基于RWEQ的宁夏草地防风固沙服务评估
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摘要
宁夏草地在区域防风固沙中发挥了重要的作用。现有研究大多是基于微观尺度,针对区域尺度的宁夏草地防风固沙时空格局及其变化规律尚不清楚。本文基于RWEQ模型,利用ArcGIS和ENVI,对2000—2015年间宁夏草地防风固沙服务功能进行了定量化的估算。结果表明:①2000—2015年宁夏草地年潜在风蚀总量为1028.30~7540.50万t,年实际风蚀总量为269.75~3318.71万t;②2000—2015年宁夏草地年防风固沙物质总量为729.80~4120.04万t,16年间共增加了124.13万t,平均单位面积年防风固沙物质量在0.33~1.77 kg/m2之间,空间分布呈现出"中高南北低"的特点;防风固沙保有率平均值为0.65~0.79;③草地防风固沙等级以"中等"和"较弱"为主,占总固沙量的47%~65%;"中等"及以上的草地面积波动增加,"弱"和"较弱"等级的草地面积减少;④中部干旱区和南部山区草地防风固沙量占总量的90%以上,北部灌区草地防风固沙量则呈现"先增后减"的趋势。北部灌区和中部干旱区是未来风沙治理需更加关注的区域。本文揭示了宁夏草地防风固沙的时空格局,为未来区域风沙治理提供了参考。
Grassland in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region plays a crucial role in sand-fixing. But most of the existing studies are based on micro-scale research, therefore the temporal and spatial patterns of grassland wind-breaking and sand-fixing functions at the regional scale in Ningxia are still unclear. Based on the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ) model, we quantitatively estimated the sand-fixing function of the grassland ecosystem in Ningxia from 2000 to 2015 with ArcGIS and ENVI. The results show that:(1) The amount of total potential wind erosion ranged from 1028.30×10~4 t to 7540.50×10~4 t while the amount of total actual wind erosion was calculated to be from 269.75×10~4 t to 3318.71×10~4 t.(2) The total amount of fixed material of the grassland in Ningxia ranged from 729.80×10~4 t to 4120.04×10~4 t, increased by 124.13×10~4 t through the study period, and the average amount of fixed material per unit area ranged between 0.33 kg/m2 and 1.77 kg/m2, with a spatial distribution pattern of high in the central region and low in the north and south. Retention rates increased and averaged between 0.65 and 0.79.(3) The levels of sand-fixing function of grassland in Ningxia from 2000 to 2015 were mainly moderate and weak, accounting for 47% to 65% of the total amount of sand fixation. The area of grassland with moderate and above levels of sand-fixing function increased, while the area with weak and relatively weak grades kept reducing.(4) The proportion of sand-fixing function in the grasslands of the southern mountainous areas and the central arid areas was more than 90%, while that in the northern irrigation grassland decreased first and then increased. The northern and central arid areas need more attention on the management of sandstorm in the future. This study revealed the temporal and spatial patterns of sand fixation of grassland in Ningxia, providing a reference for future wind and sand management.
Grassland in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region plays a crucial role in sand-fixing. But most of the existing studies are based on micro-scale research, therefore the temporal and spatial patterns of grassland wind-breaking and sand-fixing functions at the regional scale in Ningxia are still unclear. Based on the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ) model, we quantitatively estimated the sand-fixing function of the grassland ecosystem in Ningxia from 2000 to 2015 with ArcGIS and ENVI. The results show that:(1) The amount of total potential wind erosion ranged from 1028.30×10~4 t to 7540.50×10~4 t while the amount of total actual wind erosion was calculated to be from 269.75×10~4 t to 3318.71×10~4 t.(2) The total amount of fixed material of the grassland in Ningxia ranged from 729.80×10~4 t to 4120.04×10~4 t, increased by 124.13×10~4 t through the study period, and the average amount of fixed material per unit area ranged between 0.33 kg/m2 and 1.77 kg/m2, with a spatial distribution pattern of high in the central region and low in the north and south. Retention rates increased and averaged between 0.65 and 0.79.(3) The levels of sand-fixing function of grassland in Ningxia from 2000 to 2015 were mainly moderate and weak, accounting for 47% to 65% of the total amount of sand fixation. The area of grassland with moderate and above levels of sand-fixing function increased, while the area with weak and relatively weak grades kept reducing.(4) The proportion of sand-fixing function in the grasslands of the southern mountainous areas and the central arid areas was more than 90%, while that in the northern irrigation grassland decreased first and then increased. The northern and central arid areas need more attention on the management of sandstorm in the future. This study revealed the temporal and spatial patterns of sand fixation of grassland in Ningxia, providing a reference for future wind and sand management.
引文
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[3] Gregory J M, Wilson G R, Singh U B, et al. TEAM:Integrated, process-based wind-erosion model[J]. Environmental Modelling&Software, 2004, 19(2):205-215.
[4] Bacharov A P. A Description of Devices Used in the Study of Wind Erosion of Soils[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press, 1984.
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[6] Fryrear D W, Bilbro J D, Saleh A, et al. RWEQ:Improved wind erosion technology[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000, 55(2):183-189.
[7] Hagen L J. Evaluation of the wind erosion prediction system(WEPS)erosion sub model on cropland fields[J]. Environmental Modelling&Software, 2004, 19(2):171-176.
[8] Pelt R S V, Zobeck T M, Potter K N, et al. Validation of the wind erosion stochastic simulator(WESS)and the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ)for single events[J]. Environmental Modelling&Software, 2004, 19(2):191-198.
[9] Mandakh N, Tsogtbaatar J, Dash D, et al. Spatial assessment of soil wind erosion using WEQ approach in Mongolia[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(4):473-483.
[10] Singh U B, Gregory J M, Wilson G R. Texas Erosion Analysis Model:Theory and Validation[C]. Manhattan:Proceedings of Wind Erosion:An International Symposium/Workshop(Computer File), 1997.
[11] Coen G M, Tatarko J, Martin T C, et al. A method for using WEPS to map wind erosion risk of Alberta soils[J]. Environmental Modelling and Software, 2004, 19(2):185-189.
[12]陈莉,韩婷婷,李涛,等.基于WEPS模型的天津郊区土壤风蚀起尘及对中心城区迁移量估算[J].环境科学, 2012, 33(7):2197-2203.[Chen L, Han T T, Li T, et al. Estimation of the effect derived from wind erosion of soil and dust emission in Tianjin suburbs on the central district based on WEPS Model[J]. Environmental Science, 2012, 33(7):2197-2203.]
[13]王燕,王萍.风蚀预报系统(WEPS)在民勤荒漠地区的应用分析研究[J].干旱区地理, 2013, 36(1):109-117.[Wang Y, Wang P.Application of wind erosion prediction system in Minqin Desert Area[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(1):109-117.]
[14]董治宝.建立小流域风蚀量统计模型初探[J].水土保持通报,1998, 18(5):56-63.[Dong Z B. Establishing statistic model of wind erosion on small watershed basis[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998, 18(5):56-63.]
[15]韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.黑河下游重要生态功能区植被防风固沙功能及其价值初步评估[J].自然资源学报, 2011, 26(1):58-65.[Han Y W, Tuo X S, Gao J X, et al. Assessment on the sand fixing function and its value of the vegetation in eco-function protection areas of the lower reaches of the Heihe River[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(1):58-65.]
[16]丁国栋.风沙物理学中两个焦点问题研究现状与未来研究思路刍议[J].中国沙漠, 2008, 28(3):395-398.[Ding G D. Status and prospect of study on two focuses in Aeolian physics[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2008, 28(3):395-398.]
[17]丁国栋,李素艳,蔡京艳,等.浑善达克沙地草场资源评价与载畜量研究:以内蒙古正蓝旗沙地区为例[J].生态学杂志, 2005,24(9):1038-1042.[Ding G D, Li S Y, Cai J Y, et al. Pasture resources evaluation and stocking density in Hunshandake Sandy Land:Case study of Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(9):1038-1042.]
[18]高君亮,郝玉光,丁国栋,等.乌兰布和荒漠生态系统防风固沙功能价值初步评估[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(12):41-46.[Gao J L, Hao Y G, Ding G D, et al. Primary assessment on the wind breaking and sand fixing function of the vegetation and its value in Ulan Buh desert ecosystem[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2013, 27(12):41-46.]
[19] Gong G L, Liu J Y, Shao Q Q, et al. Sand-fixing function under the change of vegetation coverage in a wind erosion area in Northern China[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2014, 5(2):105-114.
[20]巩国丽,刘纪远,邵全琴.基于RWEQ的20世纪90年代以来内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀研究[J].地理科学进展, 2014, 33(6):825-834.[Gong G L, Liu J Y, Shao Q Q. Wind erosion in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia since the 1990s using the revised wind erosion equation[J]. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(6):825-834.]
[21]巩国丽,刘纪远,邵全琴.草地覆盖度变化对生态系统防风固沙服务的影响分析:以内蒙古典型草原区为例[J].地球信息科学学报, 2014, 16(3):426-434.[Gong G L, Liu J Y, Shao Q Q. Effects of vegetation coverage change on soil conservation service of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2014, 16(3):426-434.]
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