupled with application of fertilizeras primer on soil nutrients and winter wheat yield(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):438-449
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