LCCM理论下汉语名词“时间”的多义性研究
|
摘要
学界对词汇多义现象有多种处理方案。在评述英语名词time多义性研究的基础上,本文分析汉语名词"时间"的多义性。研究发现:"时间"的语义网络包含【时段】【时点】【时节】【时限】【机会】【计时单位】【时光】【有施事能力者】和【有价值物】义项。运用LCCM理论框架中的词汇倾向解释上述义项的区分,但在运用形式选择倾向标准时,与英语注重对time自身特征分析不同,汉语更重视"时间"的前、后搭配。为进一步验证上述义项区分假设,本文借助UAM CorpusTool 3和Antconc 3.2.1分析BCC语料库路遥子语料库(LYBCC)中"时间"的搭配和语义偏好,结果与根据词汇倾向标准区分的义项结果一致。这不仅说明"时间"的多义性特征,也论证LCCM理论的语言类型学意义。
Different accounts have been given to explain the phenomenon of polysemy. After reviewing accounts of the polysemous English noun "time", this paper analyzes the polysemy of Chinese noun "time",and it finds out that there are nine senses connected to "time", namely, [time of period], [time of event], [time of year], [time limit], [time of occasion], [time of clock], [elapsed time], [time of agentive sense] and [time of valuable commodity], which form the semantic network of "time". According to the lexical profile within LCCM theory, the distinction of senses is explained. However, when concerning the formal selectional tendency, the analysis of "time" in Chinese focuses on its collocation while in English it emphasizes the features of "time" as a noun. In order to test the distinction of senses, the items including "time" in LYBCC are explored in terms of collocation and semantic preference by UAM CorpusTool 3 and Antconc 3.2.1, and the results are in accordance with the nine-sense hypothesis. Therefore, it shows that the polysemous features of "time" are convincing and LCCM theory has the typological significance in linguistics.
Different accounts have been given to explain the phenomenon of polysemy. After reviewing accounts of the polysemous English noun "time", this paper analyzes the polysemy of Chinese noun "time",and it finds out that there are nine senses connected to "time", namely, [time of period], [time of event], [time of year], [time limit], [time of occasion], [time of clock], [elapsed time], [time of agentive sense] and [time of valuable commodity], which form the semantic network of "time". According to the lexical profile within LCCM theory, the distinction of senses is explained. However, when concerning the formal selectional tendency, the analysis of "time" in Chinese focuses on its collocation while in English it emphasizes the features of "time" as a noun. In order to test the distinction of senses, the items including "time" in LYBCC are explored in terms of collocation and semantic preference by UAM CorpusTool 3 and Antconc 3.2.1, and the results are in accordance with the nine-sense hypothesis. Therefore, it shows that the polysemous features of "time" are convincing and LCCM theory has the typological significance in linguistics.
引文
戴忠信王科敏.《词如何生义:词汇概念、认知模式与意义建构》介评[J].外语教学与研究,2011(6).‖Dai,Z.-X.,Wang,K.-M.Book Review of How Words Mean:Lexical Concepts,Cognitive Models and Meaning Construction[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2011(6).
黄月华潘卫民.认知语言学中的多义研究模式及其评价[J].外语研究,2012(4).‖Huang,Y.-H.,Pan,W.-M.Models of Polysemy in Cognitive Linguistics and Corresponding Evaluations[J].Foreign Languages Research,2012(4).
林正军杨 忠.一词多义现象的历时和认知解析[J].外语教学与研究,2005(5).‖Lin,Z.-J.,Yang,Z.Polysemy:A Diachronic and Cognitive Perspective[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2005(5).
孙毅 杨秋红.跨语言“心”(heart)多义图谱的认知功能说略[J].外语学刊,2013(5).‖Sun,Y.,Yang,Q.-H.A Brief Illustration of the Cognitive Function of Polysemous Scenarios in Cross-language “Heart”[J].Fo-reign Language Research,2013(5).
滕敏 朱哲.基于词汇概念和认知模型理论的多义词习得研究[J].外语界,2015(4).‖Teng,M.,Zhu,Z.A Study of Polysemous Words Acquisition Based on Le-xical Concepts and Cognitive Model Theory[J].Foreign Language World,2015(4).
王馥芳张云秋.关于时间的形而上学思考——《时间结构》略介[J].外语教学与研究,2005(6).‖Wang,F.-F.,Zhang,Y.-Q.Metaphysical Thinking on Time—Book Review of The Structure of Time[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2005(6).
荀恩东饶高琦肖晓悦臧娇娇.大数据背景下BCC语料库的研制[J].语料库语言学,2016(1).‖Xun,E.-D.,Rao,G.-Q.,Xiao,X.-Y.,Zang,J.-J.The Construction of the BCC Corpus in the Age of Big Data[J].Corpus Linguistics,2016(1).
赵永峰.《时间的结构:语言、意义和时间认知》评介[J].现代外语,2006 (3).‖Zhao,Y.-F.Book Review of The Structure of Time:Language,Meaning and Temporal Cognition[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2006(3).
Brugman,C.The Story of Over:Polysemy,Semantics,and the Structure of the Lexicon[M].New York:Garland,1988.
Evans,V.The Structure of Time:Language,Meaning and Temporal Cognition[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2004.
Evans,V.The Meaning of Time:Polysemy,the Lexicon and Conceptual Structure[J].Journal of Linguistics,2005(1).
Evans,V.How Words Mean:Lexical Concepts,Cognitive Models and Meaning Construction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
Evans,V.From the Spatial to the Non-spatial:The “State” Lexical Concepts of In,On and At[A].In:Evans,V.,Chilton,P.(Eds.),Language,Cognition and Space:The State of the Art and New Directions[C].London:Equinox,2010.
Evans,V.A Unified Account of Polysemy Within LCCM Theory[J].Lingua,2015(157).
Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things:What Ca-tegories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1980.
Tyler,A.,Evans,V.The Semantics of English Prepositions:Spatial Scenes,Embodied Meaning and Cognition[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
①义项的解释来自Wordnet,网址:https://wordnet.princeton.edu/。Wordnet是由普林斯顿大学设计的一种基于认知语言学的大型英语词汇数据库,它的最大特点是将名词、动词、形容词和副词组合成认知同义词集合,并通过概念语义和词汇关系将这些集合互相连接。
②为了保持中英文一致,表1中的部分内容是根据UAM CorpusTool 3生成图翻译而成。
黄月华潘卫民.认知语言学中的多义研究模式及其评价[J].外语研究,2012(4).‖Huang,Y.-H.,Pan,W.-M.Models of Polysemy in Cognitive Linguistics and Corresponding Evaluations[J].Foreign Languages Research,2012(4).
林正军杨 忠.一词多义现象的历时和认知解析[J].外语教学与研究,2005(5).‖Lin,Z.-J.,Yang,Z.Polysemy:A Diachronic and Cognitive Perspective[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2005(5).
孙毅 杨秋红.跨语言“心”(heart)多义图谱的认知功能说略[J].外语学刊,2013(5).‖Sun,Y.,Yang,Q.-H.A Brief Illustration of the Cognitive Function of Polysemous Scenarios in Cross-language “Heart”[J].Fo-reign Language Research,2013(5).
滕敏 朱哲.基于词汇概念和认知模型理论的多义词习得研究[J].外语界,2015(4).‖Teng,M.,Zhu,Z.A Study of Polysemous Words Acquisition Based on Le-xical Concepts and Cognitive Model Theory[J].Foreign Language World,2015(4).
王馥芳张云秋.关于时间的形而上学思考——《时间结构》略介[J].外语教学与研究,2005(6).‖Wang,F.-F.,Zhang,Y.-Q.Metaphysical Thinking on Time—Book Review of The Structure of Time[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2005(6).
荀恩东饶高琦肖晓悦臧娇娇.大数据背景下BCC语料库的研制[J].语料库语言学,2016(1).‖Xun,E.-D.,Rao,G.-Q.,Xiao,X.-Y.,Zang,J.-J.The Construction of the BCC Corpus in the Age of Big Data[J].Corpus Linguistics,2016(1).
赵永峰.《时间的结构:语言、意义和时间认知》评介[J].现代外语,2006 (3).‖Zhao,Y.-F.Book Review of The Structure of Time:Language,Meaning and Temporal Cognition[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2006(3).
Brugman,C.The Story of Over:Polysemy,Semantics,and the Structure of the Lexicon[M].New York:Garland,1988.
Evans,V.The Structure of Time:Language,Meaning and Temporal Cognition[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2004.
Evans,V.The Meaning of Time:Polysemy,the Lexicon and Conceptual Structure[J].Journal of Linguistics,2005(1).
Evans,V.How Words Mean:Lexical Concepts,Cognitive Models and Meaning Construction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
Evans,V.From the Spatial to the Non-spatial:The “State” Lexical Concepts of In,On and At[A].In:Evans,V.,Chilton,P.(Eds.),Language,Cognition and Space:The State of the Art and New Directions[C].London:Equinox,2010.
Evans,V.A Unified Account of Polysemy Within LCCM Theory[J].Lingua,2015(157).
Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things:What Ca-tegories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1980.
Tyler,A.,Evans,V.The Semantics of English Prepositions:Spatial Scenes,Embodied Meaning and Cognition[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
①义项的解释来自Wordnet,网址:https://wordnet.princeton.edu/。Wordnet是由普林斯顿大学设计的一种基于认知语言学的大型英语词汇数据库,它的最大特点是将名词、动词、形容词和副词组合成认知同义词集合,并通过概念语义和词汇关系将这些集合互相连接。
②为了保持中英文一致,表1中的部分内容是根据UAM CorpusTool 3生成图翻译而成。