我国政策性银行改革动因及发展方向研究
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摘要
摘要:随着社会主义经济市场化改革的推进,我国政策性银行的经营环境已经发生了巨大变化,需要我们重新审视其制度安排。政策性银行有两个功能:一是填补市场缺位,二是弥补市场失灵。填补市场缺位的功能随着市场化程度的提升会逐渐消弱,而弥补市场失灵的功能将长期存在。由于我国市场经济制度逐渐完善,市场化程度已经从1994年的37.72%提高到2011年的78.11%。在高度市场化背景下,政策性银行填补市场缺位的功能明显削弱,经济社会发展对政策性资金的需求越来越少。而与此同时,我国政策性银行体系的总体规模却在快速扩大。在需求减少和供给增加的共同作用下使得部分政策性资金流向商业性金融领域,一方面导致国有资金配置效率降低,另一方面导致金融市场无序竞争。进入高度市场化阶段是我国政策性银行改革的根本动因,政策性资金配置效率低下是我国政策性银行改革的直接动因,减小政策性银行体系规模是符合我国国情的金融改革思路。
     政策性银行体系规模减小的路径有三条:一是退出市场,二是商业化混合经营,三是商业化专业经营。由于我国政策性银行具有商业银行所不具备的中长期信贷优势,且我国缺乏金融机构退出市场的制度安排,第一条路径不可取;同一家银行主体不能同时经营政策性业务和商业性业务,由于两者很难区分,若混合经营,经营主体既不能忠实于国家政策任务,又不能担负自主经营、自负盈亏的责任,所以第二条路径也行不通。商业化专业经营既可以避免混合经营的各种弊端,又可以通过“市场筛选法”分离出政策性业务,所以,商业化专业经营是我国政策性银行体系缩减规模的合理路径。
     弥补市场失灵功能决定了政策性金融存在的长期性,我国只能对部分政策性银行进行商业化改革,因此,需要一个标准来衡量对哪家行进行商业化改革。本文设计了衡量政策性银行是否达到商业化改革条件标准的指标:国家补贴依赖度。通过测算国开行、进出口银行和农发行的国家补贴依赖度,结果显示:当前国开行和进出口银行经营的商业性业务较多,承担的政策性较少,达到了商业化改革的条件;农发行承担的政策性业务较重,对国家补贴的依赖程度较高,尚不能商业化改革。
     当前开发性金融理论存在诸多矛盾之处,本文从投融资期限角度重新界定了开发性金融的内涵和理论定位,从投融资期限和经营目标二个维度将金融业务分为政策开发性业务、政策传统性业务、商业开发性业务和商业传统性业务。可见,政策性银行商业化后有两种业务模式可选:一是商业传统性金融,二是商业开发性金融。由于我国对商业性中长期信贷的需求较为旺盛,而商业传统性银行受到融资渠道的限制对中长期信贷供给不足,国开行和进出口银行具有中长期的投融资优势,所以,商业开发性金融是它们在商业化改革之后形成和其他商业银行差异化竞争的业务模式选择。
     国开行当前的改革方向是商业化混合经营,而不是商业化专业经营。其混合经营主要表现在:一是国家信用担保可退出但未退出,二是政策性经营下产生的高绩效。国开行之所以能够混合经营,主要原因在于:一是扭曲了开发性金融的概念,使得其性质模糊不清,处于“脚踏两只船”的状态;二是缺乏完整的改革框架,没有明确具体的改革方向和完善的监管体系。若要使国开行的改革回归到商业化专业经营的道路上,国家层面必须制定完善的改革框架,国开行要彻底剥离政策性业务,并提高市场定价能力。
     采用SWOT战略分析法得出,进出口银行在商业化改革后要将市场定位于对外贸易领域的中期投融资市场。同时,为克服其规模小,资金成本高、资本金不足等劣势,它还需要大力的拓展融资渠道、提高投融资的市场定价能力,并多途径增加资本金。和其他银行相比,进出口银行面临的国别风险和汇率风险较高,在商业化改革后风险自担的情况下,需要加强对国别风险和汇率风险的管控。据粗略估算,当前进出口银行的资本充足率在3%-4%,要在短期内达到8%的最低监管要求,争取国家注资是最快速有效的方法。
     农发行要从治理结构方面保障其政策性履职效率。在国开行和进出口银行商业化改革后,农发行作为我国唯一一家政策性银行,需要加强其政策性属性。但是由于内控制度不健全、外部监管不完善导致当前农发行的功能和体制难以承担政策性金融的战略任务,势必需要从内外两方面对其治理结构进行完善。建立健全治理结构,农发行自身要完善内部控制制度;财政部作为出资人,要建立考核机制,对其绩效予以考核,包括经济绩效和社会绩效;监管部门要强化监管依据,对农发行在经营中可能产生的系统性和非系统风险予以监控。
ABSTRACT:With the development of the socialist market economy, operating environment of policy Banks has changed a lot in China. China's marketization degree improves from37.73%in1994to78.11%in2004. According to international experience, when one country's marketization degree is higher than the75%, it is considered into the phase of highly marketable. Under the background of highly market-oriented, capital requirements of China's economic and social development can be easily obtained through marketing channels, and the demand for policy fund is less and less. However, at the same time, policy banks'assets in china are increasing quickly from204.8billion in1994to9404.8billion in2011, increasing by46times. Decreasing demand and increasing supply makes some policy fund flow to commercial financial filed, results in the decrease of state-owned capital allocation efficiency, and disorderly competition in financial markets. Therefore, marketization degree improvement is the ultimate reason of reform of policy Banks in China, and reducing policy bank system size is the sound financial reform thought for China.
     There are three paths to reduce policy banks size:the first is exiting part of policy banks out of market, the second is mixing policy business and commercial business in one bank, the third is transform part of policy banks into commercial banks. Because Chinese policy Banks have long-term credit advantage, and it is lack of financial institution exit legal system in China, the first path is not reasonable; Based on commercial financial and policy financial theory, one bank can't mixed operate policy business and commercial business simultaneously. Because it's different to distinguish commercial business from policy business, if one bank operates two businesses simultaneously, it will not only failed to be responsible for the national policy, but also failed to assume sole responsibility for its profits or losses. Therefore, the second path is also reasonable. We suggest that the third path is an option, because the third path can separate policy business from commercial business through market. Some businesses that commercial banks are not willing to bear, but involve national strategic development, those are policy business, need policy banks to support.
     As the third path is an option to shrink Chinese policy banks size, we need a standard to judge which bank can be commercially reformed. According to policy credit of chinese economic and social development need and policy credit amount of single bank undertakes, this paper designs an index---SDI(subsidy dependent index)----for measuring whether a policy bank can commercially reform. Different to foreign situation, most of chinese policy banks'subsidy is indirect. Direct subsidy data can be directly obtained from financial report; however, indirect subsidy has to calculate by a reasonable method. Chinese policy banks' indirect subsidy contains two parts, the first is bond issued by the national credit guarantee, and the second is national capital not for profit. This paper uses "value compensation method" to measure the subsidy from national credit guarantee, and uses "size reference method" to measure the subsidy from national unprofitable capital. Calculating total subsidy get by CDB, EBC and ADB, it suggests that, CDB and EBC can run not depend on national subsidy, and meet the standard to commercially reform. But ABD undertakes most policy business, run depend on national subsidy heavily, and can not to commercially reform.
     This paper redefines the connotation of development finance, and considers commercial development finance is the specific direction of chinese policy banks commercially reform to. Although most of related literature regarded development finance as the specific direction of chinese policy banks' reform, these previous research defines development finance contained in the policy financial framework, confusing the relationship between development finance and policy finance. According to the international practice of development finance, we consider development finance is a financial activities that main obtain fund by issuing bond and invest fund by medium-and long-tern credit. Development finance contains commercial development finance and policy development finance. The operation mode of policy development finance is obtaining fund by lower price and credit fund by lower interest; however, the mode of commercial development finance is obtaining fund by more expensive price and credit fund by higher interest lever. China development demand for a large number of medium-and long-term commercial credits, this amount demand can not be met by traditional commercial banks, while CDB and EBC have advantages of supplying medium-and long-term credit. Therefore, commercial development finance is the business pattern of CDB and EBC after their reform. This business pattern is different from traditional commercial banks. The policy business that undertaken by CDB and EBC now can operate by tender, or can be carried on by ADB.
     This paper analyzes the performance and reason of CDB's biased reform direction, proposes some recommendations about rectifying. It has been clear that the reform direction of CBD is commercial bank in2007, and CBD has become joint-stock company in2008, but apart from setting up a modern financial corporate management structure, CDB's reform did not get any substantive progress in the last five years. The performances of CDB's biased reform direction are:the first is national credit guarantee should stop but not, the second is its developing model is mixed operation. The reasons of CDB's biased reform direction are:(1) Distorting development finance conception, and obscuring its property, made it neither a policy bank nor a commercial bank.(2) Lack of a complete reform framework, there are no specific direction and perfect supervision system. To rectify CDB back to the commercial development bank, the government must design a perfect reform framework, and CDB must strip its policy business, and improve the ability of market pricing.
     In terms of commercialization reform, the EBC has obvious superiority at the medium-term credit, import and export trade, and risk control. However, it also has weakness, for example, the network is less, the assert size is smaller, the fund cost is higher, and the capital is insufficient and so on. Facing the opportunity of foreign trade growth rapidly, but it is under threat of financing cost increasing after commercial transformation. Based on SWOT strategic analysis reveals that, EBC should insist foreign trade medium-credit to play its profession advantage after commercial transformation. At the same time, in order to overcome its smaller asserts size, higher financing cost and inadequate capital, EBC should expand financing channels, improve pricing ability and increase capital obtained ways. Compared with other banks, EBC faces higher country risk and exchange rate risk. Therefore, after commercial transformation, EBC must strengthen country risk and exchange rate risk control because it has to take these risks. Through a rough estimate, EBC's tier2capital adequacy ratio is about3%, can't meet the minimum regulatory requirement in the short time, so actively strive for national capital injection is the most effective method to improve capital adequacy.
     The "three rural" development in China still needs a lot of policy funds support, while ADB can't assume this responsibility because of imperfect internal control system and external regulation, so ADB need be reformed from governance structure term in the policy framework. Due to the highly dependent on national subsidies, ADB's enthusiasm is not high, the overall operation efficiency is very low; because of imperfect internal control system and external regulation, many violations have happened in it. The defects in ADB's governance structure make it is inefficient. In order to improve its efficiency, ADB's reform should strengthen its governance performance. ADB must improve internal control system; the ministry of finance should design an appraisal mechanism as investor to evaluate ADB's performance including economic performance and social performance; regulators have to strengthen supervision laws, and monitor ADB's systematic and unsystematic risk.
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