绿色超级稻品种的农艺与生理性状分析
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摘要
探明绿色超级稻的农艺与生理性状,对于培育和选用绿色超级稻品种有重要意义。本研究以4个绿色超级稻品种为材料,1个超级稻品种和1个非超级稻品种为对照,观察了绿色超级稻的农艺与生理表现。结果表明,与对照品种相比,绿色超级稻品种具有较高的产量和氮素利用效率。绿色超级稻品种较高的产量得益于总颖花数和结实率的同步提高,较高的氮素利用率主要在于较高的植株氮素籽粒生产效率(氮素内部利用效率)。绿色超级稻具有较高的茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的作物生长速率、净同化率、根系氧化力和茎中同化物向籽粒的运转率和成熟期较高的收获指数。这些性状与产量及植株氮素籽粒生产效率均呈极显著的正相关。建议将上述性状作为培育和选用绿色超级稻品种的参考指标。
Understanding agronomic and physiological characteristics of green super rice(GSR) is essential to make strategies for breeding GSR varieties and crop management. This study aimed to identify major agronomic and physiological traits associated with high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice. Four GSR varieties and two control varieties(one super rice variety and one non-super rice inbred) were grown in the paddy field. The results showed that the GSR varieties produced higher grain yield and higher NUE than control varieties. Synchronous increases in both total spikelet number and filled-grain percentage contributed to higher grain yield, and an increase in grain yield production per unit absorbed N(internal NUE) resulted in higher NUE for GSR. Compared with control varieties, GSR varieties exhibited greater percentage of productive tillers and the ratio of spikelet number to leaf area, higher ratio of sugar amount to spikelet number at the heading time, higher crop growth rate, net assimilate rate, and root oxidation activity and more remobilization of assimilates from stems and sheaths to grains during the grain filling period, and higher harvest index at maturity. These traits were positively and very significantly correlated with both grain yield and internal NUE, and could be used as indexes for breeding and selecting GSR varieties.
Understanding agronomic and physiological characteristics of green super rice(GSR) is essential to make strategies for breeding GSR varieties and crop management. This study aimed to identify major agronomic and physiological traits associated with high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice. Four GSR varieties and two control varieties(one super rice variety and one non-super rice inbred) were grown in the paddy field. The results showed that the GSR varieties produced higher grain yield and higher NUE than control varieties. Synchronous increases in both total spikelet number and filled-grain percentage contributed to higher grain yield, and an increase in grain yield production per unit absorbed N(internal NUE) resulted in higher NUE for GSR. Compared with control varieties, GSR varieties exhibited greater percentage of productive tillers and the ratio of spikelet number to leaf area, higher ratio of sugar amount to spikelet number at the heading time, higher crop growth rate, net assimilate rate, and root oxidation activity and more remobilization of assimilates from stems and sheaths to grains during the grain filling period, and higher harvest index at maturity. These traits were positively and very significantly correlated with both grain yield and internal NUE, and could be used as indexes for breeding and selecting GSR varieties.
引文
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[12]Zhang H,Xue Y G,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime improves root and shoot growth in rice.Crop Sci,2009,49:2246-2260.
[13]Yang J C,Zhang J H.Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice.J Exp Bot,2010,61:3177-3189.
[14]Wang Z Q,Zhang W Y,Beebout S S,Zhang H,Liu L J,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Grain yield,water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates.Field Crops Res,2016,193:54-69.
[15]张自常,徐云姬,褚光,王志琴,王学明,刘立军,杨建昌.不同灌溉方式下的水稻群体质量.作物学报,2011,37:2011-2019.Zhang Z C,Xu Y J,Chu G,Wang Z Q,Wang X M,Liu L J,Yang J C.Population quality of rice under different irrigation regimes.Acta Agron Sin,2011,37:2011-2019(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]Fu J,Huang Z H,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice.Field Crops Res,2011,123:170-182.
[17]Yang J C,Peng S B,Zhang Z J,Wang Z Q,Visperas R M,Zhu QS.Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in japonica/indica hybrid rice.Crop Sci,2002,42:766-772.
[18]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Wang Z Q,Zhu Q S.Hormones in the grains in relation to sink strength and postanthesis development of spikelets in rice.Plant Growth Regul,2003,41:185-195.
[19]凌启鸿,杨建昌.水稻群体“粒叶比”与高产栽培途径研究.中国农业科学,1986,19(3):1-8.Ling Q H,Yang J C.Studies on“grain-leaf ratio”of population and cultural approaches of high yield in rice plants.Sci Agric Sin,1986,19(3):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]杨建昌.水稻粒叶比与产量的关系.江苏农学院学报,1993,14(专刊):11-14.Yang J C.Relationship between grain-leaf ratio and grain yield of rice.J Agric Coll,1993,14(Special issue):11-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]凌启鸿.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.pp42-216.Ling Q H.Crop population Quality.Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,2000.pp 42-216(in Chinese).
[22]Yang J C.Approaches to achieve high yield and high resource use efficiency in rice.Front Agric Sci Eng,2015,2:115-123.
[23]Li H W,Liu L J,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Agronomic and physiological performance of high-yielding wheat and rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China.Field Crops Res,2012,133:119-129.
[24]Kato T,Takeda K.Associations among characters related to yield sink capacity in space-planted rice.Crop Sci,1996,36:1135-1139.
[25]Fageria N K.Yield physiology of rice.J Plant Nutr,2007,30:843-879.
[26]Yang J C,Zhang H,Zhang J H.Root morphology and physiology in relation to the yield formation of rice.J Integr Agric,2012,11:920-926.
[27]Chu G,Chen T T,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with water productivity in water-saving and drought-resistant rice.Field Crops Res,2014,162:108-119.
[28]Osaki M,Shinano T,Matsumoto M,Zheng T,Tadano T.Aroot-shoot interaction hypothesis for high productivity of field crops.Soil Sci Plant Nutr,1997,37:445-454.
[29]Samejima H,Kondo M,Ito O,Nozoe T,Shinano T,Osaki M.Root-shoot interaction as a limiting factor of biomass productivity in new tropical rice lines.Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2004,50:545-554.
[30]Yang J C,Zhang J H.Grain-filling problem in“super”rice.J Exp Bot,2010,61:1-5.
[31]Zhang Z J,Chu G,Liu L J,Wang Z Q,Wang X M,Zhang H,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Mid-season nitrogen application strategies for rice varieties differing in panicle size.Field Crops Res,2013,150:9-18.
[32]Ju C X,Buresh R J,Wang Z Q,Zhang H,Liu L J,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Root and shoot traits for rice varieties with higher grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower nitrogen rates application.Field Crops Res,2015,175:47-59.
[33]Chu G,Wang Z Q,Zhang H,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Agronomic and physiological performance of rice under integrative crop management.Agron J,2016,108:117-128.
[2]余四斌,熊银,肖景华,罗利军,张启发.杂交稻与绿色超级稻.科学通报,2016,61:3797-3803.Yu S B,Xiong Y,Xiao J H,Luo L J,Zhang Q F.Hybrid rice and green super rice.Chin Sci Bull,2016,61:3797-3803(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]Peng S B,Tang Q Y,Zou Y B.Current status and challenges of rice production in China.Plant Prod Sci,2009,12:3-8.
[4]张启发.资源节约型、环境友好型农业生产体系的理论与实践.北京:科学出版社,2015.pp 1-15.Zhang Q F.Theory and Practice of Resource-saving and Environment-friendly Agricultural Production System.Beijing:Science Press,2015.pp 1-15(in Chinese).
[5]Zhang Q F.Strategies for developing green super rice.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104:16402-16409.
[6]张启发.绿色超级稻的构想与实践.北京:科学出版社,2010.pp 1-32.Zhang Q F.Strategies and Practice for Developing Green Super Rice.Beijing:Science Press,2010.pp 1-32(in Chinese).
[7]Wang F,Peng S B.Yield potential and nitrogen use efficiency of China’s super rice.J Integr Agric,2017,16:1000-1008.
[8]彭少兵.对转型时期水稻生产的战略思考.中国科学:生命科学,2014,44:845-850.Peng S B.Reflection on China’s rice production strategies during the transition period.Sci Sin Vitae,2014,44:845-850(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]Yang J C,Liu K,Wang Z Q,Du Y,Zhang J H.Water-saving and high-yielding irrigation for lowland rice by controlling limiting values of soil water potential.J Integr Plant Biol,2007,49:1445-1454.
[10]Pucher G W,Leavenworth C S,Vickery H B.Determination of starch in plant tissues.Analyt Chem,1948,20:850-853.
[11]Yoshida S,Forno D,Cock J,Gomez K.Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice.The Philippines:International Rice Research Institute,1976.pp 14-20.
[12]Zhang H,Xue Y G,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime improves root and shoot growth in rice.Crop Sci,2009,49:2246-2260.
[13]Yang J C,Zhang J H.Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice.J Exp Bot,2010,61:3177-3189.
[14]Wang Z Q,Zhang W Y,Beebout S S,Zhang H,Liu L J,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Grain yield,water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates.Field Crops Res,2016,193:54-69.
[15]张自常,徐云姬,褚光,王志琴,王学明,刘立军,杨建昌.不同灌溉方式下的水稻群体质量.作物学报,2011,37:2011-2019.Zhang Z C,Xu Y J,Chu G,Wang Z Q,Wang X M,Liu L J,Yang J C.Population quality of rice under different irrigation regimes.Acta Agron Sin,2011,37:2011-2019(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]Fu J,Huang Z H,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice.Field Crops Res,2011,123:170-182.
[17]Yang J C,Peng S B,Zhang Z J,Wang Z Q,Visperas R M,Zhu QS.Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in japonica/indica hybrid rice.Crop Sci,2002,42:766-772.
[18]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Wang Z Q,Zhu Q S.Hormones in the grains in relation to sink strength and postanthesis development of spikelets in rice.Plant Growth Regul,2003,41:185-195.
[19]凌启鸿,杨建昌.水稻群体“粒叶比”与高产栽培途径研究.中国农业科学,1986,19(3):1-8.Ling Q H,Yang J C.Studies on“grain-leaf ratio”of population and cultural approaches of high yield in rice plants.Sci Agric Sin,1986,19(3):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]杨建昌.水稻粒叶比与产量的关系.江苏农学院学报,1993,14(专刊):11-14.Yang J C.Relationship between grain-leaf ratio and grain yield of rice.J Agric Coll,1993,14(Special issue):11-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]凌启鸿.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.pp42-216.Ling Q H.Crop population Quality.Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,2000.pp 42-216(in Chinese).
[22]Yang J C.Approaches to achieve high yield and high resource use efficiency in rice.Front Agric Sci Eng,2015,2:115-123.
[23]Li H W,Liu L J,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Agronomic and physiological performance of high-yielding wheat and rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China.Field Crops Res,2012,133:119-129.
[24]Kato T,Takeda K.Associations among characters related to yield sink capacity in space-planted rice.Crop Sci,1996,36:1135-1139.
[25]Fageria N K.Yield physiology of rice.J Plant Nutr,2007,30:843-879.
[26]Yang J C,Zhang H,Zhang J H.Root morphology and physiology in relation to the yield formation of rice.J Integr Agric,2012,11:920-926.
[27]Chu G,Chen T T,Wang Z Q,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with water productivity in water-saving and drought-resistant rice.Field Crops Res,2014,162:108-119.
[28]Osaki M,Shinano T,Matsumoto M,Zheng T,Tadano T.Aroot-shoot interaction hypothesis for high productivity of field crops.Soil Sci Plant Nutr,1997,37:445-454.
[29]Samejima H,Kondo M,Ito O,Nozoe T,Shinano T,Osaki M.Root-shoot interaction as a limiting factor of biomass productivity in new tropical rice lines.Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2004,50:545-554.
[30]Yang J C,Zhang J H.Grain-filling problem in“super”rice.J Exp Bot,2010,61:1-5.
[31]Zhang Z J,Chu G,Liu L J,Wang Z Q,Wang X M,Zhang H,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Mid-season nitrogen application strategies for rice varieties differing in panicle size.Field Crops Res,2013,150:9-18.
[32]Ju C X,Buresh R J,Wang Z Q,Zhang H,Liu L J,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Root and shoot traits for rice varieties with higher grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower nitrogen rates application.Field Crops Res,2015,175:47-59.
[33]Chu G,Wang Z Q,Zhang H,Yang J C,Zhang J H.Agronomic and physiological performance of rice under integrative crop management.Agron J,2016,108:117-128.