深层复杂地质构造带地震勘探关键技术——以四川盆地龙门山断褶带北段为例
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摘要
四川盆地西北部地区处于龙门山断褶带北段,地表地势变化剧烈、地腹断层发育、地震资料品质差、构造落实难;主要目的层——中二叠统栖霞组埋藏深、储层薄、非均质性强、地震预测难度大。为此,通过开展地震采集、处理、解释联合攻关,形成了适合地面、地下双复杂构造的地震勘探配套技术:(1)通过表层结构调查、动态井深岩性识别、单点检波器埋置工具及工艺优化激发接收参数,采用高覆盖、宽方位、大偏移距观测系统,提高地震资料采集品质;(2)形成以微测井约束层析静校正、保真保幅高分辨率处理、全方位角度域叠前深度偏移为主的复杂构造带地震成像技术,提高地震资料深层成像质量;(3)利用高精度重磁电资料提取地质结构、断裂等信息,结合地震资料精细解释,落实构造细节和断裂特征;(4)基于模型正演和单井储层地震精细标定,优选属性预测储层分布。运用上述配套技术,新发现川西北部地区1223 km~2大型构造—岩性复合圈闭,双鱼石—江油地区整体处于构造高带,双鱼石以南地区栖霞组台缘带白云岩储层连片发育。结论认为,该配套技术较好地解决了该区复杂构造带圈闭落实和薄储层预测等难题,明确了勘探方向,为井位部署提供了技术支撑,加快了深层海相碳酸盐岩气藏勘探开发示范工程的建设步伐。
The northern Sichuan Basin, spreading in the northern section of the Longmenshan Fault Fold Belt, is characterized by dramatic fluctuations in surface landforms, development of abdominal faults, and low-quality seismic data, resulting in difficulties in clarifying relevant structures. The key target formation, the Mid-Permian Qixia Fm, is deeply buried with thin reservoirs and high heterogeneity, which brings great challenges to seismic prediction. Under such circumstances, researches have been conducted jointly in terms of seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation, and finally some relevant seismic survey technologies were developed suitable for surface/underground complex structures. Through surface structural surveys, dynamic deep-well lithologic identification, single-point detector deployment and process optimization, acquisition parameters can be excited. In addition, by using an observation system with high coverage, wide azimuth and huge displacement, quality of acquired seismic data can be enhanced dramatically. Seismic imaging technologies for complex structures have been developed to enhance the quality of images for deep formations. These technologies are dominated by microscopic logging-constrained tomography static correction, high-resolution processing with fidelity and amplitude preservation and all-around PSDM in an angular domain. By using high-resolution gravity, magnetic and electric data, details related to geological structures and faults can be identified. In combination with fine seismic data interpretation, structural details and fault features can be verified effectively. Based on forward modeling and fine seismic calibration of reservoirs in individual wells, suitable attributes can be identified for predictions related to the distribution of reservoirs. By using all these auxiliary technologies, a large-scale structural–lithologic composite trap with a total area of 1223 km~2 has been discovered in the northwestern Sichuan Basin. The Shuangyushi–Jiangyou area as a whole distributes on structural highs. In the areas to the south of Shuangyushi, the Qixia Fm dolomite reservoirs of platform margins are continuously developed. In conclusion, these auxiliary technologies can effectively allow trap identification and thin reservoir prediction in complex structures in the study area. In addition to clarifying the exploration orientation and providing a necessarily technical supports for well deployment, these technologies help to accelerate the construction of demonstration projects for the exploration and development of deep marine carbonate formations.
The northern Sichuan Basin, spreading in the northern section of the Longmenshan Fault Fold Belt, is characterized by dramatic fluctuations in surface landforms, development of abdominal faults, and low-quality seismic data, resulting in difficulties in clarifying relevant structures. The key target formation, the Mid-Permian Qixia Fm, is deeply buried with thin reservoirs and high heterogeneity, which brings great challenges to seismic prediction. Under such circumstances, researches have been conducted jointly in terms of seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation, and finally some relevant seismic survey technologies were developed suitable for surface/underground complex structures. Through surface structural surveys, dynamic deep-well lithologic identification, single-point detector deployment and process optimization, acquisition parameters can be excited. In addition, by using an observation system with high coverage, wide azimuth and huge displacement, quality of acquired seismic data can be enhanced dramatically. Seismic imaging technologies for complex structures have been developed to enhance the quality of images for deep formations. These technologies are dominated by microscopic logging-constrained tomography static correction, high-resolution processing with fidelity and amplitude preservation and all-around PSDM in an angular domain. By using high-resolution gravity, magnetic and electric data, details related to geological structures and faults can be identified. In combination with fine seismic data interpretation, structural details and fault features can be verified effectively. Based on forward modeling and fine seismic calibration of reservoirs in individual wells, suitable attributes can be identified for predictions related to the distribution of reservoirs. By using all these auxiliary technologies, a large-scale structural–lithologic composite trap with a total area of 1223 km~2 has been discovered in the northwestern Sichuan Basin. The Shuangyushi–Jiangyou area as a whole distributes on structural highs. In the areas to the south of Shuangyushi, the Qixia Fm dolomite reservoirs of platform margins are continuously developed. In conclusion, these auxiliary technologies can effectively allow trap identification and thin reservoir prediction in complex structures in the study area. In addition to clarifying the exploration orientation and providing a necessarily technical supports for well deployment, these technologies help to accelerate the construction of demonstration projects for the exploration and development of deep marine carbonate formations.
引文
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[8]王淑玲.约束层析静校正方法应用效果分析[J].石油物探,2012,51(4):383-387.Wang Shuling.Application analysis of constrained tomographic static correction technique[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2012,51(4):383-387.
[9]王卫华.提高地震剖面信噪比和分辨率的一种新途径[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(2):246-256.Wang Weihua.A new way of improving both signal/noise ratio and resolution of seismic section[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1997,32(2):246-256.
[10]王建民,王元波,裴江云,王丽娜,关昕,刘国友.高分辨率处理技术在松辽盆地中、浅层岩性油藏勘探中的应用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2004,23(5):107-109.Wang Jianmin,Wang Yuanbo,Pei Jiangyun,Wang Lina,Guan Xin&Liu Guoyou.Application of high resolution processing technique in middle-shallow lithologic reservoirs of Songliao Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2004,23(5):107-109.
[11]张晓斌,刘晓兵,赵晓红,肖敏,李宏伟,向阳,等.地震资料提高分辨率处理技术在乐山-龙女寺古隆起龙王庙组勘探中的应用[J].天然气工业,2014,34(3):74-79.Zhang Xiaobin,Liu Xiaobing,Zhao Xiaohong,Xiao Min,Li Hongwei,Xiang Yang,et al.Application of resolution improvement in seismic data processing technology to the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir exploration in Leshan-Longnvsi Paleouplift,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(3):74-79.
[12]朱洪昌,朱莉,玄长虹,刘升余,余学兵.运用高分辨率地震资料处理技术识别薄储层及微幅构造[J].石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(增刊1):90-93.Zhu Hongchang,Zhu Li,Xuan Changhong,Liu Shengyu&Yu Xuebing.Application of high resolution seismic data processing technique to identify thin reservoir and low amplitude structure[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2010,45(S1):90-93.
[13]于茜.利用VSP子波替换提高地面地震资料的分辨率[J].物探与化探,2010,34(4):546-548.Yu Qian.The enhancement of the resolution of surface seismic data by using wavelet of VS replacement method[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2010,34(4):546-548.
[14]郭建,王咸彬,胡中平,王仰华.Q补偿技术在提高地震分辨率中的应用--以准噶尔盆地Y1井区为例[J].石油物探,2007,46(5):509-513.Guo Jian,Wang Xianbin,Hu Zhongping&Wang Yanghua.Application of Q compensation technique in improving seismic resolution:Case study of Y1 well area,Junggar Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2007,46(5):509-513.
[15]宋常洲,张旭明.地震资料高分辨率处理技术应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(增刊1):44-48.Song Changzhou&Zhang Xuming.Seismic data high resolution processing technique and its application[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(S1):44-48.
[16]侯宇,雷开强,陈燕辉.川西南部大兴场地区栖霞组储层发育有利区预测[J].天然气勘探与开发,2015,38(1):30-32.Hou Yu,Lei Kaiqiang&Chen Yanhui.Predict favorable development belts of Qixia Formation,Daxingchang area,southwest Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Exploration and Development,2015,38(1):30-32.
[17]张光荣,廖奇,喻颐,冉崎,肖尧,卢晓敏,等.四川盆地高磨地区龙王庙组气藏高效开发有利区地震预测[J].天然气工业,2017,37(1):66-75.Zhang Guangrong,Liao Qi,Yu Yi,Ran Qi,Xiao Yao,Lu Xiaomin,et al.Seismic prediction on the favorable efficient development areas of the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(1):66-75.
[2]沈平,张健,宋家荣,洪海涛,唐大海,王小娟,等.四川盆地中二叠统天然气勘探新突破的意义及有利勘探方向[J].天然气工业,2015,35(7):1-9.Shen Ping,Zhang Jian,Song Jiarong,Hong Haitao,Tang Dahai,Wang Xiaojuan,et al.Significance of new breakthrough in and favorable targets of gas exploration in the Middle Permian system,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(7):1-9.
[3]张光荣,冉崎,廖奇,喻颐,张旋,陈康,等.四川盆地高磨地区龙王庙组气藏地震勘探关键技术[J].天然气工业,2016,36(5):31-37.Zhang Guangrong,Ran Qi,Liao Qi,Yu Yi,Zhang Xuan,Chen Kang,et al.Key seismic exploration technology for the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir in Gaoshiti-Moxi area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(5):31-37.
[4]杨光,汪华,沈浩,杨雨然,贾松,陈文,等.四川盆地中二叠统储层特征与勘探方向[J].天然气工业,2015,35(7):10-16.Yang Guang,Wang Hua,Shen Hao,Yang Yuran,Jia Song,Chen Wen,et al.Characteristics and exploration prospects of Middle Permian reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(7):10-16.
[5]许国明,谢刚平,隆轲,宋晓波.四川盆地西南部中二叠统沉积特征与勘探目标[J].天然气工业,2015,35(7):27-33.Xu Guoming,Xie Gangping,Long Ke&Song Xiaobo.Sedimentary features and exploration targets of Middle Permian reservoirs in the Southwestern Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(7):27-33.
[6]赵路子,谢冰,齐宝权,周肖,伍丽红,赖强,等.四川盆地乐山-龙女寺古隆起深层海相碳酸盐岩测井评价技术[J].天然气工业,2014,34(3):86-92.Zhao Luzi,Xie Bing,Qi Baoquan,Zhou Xiao,Wu Lihong,Lai Qiang,et al.Well log assessment technique in the analysis of the petrophysical properties of deep marine carbonate reservoirs in the Leshan-Longnüsi Paleouplift in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(3):86-92.
[7]宋桂桥,于世焕.山前带地震勘探技术进展与对策研究[J].石油物探,2012,51(6):539-547.Song Guiqiao&Yu Shihuan.Progress and strategy of the seismic exploration in foothill area[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2012,51(6):539-547.
[8]王淑玲.约束层析静校正方法应用效果分析[J].石油物探,2012,51(4):383-387.Wang Shuling.Application analysis of constrained tomographic static correction technique[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2012,51(4):383-387.
[9]王卫华.提高地震剖面信噪比和分辨率的一种新途径[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(2):246-256.Wang Weihua.A new way of improving both signal/noise ratio and resolution of seismic section[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1997,32(2):246-256.
[10]王建民,王元波,裴江云,王丽娜,关昕,刘国友.高分辨率处理技术在松辽盆地中、浅层岩性油藏勘探中的应用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2004,23(5):107-109.Wang Jianmin,Wang Yuanbo,Pei Jiangyun,Wang Lina,Guan Xin&Liu Guoyou.Application of high resolution processing technique in middle-shallow lithologic reservoirs of Songliao Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2004,23(5):107-109.
[11]张晓斌,刘晓兵,赵晓红,肖敏,李宏伟,向阳,等.地震资料提高分辨率处理技术在乐山-龙女寺古隆起龙王庙组勘探中的应用[J].天然气工业,2014,34(3):74-79.Zhang Xiaobin,Liu Xiaobing,Zhao Xiaohong,Xiao Min,Li Hongwei,Xiang Yang,et al.Application of resolution improvement in seismic data processing technology to the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir exploration in Leshan-Longnvsi Paleouplift,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(3):74-79.
[12]朱洪昌,朱莉,玄长虹,刘升余,余学兵.运用高分辨率地震资料处理技术识别薄储层及微幅构造[J].石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(增刊1):90-93.Zhu Hongchang,Zhu Li,Xuan Changhong,Liu Shengyu&Yu Xuebing.Application of high resolution seismic data processing technique to identify thin reservoir and low amplitude structure[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2010,45(S1):90-93.
[13]于茜.利用VSP子波替换提高地面地震资料的分辨率[J].物探与化探,2010,34(4):546-548.Yu Qian.The enhancement of the resolution of surface seismic data by using wavelet of VS replacement method[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2010,34(4):546-548.
[14]郭建,王咸彬,胡中平,王仰华.Q补偿技术在提高地震分辨率中的应用--以准噶尔盆地Y1井区为例[J].石油物探,2007,46(5):509-513.Guo Jian,Wang Xianbin,Hu Zhongping&Wang Yanghua.Application of Q compensation technique in improving seismic resolution:Case study of Y1 well area,Junggar Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2007,46(5):509-513.
[15]宋常洲,张旭明.地震资料高分辨率处理技术应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(增刊1):44-48.Song Changzhou&Zhang Xuming.Seismic data high resolution processing technique and its application[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(S1):44-48.
[16]侯宇,雷开强,陈燕辉.川西南部大兴场地区栖霞组储层发育有利区预测[J].天然气勘探与开发,2015,38(1):30-32.Hou Yu,Lei Kaiqiang&Chen Yanhui.Predict favorable development belts of Qixia Formation,Daxingchang area,southwest Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Exploration and Development,2015,38(1):30-32.
[17]张光荣,廖奇,喻颐,冉崎,肖尧,卢晓敏,等.四川盆地高磨地区龙王庙组气藏高效开发有利区地震预测[J].天然气工业,2017,37(1):66-75.Zhang Guangrong,Liao Qi,Yu Yi,Ran Qi,Xiao Yao,Lu Xiaomin,et al.Seismic prediction on the favorable efficient development areas of the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(1):66-75.