地震裂缝预测技术研究进展
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摘要
地下裂缝识别和预测对于油气勘探具有重要的实践价值。相关的理论研究和现场试验已经证明裂缝诱发的各向异性会对岩石的地震波传播特征产生影响,通过地震资料识别和表征地下裂缝的走向、密度及分布范围是可行的。地震识别裂缝方法具有费用低、覆盖范围广和探测深度大的优点,主要包括多分量转换波裂缝检测、纵波方位各向异性检测和叠后地震属性分析三大类。从应用情况来看,由于数据基础、数据要求、技术完备程度3方面的原因,不同方法的应用程度及效果存在差异。随着采集和处理等技术的不断进步,多分量转换波裂缝检测、纵波方位各向异性检测方法会得到更为广泛的应用;而在传统三维叠后数据基础上发展起来的属性分析技术也会因为数据对象类型的多样化而获得更为广阔的发展空间。
Fracture identification and prediction is significant in hydrocarbon exploration.Corresponding theory and experiments have shown that the anisotropy caused by fracture will affect seismic reflection features during wave propagation.For this reason,it is feasible to characterize fracture trend,intensity and distribution by using seismic data.For fracture prediction,seismic technology is characterized by low cost,extensive coverage area and large probing depth compared with other methods,which can be divided into three types,including multi-component converted-wave fracture characterization,azimuth anisotropy detection of P-wave response and post-stack seismic attribute analysis.Various techniques have different popularity and efficiency because of the difference from data source,data requirement and technique maturity.With the development of surveying and processing techniques,multi-component converted-wave fracture characterization and azimuth anisotropy detection of P-wave response will be more widely used in fracture characterization.For the same reason,seismic attribute anomaly detection will also be more important in using various dataset to recognize fractured reservoirs.
Fracture identification and prediction is significant in hydrocarbon exploration.Corresponding theory and experiments have shown that the anisotropy caused by fracture will affect seismic reflection features during wave propagation.For this reason,it is feasible to characterize fracture trend,intensity and distribution by using seismic data.For fracture prediction,seismic technology is characterized by low cost,extensive coverage area and large probing depth compared with other methods,which can be divided into three types,including multi-component converted-wave fracture characterization,azimuth anisotropy detection of P-wave response and post-stack seismic attribute analysis.Various techniques have different popularity and efficiency because of the difference from data source,data requirement and technique maturity.With the development of surveying and processing techniques,multi-component converted-wave fracture characterization and azimuth anisotropy detection of P-wave response will be more widely used in fracture characterization.For the same reason,seismic attribute anomaly detection will also be more important in using various dataset to recognize fractured reservoirs.
引文
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[14]Grechka V,Vasconcelos I,Kachanov M.The influ-ence of crack shape on the effective elasticity of frac-tured rocks[J].Geophysics,2006,71(5):D153-D160
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[16]Sava D.Quantitative data integration for fracturecharacterization using statistical rock physics[D].California,USA:Stanford University,2004
[17]刘恩儒,曾新吾.裂缝介质的有效弹性常数[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1):37-44Liu E R,Zeng X W.Effective elastic constant offractured medium[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2001,36(1):37-44
[18]Sena A G.Seismic traveltime equations for azimuth-ally anisotropic and isotropic media:estimation ofinterval elastic properties[J].Geophysics,1991,56(12):2090-2101
[19]Chen W.AVO in azimuthally anisotropic media frac-ture detection using P-wave data and a seismic studyof naturally fractured tight gas reservoirs[D].Cali-fornia,USA:Stanford University,1995
[20]Rüger A.P-wave reflection coefficients for transver-sly isotropic models with vertical and horizontal axisof symmetry[J].Geophysics,1997,62(3):713-722
[21]Stewart R R,Gaiser J E,Brown R J,et al.Conver-ted-wave seismic exploration:applications[J].Geo-physics,2003,68(1):40-57
[22]Ata E,Michelena R J.Mapping distribution of frac-tures in a reservoir with P-S converted waves[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(6):664-676
[23]Van Dok R R,Gaiser J E,Jackson A R,et al.3-Dconverted-wave processing:Wind River Basin casehistory[J].Expanded Abstracts of the 67th AnnualInternat SEG Mtg,1997,1206-1209
[24]Gaiser J E.Applicatijons for vector coordinate sys-tems of 3-D converted-wave data[J].The LeadingEdge,1999,18(11):1290-1300
[25]Gaiser J E,Van Dok R R.Borehole calibration of PS-waves for fracture characterization:Pinedale field,Wyoming[J].Expanded Abstract of 75th Annual In-ternat SEG Mtg,2005,873-876
[26]Grechka V,Kachanov M.Seismic characterization ofmultiple fracture sets:does orthotropy suffice?[J].Geophysics,2006,71(3):D93-D105
[27]Grechka V,Kachanov M.Effective elasticity of frac-tured rocks:a snapshot of the work in progress[J].Geophysics,2006,71(6):W45-W58
[28]Vasconcelos I,Grechka V.Seismic characterizationof multiple fracture sets at Rulison Field,Colorado[J].Geophysics,2007,72(2):B19-B30
[29]Engelder T,Lash G G,Uzcátegui R S.Joint sets thatenhance production from middle and upper Devoniangas shales of the Appalachian basin[J].AAPG Bul-letin,2009,93(7):857-889
[30]Bale R,Gratakos B,Mattocks B,et al.Shear wavesplitting applications for fracture analysis and im-proved imaging:some onshore examples[J].FirstBreak,2009,27(9):73-83
[31]Roxana M V.Using multi-component seismic data todelineate hydrocarbon reservoirs:2D-3C WillesdenGreen,Alberta and 3D-3CManitou Lake,Saskatchewan[D].Alberta,Canada:University of Calgary,2009
[32]Tang J M,Huang Y,Xu X R,et al.Application ofconverted-wave 3D/3Cdata for fracture detection ina deep tight-gas reservoir[J].The Leading Edge,2009,28(7):826-837
[33]蔡希源,唐建明,陈本池.三维多分量地震技术在川西新场地区深层致密砂岩裂缝检测中的应用[J].石油学报,2010,31(5):737-743Cai X Y,Tang J M,Chen B C.A 3D multi-compo-nent seismic exploration technique applied to the de-tection of deep-seated tight sandstone fractures inthe Xinchang area of the western Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(5):737-743
[34]Dumitru G,Bale R.Minimum entropy Rotation:anew shear-wave splitting technique for convertedwave data[J].Expanded Abstract of 70th AnnualInternat SEG Mtg,2000:1229-1232
[35]黄中玉,赵金洲.正交基旋转的横波分裂检测技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(2):149-152Huang Z Y,Zhao J Z.Technique of S-wave splittingdetection by orthonormal basis rotation[J].Oil Ge-ophysical Prospecting,2004,39(2):149-152
[36]Dariu H P,Granger Y.Birefringenee analysis usingsimulated annealing[J].Expanded Abstract of 67thEAGE Annual Conference,2005:Z-99
[37]Dewangan P,Tsvankin I.Velocity-independent layerstripping of PP and PS reflection traveltimes[J].Geophysics,2006,71(4):U59-U65
[38]Haacke R R,Westbrook G K,Peacock S.Layerstripping of shear-wave splitting in marine PS-waves[J].Geophysical Journal International,2009,176(3):782-804
[39]Wang X,Tsvankin I.Estimation of interval anisotropyparameters using velocity-independent layer stripping[J].Geophysics,2009,74(5):WB117-WB127
[40]Grechka V,Tsvankin I.NMO-velocity surfaces andDix-type formulas in anisotropic heterogeneousmedia[J].Geophysics,2002,67(3):939-951
[41]Tsankin L.Reflection moveut and parameter estima-tion for horizontal tranverse isotropy[J].Geophys-ics,1996,62(2):479-492
[42]Vasconcelos I,Tsvankin I.Nonhyperbolic moveoutinversion of wide-azimuth P-wave data for ortho-rhombic media[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2006,54(5):535-552
[43]桂先志,段天友,易远元,等.裂缝性储层纵波地震检测方法研究[J].石油天然气学报,2007,29(4):75-79Gui X Z,Duan T Y,Yi Y Y,et al.On Pwave SeismicDetection Methods for Fractured Reservoirs[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2007,29(4):75-79
[44]Li X Y.Fracture reservoir delineation using multi-component seismic data[J].Geophysical Prospec-ting,1997,45(1):39-64
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