适应数值模式垂直坐标的GPS掩星反演资料稀疏化方案
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摘要
GPS掩星反演大气温湿资料具有高垂直分辨率、高精度、受云和降水影响小等优点,针对GRAPES同化预报系统,发展设计了一种既考虑预报模式高度-地形追随垂直坐标不均匀分层特点,又结合掩星反演资料特性的新适应性垂直稀疏化方案。通过个例试验和批量试验,探索了该适应性稀疏化方案对分析预报质量的影响。试验结果表明:选取合适的稀疏参数,新稀疏化方案的GPS掩星反演资料对背景场的调整更加有效,分析场质量更高;位势高度、比湿、温度和风场等预报场的均方根误差均更小;适应性稀疏化方案对改善台风路径预报具有积极作用。批量试验则进一步证实了适应性稀疏化方案对分析场质量有明显的改善作用。
There are some advantages of high vertical resolution,including its high accuracy and the fact that it is less significantly affected by cloud and precipitation for GPS( Global Positioning System) radio occultation data.In the present study,a new adaptive vertical thinning scheme,w hich considers both the non-uniform layered characteristics of height-terrain follow ing vertical coordinates and the features of radio occultation retrieved data,is developed so as to avoid redundancy of observations data in assimilating for regional GRAPES m3 DVAR. The new thinning scheme for GPS radio occultation data is able to accord to the vertical coordinates of the GRAPES m3 DVAR assimilation system and the characteristics of the vertical levels,so as to reasonably select the GPS occultation data and eliminate redundant data.The thinning scheme can improve the adjustments of the observations to the background fields for the assimilation of GPS occultation data,thereby effectively improving the subsequent assimilation analysis quality and prediction skill. A case experiment and batch test are performed to explore the impact of the new adaptive thinning scheme on the quality of analysis and forecast field.The study results indicate that GPS radio occultation data retrieved using the new adaptive thinning scheme lead to greater adjustments in the background fields,higher quality analysis,and smaller root-mean-square error of prediction of geopotential height,temperature,specific humidity and w ind field,if the suitable sparse parameters are selected.In addition,the adaptive thinning scheme has a positive effect on improving the forecast of typhoon tracks.The results of the batch experiments have confirmed that the analysis field quality w ith the adaptive thinning scheme yields a significant improvement for the assimilation of temperature and vapor pressure retrieved from GPS radio occultation data.
There are some advantages of high vertical resolution,including its high accuracy and the fact that it is less significantly affected by cloud and precipitation for GPS( Global Positioning System) radio occultation data.In the present study,a new adaptive vertical thinning scheme,w hich considers both the non-uniform layered characteristics of height-terrain follow ing vertical coordinates and the features of radio occultation retrieved data,is developed so as to avoid redundancy of observations data in assimilating for regional GRAPES m3 DVAR. The new thinning scheme for GPS radio occultation data is able to accord to the vertical coordinates of the GRAPES m3 DVAR assimilation system and the characteristics of the vertical levels,so as to reasonably select the GPS occultation data and eliminate redundant data.The thinning scheme can improve the adjustments of the observations to the background fields for the assimilation of GPS occultation data,thereby effectively improving the subsequent assimilation analysis quality and prediction skill. A case experiment and batch test are performed to explore the impact of the new adaptive thinning scheme on the quality of analysis and forecast field.The study results indicate that GPS radio occultation data retrieved using the new adaptive thinning scheme lead to greater adjustments in the background fields,higher quality analysis,and smaller root-mean-square error of prediction of geopotential height,temperature,specific humidity and w ind field,if the suitable sparse parameters are selected.In addition,the adaptive thinning scheme has a positive effect on improving the forecast of typhoon tracks.The results of the batch experiments have confirmed that the analysis field quality w ith the adaptive thinning scheme yields a significant improvement for the assimilation of temperature and vapor pressure retrieved from GPS radio occultation data.
引文
Anthes R A,Ector D,Hunt D C,et al.,2008.The COSMIC/FORMOSAT3 mission:early results[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,89(3):313-333.
Charney J G,Phillips N A,1953.Numerical integration of quasi-geostrophic equations for barotroppic and simple baroclinic flows[J].J Meteor,10(1):71-99.
Chen Y C,Hsieh M E,Hsiao L F,et al.,2015.Systematic evaluation of the impacts of GPS RO data on the prediction of typhoons over the northwestern Pacific in 2008—2010[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,8(2):2531-2542.
丁金才,郭英华,郭永润,等,2011.利用COSMIC资料对17个台风的热力结构的合成分析[J].热带气象学报,27(1):31-43.Ding J C,Guo Y H,Guo Y R,et al.,2011.The composite analysis of the thermal structure of 17 typhoons by using cosmic data[J].J Trop Meteor,27(1):31-43.(in Chinese).
苟小平,符养,郭粤宁,等,2009.COSMIC计划及掩星数据误差分析[J].气象科学,29(3):348-354.Gou X P,Fu Y,Guo Y N,et al.,2009.Cosmic mission and error analysis of GPS radio occulation data[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,29(3):348-354.(in Chinese).
Ha J H,Lim G H,Choi S J,2014.Assimilation of GPS radio occultation refractivity data with WRF 3DVAR and its impact on the prediction of a heavy rainfall event[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,53(6):1381-1398.
Hajj G A,Lee L C,Pi X,et al.,2000.COSMIC GPS ionospheric sening and space weather[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences,11(1):235-272.
郝民,郭英华,马在忠,2010.一次降水天气过程的GPS掩星资料在GSI同化系统中的应用研究[J].高原气象,29(1):164-174.Hao M,Guo Y H,Ma Z Z,2010.Application and experiment of GPS radio occulation data in the NCEP GSI system in a pricipitation process[J].Plateau Meteor,29(1):164-174.(in Chinese).
Huang C Y,Kuo Y H,Chen S H,2005.Improvements in typhoon forecasts with assimilated GPS occulation refractivity[J].Wea Forecasting,6:931-953.
Jagadheesha D,Simon B,Pal P K,2009.A new technique for estimation of lower-tropospheric temperature and water vapor profiles from radio occulation refractivity[J].J Atmos Oceanic Technol,6:1075-1089.
姜胜,2014.COSMIC掩星资料质量分析及其在台风预报中的同化研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.Jiang S,2014.Research on data assimilation of COSMIC RO data for typhoon prediction and its quality evaluation[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology.(in Chinese).
Kuo Y H,2004.Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation data[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,82(1):507-531.
Kuo Y H,Schreiner W S,Wang J,et al.,2005.Comparison of GPS radio occultation soundings with radiosondes[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(5):215-236.
Kursinski R E,Healy S B,Romans L J,2000.Initial results of combining GPS occultations with ECMWF global analyses within a 1DVAR framework[J].Earth Planets Space,52:885-892.
Le Dimet F,Talagrand O,1986.Variational algorithms for analysis and assimilation of meteorological observations:theoreical aspects[J].Tellus,38(A):97-110.
Lewis H,2009.GRAS SAF Report08:ROPP theinner algorithm[EB/OL].http://www.SAF/GRAS/METO/REP/GSR/008.html.
廖蜜,张鹏,毕研盟,等,2015.风云三号气象卫星掩星大气产品精度的初步检验[J].气象学报,73(6):1131-1140.Liao M,Zhang P,Bi Y M,et al.,2015.A preliminary estimation of the radio occulation products accuracy from the Fengyun-3C meteorological satellite[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,73(6):1131-1140.(in Chinese).
Lin C H,Wang W,Hagan M E,et al.,2007.Plausible effect of atmospheric tides on the equatorial ionosphere observed by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC:Three-dimensional electron density structures[J].Geophys Res Lett,34(11):224-238.
Liou Y A,Pavelyev A G,Liu S F,et al.,2007.FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation mission:preliminary results[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,45(11),3813-38265.
马旭林,陆续,于月明,等,2014.数值天气预报中集合—变分混合资料同化及其研究进展[J].热带气象学报,30(6):1188-1195.Ma X L,Lu X,Yu Y M,et al.,2014.Process on hybrid ensemble-variational data assimilation in numerical weather prediction[J].J Trop Meteor,30(6):1188-1195.(in Chinese).
马旭林,姜胜,于月明,等,2017.COSMIC掩星反演大气温湿资料的质量特征分析[J].大气科学学报,40(6):841-849.Ma X L,Jiang S,Yu Y M,et al.,2017.Analysis on quality of COSMIC radio occultation retrieved temperature and humidity data[J].Trans Atmos Sci,40(6):841-849.(in Chinese).
Rocken C,Anthes R,Exner M,et al.,1997.Analysis and validation of GPS/MET data in the neutral atmosphere[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1022(D25):29849-29866.
宋晓姜,杨学联,邢建勇,2013.GPS掩星资料三维变分同化对台风模式预报的改进试验[J].海洋学报,35(5):67-75.Song X J,Yang X L,Xing J Y,2013.The test of typhoon forecast improve by 3D variational assimilation of GPS occulation material[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(5):67-75.(in Chinese).
Steiner A K,Kirchengast G,Lardier H P,1999.Inversion,error analysis,and validation of GPS/MET occultation data[J].Analyses Geophysicae,17:128-138.
唐细坝,薛纪善,2009.COSMIC资料在GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统的初步研究[J].热带气象学报,25(5):521-530.Tang X B,Xue J S,2009.Preliminary study of the use of cosmic data in the global 3-dimensional variance assimilation system of GRAPES[J].J Trop Meteor,25(5):521-530.(in Chinese).
Xu X H,Luo J,Shi C,2009.Comparsion of COSMIC radio occulation refractivity profiles with radiosonde measurements[J].Adv Atmos Sci,26(6):1137-1145.
Yunck T P,Liu C H,Ware R,2000.A history of GPS sounding[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences,11(1):1-20.
臧欣,官莉,2015.COSMIC反演大气温湿廓线与模式客观分析场的比较[J].大气科学学报,38(4):510-517.Zang X,Guan L,2015.Comparison of COSMIC retrieved temperature and humidity profile with model objective analysis fields[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(4):510-517.(in Chinese).
Charney J G,Phillips N A,1953.Numerical integration of quasi-geostrophic equations for barotroppic and simple baroclinic flows[J].J Meteor,10(1):71-99.
Chen Y C,Hsieh M E,Hsiao L F,et al.,2015.Systematic evaluation of the impacts of GPS RO data on the prediction of typhoons over the northwestern Pacific in 2008—2010[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,8(2):2531-2542.
丁金才,郭英华,郭永润,等,2011.利用COSMIC资料对17个台风的热力结构的合成分析[J].热带气象学报,27(1):31-43.Ding J C,Guo Y H,Guo Y R,et al.,2011.The composite analysis of the thermal structure of 17 typhoons by using cosmic data[J].J Trop Meteor,27(1):31-43.(in Chinese).
苟小平,符养,郭粤宁,等,2009.COSMIC计划及掩星数据误差分析[J].气象科学,29(3):348-354.Gou X P,Fu Y,Guo Y N,et al.,2009.Cosmic mission and error analysis of GPS radio occulation data[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,29(3):348-354.(in Chinese).
Ha J H,Lim G H,Choi S J,2014.Assimilation of GPS radio occultation refractivity data with WRF 3DVAR and its impact on the prediction of a heavy rainfall event[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,53(6):1381-1398.
Hajj G A,Lee L C,Pi X,et al.,2000.COSMIC GPS ionospheric sening and space weather[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences,11(1):235-272.
郝民,郭英华,马在忠,2010.一次降水天气过程的GPS掩星资料在GSI同化系统中的应用研究[J].高原气象,29(1):164-174.Hao M,Guo Y H,Ma Z Z,2010.Application and experiment of GPS radio occulation data in the NCEP GSI system in a pricipitation process[J].Plateau Meteor,29(1):164-174.(in Chinese).
Huang C Y,Kuo Y H,Chen S H,2005.Improvements in typhoon forecasts with assimilated GPS occulation refractivity[J].Wea Forecasting,6:931-953.
Jagadheesha D,Simon B,Pal P K,2009.A new technique for estimation of lower-tropospheric temperature and water vapor profiles from radio occulation refractivity[J].J Atmos Oceanic Technol,6:1075-1089.
姜胜,2014.COSMIC掩星资料质量分析及其在台风预报中的同化研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.Jiang S,2014.Research on data assimilation of COSMIC RO data for typhoon prediction and its quality evaluation[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology.(in Chinese).
Kuo Y H,2004.Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation data[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,82(1):507-531.
Kuo Y H,Schreiner W S,Wang J,et al.,2005.Comparison of GPS radio occultation soundings with radiosondes[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(5):215-236.
Kursinski R E,Healy S B,Romans L J,2000.Initial results of combining GPS occultations with ECMWF global analyses within a 1DVAR framework[J].Earth Planets Space,52:885-892.
Le Dimet F,Talagrand O,1986.Variational algorithms for analysis and assimilation of meteorological observations:theoreical aspects[J].Tellus,38(A):97-110.
Lewis H,2009.GRAS SAF Report08:ROPP theinner algorithm[EB/OL].http://www.SAF/GRAS/METO/REP/GSR/008.html.
廖蜜,张鹏,毕研盟,等,2015.风云三号气象卫星掩星大气产品精度的初步检验[J].气象学报,73(6):1131-1140.Liao M,Zhang P,Bi Y M,et al.,2015.A preliminary estimation of the radio occulation products accuracy from the Fengyun-3C meteorological satellite[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,73(6):1131-1140.(in Chinese).
Lin C H,Wang W,Hagan M E,et al.,2007.Plausible effect of atmospheric tides on the equatorial ionosphere observed by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC:Three-dimensional electron density structures[J].Geophys Res Lett,34(11):224-238.
Liou Y A,Pavelyev A G,Liu S F,et al.,2007.FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation mission:preliminary results[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,45(11),3813-38265.
马旭林,陆续,于月明,等,2014.数值天气预报中集合—变分混合资料同化及其研究进展[J].热带气象学报,30(6):1188-1195.Ma X L,Lu X,Yu Y M,et al.,2014.Process on hybrid ensemble-variational data assimilation in numerical weather prediction[J].J Trop Meteor,30(6):1188-1195.(in Chinese).
马旭林,姜胜,于月明,等,2017.COSMIC掩星反演大气温湿资料的质量特征分析[J].大气科学学报,40(6):841-849.Ma X L,Jiang S,Yu Y M,et al.,2017.Analysis on quality of COSMIC radio occultation retrieved temperature and humidity data[J].Trans Atmos Sci,40(6):841-849.(in Chinese).
Rocken C,Anthes R,Exner M,et al.,1997.Analysis and validation of GPS/MET data in the neutral atmosphere[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1022(D25):29849-29866.
宋晓姜,杨学联,邢建勇,2013.GPS掩星资料三维变分同化对台风模式预报的改进试验[J].海洋学报,35(5):67-75.Song X J,Yang X L,Xing J Y,2013.The test of typhoon forecast improve by 3D variational assimilation of GPS occulation material[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(5):67-75.(in Chinese).
Steiner A K,Kirchengast G,Lardier H P,1999.Inversion,error analysis,and validation of GPS/MET occultation data[J].Analyses Geophysicae,17:128-138.
唐细坝,薛纪善,2009.COSMIC资料在GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统的初步研究[J].热带气象学报,25(5):521-530.Tang X B,Xue J S,2009.Preliminary study of the use of cosmic data in the global 3-dimensional variance assimilation system of GRAPES[J].J Trop Meteor,25(5):521-530.(in Chinese).
Xu X H,Luo J,Shi C,2009.Comparsion of COSMIC radio occulation refractivity profiles with radiosonde measurements[J].Adv Atmos Sci,26(6):1137-1145.
Yunck T P,Liu C H,Ware R,2000.A history of GPS sounding[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences,11(1):1-20.
臧欣,官莉,2015.COSMIC反演大气温湿廓线与模式客观分析场的比较[J].大气科学学报,38(4):510-517.Zang X,Guan L,2015.Comparison of COSMIC retrieved temperature and humidity profile with model objective analysis fields[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(4):510-517.(in Chinese).