干旱地区生态移民土地利用变化生态风险——以宁夏红寺堡区为例
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摘要
以全国最大的移民安置中心——红寺堡区为研究对象,基于1995、2000、2005、2010年和2015年五期遥感数据,采用RS和GIS技术,选取土地利用程度、耕地垦殖指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎度等指数构建生态风险指数模型,并运用生态风险模型和空间分析方法对红寺堡区1995—2015年的土地利用变化及其生态风险的时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示:研究时段内草地面积下降明显,共减少29 494 hm~2,耕地、林地、水域和建设用地面积呈上升趋势,其中建设用地面积增幅最大,而未利用地面积虽波动明显,但研究时段始末变化不大; 1995—2015年研究区生态风险不断下降,生态风险指数由1995年0.3972下降至2015年的0.3235;红寺堡生态移民安置区各乡镇生态风险空间分布变化较大,不同类型区间均有转换,且不具有规律性,1995—2005年间以最高风险区和较高风险区为主,2005—2015年间以中等风险区和较低风险区为主。通过地理探测器对影响红寺堡生态移民安置区生态风险因子进行探测发现,林地、草地和植被覆盖度等指标因子对安置区生态风险具有较大影响,因此在通过扬黄灌溉工程和基本农田建设,增强农田生产能力,保障生态移民安置区经济发展和生态安全的同时,应注重安置区生态用地面积的增加与建设,以此来增加安置区植被覆盖度和降低其生态风险程度;生态保护、摆脱贫困和经济发展是生态移民的主要方向,因此红寺堡安置区在发展过程中在追求经济实力提升的同时,也要注重生态安全的保障,将生态安全放在全区发展的重要位置。
Based on five remote sensing datasets of 1995,2000,2005,2010 and 2015 and RS and GIS technologies,Hongsibu district,the largest resettlement center in the nation,was selected as the research object. We used the land use,cultivation index,landscape diversity index,and landscape fragmentation and other indexes to construct an ecological risk index model,then,used the model and spatial analysis method to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of land use change and its ecological risk in Hongsibu area from 1995 to 2015. The results showed that the area of grassland significantly decreased by 29 494 hm~2 during the study period. The land for farming,forestry,water,and construction increased. The construction use increased the most while the unused land fluctuated obviously. From 1995 to 2015,the ecological risk in the study area continued to decline and the ecological risk index decreased from 0.3972 in 1995 to 0.3235 in 2015. The spatial distribution of ecological risk in townships in Hongsibu Ecological Resettlement District varied greatly. However,there was no regularity. These mainly happened between the high risk areas during 1995-2005,and the moderate risk areas and the slight risk areas during 2005-2015. Through the exploration of the ecological risk factors affecting the ecological resettlement area of Hongsibu County by geographical probes,it was found that the index factors such as forestland,grassland,and vegetation coverage had significant impact on the ecological risk in the resettlement area. Therefore,through the Yellow River irrigation project and the construction of basic farmland to increase farmland productivity and ensure the economic development and ecological security of the resettlement areas,attention should be paid to the increase and construction of ecological land area in the resettlement region so it could decrease the vegetation coverage and ecological risk in the resettlement areas. The protecting ecosystem,avoiding poverty,and developing economy are the main directions of eco-migration. Therefore,while Hongsibu resettlement area is pursuing the improvement of economic strength in the development process,it is important to pay attention to ensure the ecological security in the development of the whole region.
Based on five remote sensing datasets of 1995,2000,2005,2010 and 2015 and RS and GIS technologies,Hongsibu district,the largest resettlement center in the nation,was selected as the research object. We used the land use,cultivation index,landscape diversity index,and landscape fragmentation and other indexes to construct an ecological risk index model,then,used the model and spatial analysis method to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of land use change and its ecological risk in Hongsibu area from 1995 to 2015. The results showed that the area of grassland significantly decreased by 29 494 hm~2 during the study period. The land for farming,forestry,water,and construction increased. The construction use increased the most while the unused land fluctuated obviously. From 1995 to 2015,the ecological risk in the study area continued to decline and the ecological risk index decreased from 0.3972 in 1995 to 0.3235 in 2015. The spatial distribution of ecological risk in townships in Hongsibu Ecological Resettlement District varied greatly. However,there was no regularity. These mainly happened between the high risk areas during 1995-2005,and the moderate risk areas and the slight risk areas during 2005-2015. Through the exploration of the ecological risk factors affecting the ecological resettlement area of Hongsibu County by geographical probes,it was found that the index factors such as forestland,grassland,and vegetation coverage had significant impact on the ecological risk in the resettlement area. Therefore,through the Yellow River irrigation project and the construction of basic farmland to increase farmland productivity and ensure the economic development and ecological security of the resettlement areas,attention should be paid to the increase and construction of ecological land area in the resettlement region so it could decrease the vegetation coverage and ecological risk in the resettlement areas. The protecting ecosystem,avoiding poverty,and developing economy are the main directions of eco-migration. Therefore,while Hongsibu resettlement area is pursuing the improvement of economic strength in the development process,it is important to pay attention to ensure the ecological security in the development of the whole region.
引文
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[18]冯志新,陈颖彪,千庆兰,等.东莞市人工景观结构与连接度的协整性及因果关系[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4920-4930.
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[20]张利,陈影,王树涛,等.滨海快速城市化地区土地生态安全评价与预警—以曹妃甸新区为例[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(08):2445-2454.
[21]王亚娟,王鹏,韩文文,等.宁夏中部干旱带生态移民过程生态风险时空分异—以红寺堡区为例[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(04):817-825.
[22]王鹏,王亚娟,刘小鹏,等.基于景观结构的生态移民安置区生态风险评价—以宁夏红寺堡区为例[J].生态学报,2018,38(08):2672-2682.
[23]肖琳,田光进.天津市土地利用生态风险评价[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(02):469-476.
[24]张学斌,石培基,罗君,等.基于景观格局的干旱内陆河流域生态风险分析—以石羊河流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(03):410-419.
[25]臧淑英,梁欣,张思冲.基于GIS的大庆市土地利用生态风险分析[J].自然灾害学报,2005,(04):141-145.
[26]叶长盛,冯艳芬.基于土地利用变化的珠江三角洲生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(19):224-232.
[27]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(01):116-134.
[28]刘彦随,李进涛.中国县域农村贫困化分异机制的地理探测与优化决策[J].地理学报,2017,72(01):161-173.
[29]湛东升,张文忠,余建辉,等.基于地理探测器的北京市居民宜居满意度影响机理[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(08):966-975.
[2]贾耀锋.中国生态移民效益评估研究综述[J].资源科学,2016,38(08):1550-1560.
[3]杨显明,米文宝,齐拓野,等.宁夏生态移民效益评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):16-23.
[4]刘红,马博,王润球.基于可持续生计视角的阿拉善生态移民研究[J].中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,41(05):31-40.
[5]胡业翠,武淑芳,王静.基于参与式调查的广西生态移民迁入区农户收入效应评价[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(21):264-270.
[6]周建,施国庆,孙中艮.基于模糊理论的生态移民安置区优化选择[J].生态经济,2009,(05):33-36.
[7]刘红.三江源生态移民补偿机制与政策研究[J].中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2013,33(06):101-105.
[8]胡金龙,周志翔,滕明君,等.基于土地利用变化的典型喀斯特流域生态风险评估—以漓江流域为例[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(06):2003-2012.
[9]康鹏,陈卫平,王美娥.基于生态系统服务的生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2016,36(05):1192-1203.
[10]裴欢,魏勇,王晓妍,等.耕地景观生态安全评价方法及其应用[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(9):212-219.
[11]苏浩,吴次芳.基于景观结构的农林交错带土地利用生态风险时空分异研究[J].经济地理,2017,37(05):158-165.
[12]彭建,党威雄,刘焱序,等.景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望[J].地理学报,2015,70(4):664-677.
[13] Paukert C P,Pitts K L,Whittier J B,et al. Development andassessment of a landscape-scale ecological threat index for theLower Colorado River Basin[J]. Ecological Indicators,2011,11:304-310.
[14]乔蕻强,程文仕,乔伟栋,等.基于相对风险模型的土地利用变化生态风险定量评价—以石羊河流域为例[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(01):198-204.
[15]周汝佳,张永战,何华春.基于土地利用变化的盐城海岸带生态风险评价[J].地理研究,2016,35(06):1017-1028.
[16]徐兰,罗维,周宝同.基于土地利用变化的农牧交错带典型流域生态风险评价—以洋河为例[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(04):580-590.
[17]汪滨,张志强.黄土高原典型流域退耕还林土地利用变化及其合理性评价[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(07):235-245.
[18]冯志新,陈颖彪,千庆兰,等.东莞市人工景观结构与连接度的协整性及因果关系[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4920-4930.
[19]赵筱青,王兴友,谢鹏飞,等.基于结构与功能安全性的景观生态安全时空变化—以人工园林大面积种植区西盟县为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(08):1581-1591.
[20]张利,陈影,王树涛,等.滨海快速城市化地区土地生态安全评价与预警—以曹妃甸新区为例[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(08):2445-2454.
[21]王亚娟,王鹏,韩文文,等.宁夏中部干旱带生态移民过程生态风险时空分异—以红寺堡区为例[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(04):817-825.
[22]王鹏,王亚娟,刘小鹏,等.基于景观结构的生态移民安置区生态风险评价—以宁夏红寺堡区为例[J].生态学报,2018,38(08):2672-2682.
[23]肖琳,田光进.天津市土地利用生态风险评价[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(02):469-476.
[24]张学斌,石培基,罗君,等.基于景观格局的干旱内陆河流域生态风险分析—以石羊河流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(03):410-419.
[25]臧淑英,梁欣,张思冲.基于GIS的大庆市土地利用生态风险分析[J].自然灾害学报,2005,(04):141-145.
[26]叶长盛,冯艳芬.基于土地利用变化的珠江三角洲生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(19):224-232.
[27]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(01):116-134.
[28]刘彦随,李进涛.中国县域农村贫困化分异机制的地理探测与优化决策[J].地理学报,2017,72(01):161-173.
[29]湛东升,张文忠,余建辉,等.基于地理探测器的北京市居民宜居满意度影响机理[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(08):966-975.