新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果〔Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.〕种群年龄结构
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摘要
人类活动和自然环境的胁迫加速了中亚地区新疆野苹果〔Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.〕种群栖息环境的丧失,新疆野苹果种群面积和生存力趋于下降。本文以第三纪孑遗植物新疆野苹果为研究对象,野外系统调查新疆野苹果种群的生存现状,比较新疆伊犁和哈萨克斯坦分布的新疆野苹果种群年龄结构及果实产量,对两地当前新疆野苹果种群变化进行了分析。研究结果显示:当前伊犁地区和20世纪70年代哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群的龄级结构主要以中龄(1550 cm)树为主,而幼龄(015 cm)与老龄(5075 cm)树较少。1969年和1970年哈萨克斯坦的新疆野苹果种群生存力最弱,种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ),但其产量较高; 2016年和2017年伊犁的新疆野苹果种群生存力相对较弱,种群趋于衰退(Deevey-Ⅲ),产量较低; 2013年哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群生存力相对最强,种群最稳定(Deevey-Ⅱ);幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子。目前,在哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果保护区内需进行适当放牧干扰,以扩大种子的传播,提高种子的萌发;新疆地区以建立保护区为主,杜绝新疆野苹果的采收和降低野果林内的割草强度,以保护幼苗的生存数量,提高新疆野苹果的种子库,加快新疆野苹果种群更新。
Environmental and human stress accelerate the loss of wild apple habitats in Central Asia,causing the decline of population and viability of wild apples. In this paper,the population of a tertiary relict plant Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem. was studied. The status of wild apple population was systematically surveyed,and the age structure,fruit yield and population dynamic change of wild apple in Xinjiang (Ili River Valley) of China and Kazakhstan were compared. The results showed that the population age structure was currently and even in the 1970 s dominated by the middle-aged (15-50 cm) trees,and the proportion of young (0-15 cm) and old (50-75 cm)trees was low in the Ili River Valley of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. Compared with the population in Xinjiang,the life vitality of wild apple population was weaker while the fruit yield was relatively high,and the population was in a severe decline (Deevey-Ⅲ) in Kazakhstan from 1969 to 1970. In 2013,the population of wild apple trees in Kazakhstan showed a strong life vitality and stable population structure (Deevey-Ⅱ). The key factor that resulted in the decline of wild apple population was the lack of young individual trees. Detailed advices were proposed to the conservation and regeneration of wild apple forest in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. For Kazakhstan,an appropriate level of grazing was suggested to enhance the seed spreading and germinating. For Ili of Xinjiang,the conservation areas should be established,while the wild apple fruit collection and mowing in wild apple forest should be prohibited or under well control so as to protect the seedlings as well as the natural seed bank.
Environmental and human stress accelerate the loss of wild apple habitats in Central Asia,causing the decline of population and viability of wild apples. In this paper,the population of a tertiary relict plant Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem. was studied. The status of wild apple population was systematically surveyed,and the age structure,fruit yield and population dynamic change of wild apple in Xinjiang (Ili River Valley) of China and Kazakhstan were compared. The results showed that the population age structure was currently and even in the 1970 s dominated by the middle-aged (15-50 cm) trees,and the proportion of young (0-15 cm) and old (50-75 cm)trees was low in the Ili River Valley of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. Compared with the population in Xinjiang,the life vitality of wild apple population was weaker while the fruit yield was relatively high,and the population was in a severe decline (Deevey-Ⅲ) in Kazakhstan from 1969 to 1970. In 2013,the population of wild apple trees in Kazakhstan showed a strong life vitality and stable population structure (Deevey-Ⅱ). The key factor that resulted in the decline of wild apple population was the lack of young individual trees. Detailed advices were proposed to the conservation and regeneration of wild apple forest in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. For Kazakhstan,an appropriate level of grazing was suggested to enhance the seed spreading and germinating. For Ili of Xinjiang,the conservation areas should be established,while the wild apple fruit collection and mowing in wild apple forest should be prohibited or under well control so as to protect the seedlings as well as the natural seed bank.
引文
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[4]李飞飞,崔大方,廖文波,等.中国新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem.]种群地理分布格局及其遗传关系研究[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(6):926-932.[Li Feifei,Cui Dafang,Liao Wenbo,et al.Geographic distribution pattern and genetic relationship of Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem.in China[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(6):926-932.]
[5]羊海军,崔大方,许正,等.中国天山野果林种子植物组成及资源状况分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2003,12(2):39-45.[Yang Haijun,Cui Dafang,Xu Zheng,et al.Analysis on the components and resource situation of seed plants in the wild fruit forest in Tianshan Mountain in China[J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,2003,12(2):39-45.]
[6]Barbera G,Boschiero P,Latini L,et al.The Wild Apple Forests of the Tien Shan[M].Treviso:Fondazione Benetton Studi Ricerche,2016:25-27.
[7]刘华,臧润国,丁易,等.天山西部新疆野苹果种群特征[J].林业科学,2010,46(11):1-7.[Liu Hua,Zang Runguo,Ding Yi,et al.Population characteristics of Malus sieversii in the west part of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(11):1-7.]
[8]傅立国.中国植物红皮书[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.[Fu Liguo.China Plant Red Data Book[M].Beijing:Science Press,1991.]
[9]Tripathi R S,Khan M L.Regeneration dynamics of natural forests:A review[J].Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy,2007,73(3):167-195.
[10]Singh S P,Tewari J C,Yadav S,et al.Population structure of tree species in forests as an indicator of regeneration and future stability[J].Plant Sciences,1986,96(6):443-455.
[11]Good N F,Good R E.Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in a mature eastern hardwood forest[J].Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1972,99(4):172-178.
[12]李宁,白冰,鲁长虎.植物种群更新限制---从种子生产到幼树建成[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6 624-6 632.[Li Ning,Bai Bing,Lu Changhu.Recruitment limitation of plant population:From seed production to sapling establishment[J].Acta Ecologica Science,2011,31(21):6 624-6 632.]
[13]崔晓宁,刘德广,刘爱华.苹果小吉丁虫综合防控研究进展[J].植物保护,2015,41(2):16-23.[Cui Xiaoning,Liu Deguang,Liu Aihua.Research progress in integrated management of Agrilus mali[J].Plant Protection,2015,41(2):16-23.]
[14]秦伟,沙红,刘立强,等.新疆野苹果资源遗传多样性SSR分析[J].果树学报,2012,29(2):161-165.[Qin Wei,Sha Hong,Liu Liqiang,et al.SSR analysis for genetic diversity of Malus sieversii from Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2012,29(2):161-165.]
[15]赵佩.新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)繁殖相关特性及分子系统发育研究[D].天津:天津农学院,2013.[Zhao Pei.Characteres of Reproduction and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Malus sieversii[D].Tianjin:Tianjin Agricultural University,2013.]
[16]冯涛,张艳敏,陈学森.新疆野苹果居群年龄结构及郁闭度研究[J].果树学报,2007,24(5):571-574.[Feng Tao,Zhang Yanmin,Chen Xuesen.Study on the age structure and density of the wild apple forest of Malus sieversii[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2007,24(5):571-574.]
[17]刘忠权,董合干,梁巧玲,等.孑遗植物新疆野苹果种群生命表与生存分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(10):98-103.[Liu Zhongquan,Dong Hegan,Liang Qiaoling,et al.Life table and survival analysis of relict plant Malus Sieversii population[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(10):98-103.]
[18]程功,刘立强,颉刚刚,等.新源野果林主要气象特征和人工更新集雨防草技术研究[J].经济林研究,2018,36(3):127-135,150.[Cheng Gong,Liu Liqiang,Xie Ganggang,et al.Study on the main meteorological characteristics and artificial regeneration rain-collection and weeds-controlling techniques of wild fruit forest in Xinyuan[J].Non-Wood Forest Research,2018,36(3):127-135,150.]
[19]刘忠权,陈卫民,许正,等.新疆天山西部野苹果林分布与苹果小吉丁虫危害现状研究[J].北方园艺,2014(17):121-124.[Liu Zhonqquan,Chen Weiming,Xu Zheng,et al.Malus Sievers forest distribution and Agrilus mali Matsumura status of damage in the west part of Tianshan Mountains[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(17):121-124.]
[20]马闯,杨美玲,张云秀,等.新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)种群年龄结构及其动态特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):156-164.[Ma Chuang,Yang Meiling,Zhang Yunxiu,et al.Age composition and dynamic characteristics of the main populations of endangered Malus sieversii[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):156-164.]
[21]李利平,海鹰,安尼瓦尔·买买提,等.新疆伊犁地区野果林的群落特征及保护[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(1):60-66.[Li Liping,Hai Ying,Anwar Mohammat,et al.Community structure and conservation of wild fruit forests in the Ili valley,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2011,28(1):60-66.]
[22]Mambetov B T,Maisupova B D,Utebekova A D,et al.The observation of apple woods’natural regeneration in Transili Ala Tau[J].Middle East Journal of Scientific Research,2013,17(11):1 560-1 563.
[23]Forsline P L,Aldwinckle H S,Dickson E E,et al.Horticultural Reviews:Wild Apple and Fruit Trees of Central Asia,Volume 29[M].New York:Wiley,2010:159-170.
[24]陈加利,姜喜,韩路.人工林胡杨树高、基径、冠径与胸径的关系分析[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(16):18-21.[Chen Jiali,Jiang Xi,Han Lu.Analysis of relationship among tree height,basal diameter,crown diameter and breast diameter in the Populus euphratica Plantation[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(16):18-21.]
[25]Khatry Chhetri D B,Fowler G W.Estimating diameter at breast height and basal diameter of trees from stump measurements in Nepal’s lower temperate broad-leaved forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1996,81(1-3):75-84.
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