摘要
高速铁路列车运行冲突管理问题是高速铁路运输组织的关键技术之一,是铁路行车指挥的重要内容。铁路行车调度的主要任务是要判定列车运行冲突的类型和冲突程度,按照一定的优化目标消解冲突,确定合理的列车运行次序,对列车运行计划进行优化调整。高速铁路列车运行冲突管理基于列车运行的动态运行信息,实现对潜在列车运行冲突的判定、度量、预测和消解,为列车运行调整提供辅助支持。列车运行冲突管理研究对于提高我国高速铁路的运输组织水平、完善综合调度指挥系统功能和实现调度指挥智能化具有深远的意义。
由于高速铁路调度指挥智能化对列车运行调整的高要求给高速铁路的列车运行冲突管理的时效性和有效性提出了更高的要求。因此,相比于既有铁路,需要更加重视对高速铁路列车运行冲突的管理,重点消解好各类冲突。
本论文分析了高速铁路列车运行冲突的特点,阐述了高速铁路列车运行冲突管理的内涵。提出了各类冲突的判定方法,研究了高速铁路列车运行冲突的产生机理,提出了高速铁路列车运行冲突程度的度量方法及预测方法,建立了基于冲突消解的列车运行调整优化模型并设计了求解算法。具体完成了以下研究工作：
(1)通过参阅大量的研究文献和成果,归纳并分析了列车运行冲突管理的研究历程及国内外对列车运行冲突管理问题研究的现状。国内外相关研究对列车运行管理问题的研究主要是依托列车运行图优化和调度指挥系统开发而进行的,对列车运行冲突管理问题专门和系统的研究尚缺,没有能够适合我国国情和路情的高速铁路列车运行冲突管理体系。
(2)在定义高速铁路列车运行冲突的基础上,对高速铁路列车运行冲突从4个不同角度进行了分类。冲突分析、冲突消解和基于冲突管理的列车运行调整方法及运行图优化技术等问题是我国高速铁路冲突管理的主要内涵。
(3)为了研究高速铁路列车运行冲突的产生机理,研究了列车运行干扰及冗余时间对列车运行冲突的作用过程并进行了高速铁路列车运行冲突机理的仿真分析。通过分析列车运行随机干扰的分布规律及累积效应,得到了列车运行干扰条件下偏离运行计划的状态转移图及转移矩阵。分析了运行图冗余时间的分布规律及对列车运行冲突吸收作用的机理,得到了列车运行计划恢复状态转移图及转移矩阵。运用易语言开发的“列车运行干扰-冗余时间-冲突”仿真程序对4个车站和3个区间内的5列高速列车在给定的仿真情景下进行了仿真。研究和仿真表明：高速铁路列车运行冲突与列车运行干扰正相关,而与运行图冗余时间负相关。
(4)根据高速铁路列车运行冲突的判定依据,分别给出了7类列车运行冲突的IF-THEN产生式规则判定方法,运用时间拓扑矩阵理论实现了高速铁路列车事件的时间逻辑判断,为列车运行冲突的计算机实现奠定了基础,阐述了高速铁路到发线运用冲突及其他类型冲突的判定思路和步骤。冲突判定方法和算法能够实现对高速铁路列车运行冲突的实时判断。
(5)为了测度列车运行冲突的严重程度,提高铁路行车指挥水平,对列车运行冲突进行了静态和动态度量方法研究。从宏观层面和微观层面对各类列车运行冲突程度进行了静态度量,重点对同类型冲突的动态度量方法进行了详细阐述。从实绩运行图获得列车运行数据建立列车运行调整决策表,运用信息熵理论考察各条件属性对减小决策不确定性的作用,确定各列车运行调整条件属性的重要性排序,选取评估冲突列车运行状态的5个指标并给予模糊评分,并计算各指标熵权,提出了各类型同类冲突严重程度的动态度量方法。
(6)构建了高速铁路列车运行三角模糊数时间工作流网,分析了列车运行工作流网顺序模式和选择模式的内涵。将高速铁路列车运行冲突的预测归结为工作流网时间一致性验证问题,根据列车当前的列车运行状态及列车未来各活动的三角模糊数时间,建立冲突预测链表,通过工作流网活动结束时间与截止期限的比较,计算出高速铁路列车运行各类冲突可能性,从而实现高速铁路列车运行冲突的预测。
(7)提出了基于列车运行冲突消解的高速铁路列车运行调整流程,分析了平移运行线、交换运行线、变更停站和越行方案以及数学规划四种冲突消解策略的作用原理。建立了基于最小列车运行冲突消解代价的高速铁路列车运行调整问题数学规划模型,该模型以冲突消解代价最小为优化目标,根据模型特点设计了基于实数编码的遗传算法求解模型并编写了相应的matlab程序,通过对不同程度列车晚点情况下的列车运行调整计划编制验证了算法的有效性。利用matlab与易语言混合编程开发了“列车运行调整计划评价系统”,用于对列车运行调整计划编制质量的评价。
Train operation conflict management is one of the key issues of high-speed railway organization. It plays a very important role during railway dispatching.The main tasks of railway dispatching are to determine the kind and the level of each train operation conflict, to digest the conflicts according to certain optimization objectives and to determine a reasonable sequence of trains. The skills of conflict judgment, measurement, prediction and intelligent adjustment of train operation based on the conflict resolution can put forward adjustment schemes for abnormalities of train operation on the basis of analyzing all kinds of train operation information. Train operation conflict management research is one of the key issues of train adjustment and train operation diagram preparation. It is the main contents of railway traffic control and the important prerequisite for intelligent dispatching.
Due to the high requirements of timeliness and effectiveness of train operation conflict management for high-speed rail from the needs of intelligent high-speed rail dispatching, there should be more attention need to be paid for train operation conflict management and digesting of all kinds of conflicts for high-speed rail compared to the existing rail.
The the characteristics of train operation conflict management for high-speed rail are analysed. And the main contents of train operation conflict management for high-speed rail in China are given. The judging methods of each kind of conflict are proposed. The mechanism of train operation conflict on high-speed rail, the mesurment of train operation conflict degrees and prediction method are study.The train operation adjustment modle based on conflict resolution and its algorithm is desined. The works finished in this paper are as follows:
(1)A review of research history and the study actuality of train operation conflict management in China and abroad after consulting or reading a lot of literature and research reports. The studies on train operation conflict management are carried out mainly relying on railway diagram optimization and dispatching system development in China and abroad. There are few of special and systematic jobs about this problem and there is no conflict management system that is suitable for high-speed railways under the conditions of China.
(2)The conflicts are classified from4aspects after defining the train operation conflict for high-speed rail. Conflict analysis, conflict resolution, train operation adjustment method and operation plan optimization based on conflict management are the main contents of train operation conflict management for high-speed rail in China.
(3) For the sake of studying the mechanism of train operation conflict for High-speed railways, the interaction process between train operation interferences and redundant time is discussed and the simulation analysis of the mechanism of train operation conflict on high-speed rail is carried out. The regularity of distribution and cumulative effect of the train operation interferences is studied and the state transition diagram and transfer matrix of train operation deviating from the operation plan are attained under the situation of train operation interferences. The regularity of distribution and elimination process of the redundant time is studied also. The state transition diagram and transfer matrix of recovering the operation plan from delayed are attained. A simulation system named "Train operation interferences-Redundant time-conflicts" was developed by Yi language. The simulation for5trains run during4stations and3segments under certain scenarios was carried out. The research and the simulation analysis show that train operation conflicts on high-speed railways are correlated with the train operation interferences positively while it is correlated with the buffer time negatively.
(4)According to the judgment criteria of train operation conflict, the IF-THEN generation rules of each conflict for the7types train operation conflicts are given. Time logic of train events was realized using the theory of time topology matrix and it provides the foundation for implementation by computers. The judgment methodology and processes both for utilization conflict of arrival and departure tracks and the other types of conflicts for high-speed rail system were described. It is showed that the judging methods and the algorithm meet the need of real-time conflict determination well.
(5)In order to measure the degrees of the train operation conflicts and to improve the railway traffic control level, measurements for the train operation conflicts both from static and dynamic aspects are carried out. Different types of conflicts are measured from the macro level and micro level and the method for measuring the same type of conflict was described in detail. The train operation decision table was established on the bases of the real-time data which was acquired from the actual train operation graphs. The information entropy theory was used in the process of investigating each condition attribute for reducing decision-making uncertainty. Then, the importance ranking of the train operation attributes were determined.5fuzzy scored indicators whose entropy weights were given are selected for assessing conflict degrees. The dynamic measure methods of various types train operation conflicts were proposed.
(6) A train operation workflow nets for high-speed rail is built up and the connotation of the two work patterns which are sequence mode and selection mode are analysed. The problem of conflict prediction comes down to the time consistency verification of workflow net. The conflicts prediction linked lists are built and used as a derivation tool. According to the current train running status and the triangular fuzzy number of time for future activities of train operation, the possibility of all kinds of train operation conflicts that could occur can be gained by means of comparing with the possible end time of the workflow nets and the fixed deadlines. And the prediction of train operation conflict is realized.
(7)The process of train operation adjustment base on conflict resolution is proposed. The action principle of the4conflict resolution strategies named translation lines, swapping lines, changing the stops and the mathematical programming are analyzed. Then, a mathematical programming model for train operation adjustment problems which takes the minimum cost of conflict resolution as the optimization objective is established based on conflict resolution. According to characteristics of the problem and model, the real-coded genetic algorithm and its matlab program are designed for solving this model. The validity of the algorithm is verified by means of train operation adjustment planning under different levels of train delays. A "train operation adjustment program evaluation system" was developed by hybrid programming of matlab and Yi language. It is used to evaluate the quality of train operation adjustment programs.
引文
[1]彭其渊,文超,闫海峰.提速战略对我国铁路运输发展的带动作用[J].西南交通大学学报,2008,43(6)：685-691.
[2]何邦模.什么是一流的高速铁路[J].世界轨道交通,2005(1)：62-63.
[3]李云峰,凌晓冬，武小悦.调度问题中的冲突研究[J].网络与信息技术,2007,26(6)：41-43.
[4]Yung-Hsiang Cheng and Li-An Yang.A Fuzzy Petri Nets approach for railway traffic control in case of abnormality:Evidence from Taiwan railway system[J]. Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36 (4):8040-8048.
[5]曹家明.双线铁路行车调度调整的优化方法[J].西南交通大学学报.1995,30(5)520-526.
[6]肖龙文,谢如鹤.单线区段列车运行图的自动化调整方法[J].交通运输工程学报.2004,4(3)：25-29.
[7]罗晴,金福才,胡思继.列车运行调整问题的分解协调计算模型[J].北京交通大学学报.2004,28(6)：87-89,94.
[8]陈彦如,彭其渊,蒋阳升.复线列车运行调整满意优化模型研究[J].铁道学报.2003,25(3)：8-12.
[9]王正彬,杜文.铁路双线自动闭塞区段列车运行调整模型及其遗传算法[J].铁道运输与经济.2004,26(6)：61-63.
[10]金福才.多目标优化列车运行调整问题的求解算法研究[A].扩大铁路对外开放、确保重点物资运输学术研讨会论文集[C].北京：科学普及出版社,2005：180-184.
[11]Chang, S.C. and Chung, Y.C.From timetabling to train regulation-a new train operation model[J].Information and Software Technology,2005,47(9):575-585.
[12]Komaya,K.,A new simulation method and its application to knowledgebased systems for. railway scheduling[A], Proceedings of the Railroad Conference[C] 1991:59-66.
[13]Yakoob S.M and Sherali.Mixed-integer programming models for an employee scheduling problem with multiple shifts and work locations, Annals of Operations Research[J],2007,155 (1):119-142.
[14]B. Szpigel, Optimal train scheduling on a single line railway.Operations Research[J].1973,7(2):344-351.
[15]Richard L. Sauder&William M. Westerman. Computer Aided Train Dispatching:Decision Support Through Optimization[J].INTERFACES,1983, 13(6):24-37.
[16]Harker, P T.Use of advanced train control system in scheduling and operating railroads:models, algorithms, and applications[J].Transportation Research Record 1989:101-110.
[17]Astree. Real-time Train Supervision will Complement ETCS Development [J]. Railway Gazette International,1994,17(9):15-18.
[18]Freddy De Vilder. MACRO:A European project to develop tools for conflict detection and resolution in railway and metro applications[A].The 8th International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Transportation Systems[C], Chania, Greece,1997,3:1209-1224.
[19]G.F. D'Addio, M. Mazzucchelli & S. Savio.Automatic conflict detection and resolution in metro rail systems:evaluation approach for MARCO EU project[A]. 4th International conference on urban transport and the environ-ment for the 21st century[C], Lisbon, PORTUGAL 1998:461-470
[20]Holm Hofestadt, Reinhard Kraftschik, Peter Straubler. SIMIS FFB from Siemens for the German Railways[J].Rail Signaling and Telecommunication.1999, (4):46-49.
[21]Bloomfield, R.Fundamentals of European rail traffic management system (ERTMS)[J]. Railway Signalling and Control Systems,2006,5(9):165-184.
[22]http://www.opentrack.com.cn
[23]Bendfeldt, J-P.& Mohr,U.& Muller, L..RailSys, a system to plan future railway needs [J]. Computer in railways, Ⅶ,2000:249-255.
[24]Rudolph.R. Operational simulation of light rail [A]. European Transport Conference [C]. Homerton College, Cambridge,2000:167-178.
[25]Renkema,M.&Vas Visser,h.TRACE supervision system for dispatching and passenger information[J]. Computers in Railways VII, WIT Press:Southampton, 2000:247-256.
[26]I.A.Hansen.Improving railway punctuality by automatic piloting [A].IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference Proceedings[C].2001:792-797.
[27]I.A. Hansen.Increase of capacity through optimised timetabling [A]. In: Computers in Railways Ⅸ [C], J. Allan, C.A. Brebbia, R.J. Hill, G.Sciutto&S.Sone,Eds.,Southampton:WIT Press,2004:529-538.
[28]R.M.P. Goverde, W. Daamen & I.A. Hansen. Automatic identification of route conflict occurrences and their consequences[A].In:Computers in Railways Ⅺ[C], WIT Press, Southampton,2008:473-482.
[29]R.M.P. Goverde, Punctuality of Railway Operations and Timetable Stability Analysis[D], PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology,2005.
[30]J. Yuan, Stochastic Modelling of Train Delays and Delay Propagation in Stations[D], PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology,2006.
[31]R.M.P.Goverde & Hansen, I.A., TNV-Prepare:Analysis of Dutch railway operations based on train detection data[A].In:Allan, J., Hill, R.J.,Brebbia, C.A. Sciutto, G.& Sone, S. (eds). Computers in Railways VII [C], WIT Press: Southampton,2000:779-788.
[32]J.Yuan, I.A. Hansen.Optimizing capacity utilization of stations by estimating knock-on train delays[J], Transportation Research Part B,2007,41(2):202-217.
[33]R.M.P.Goverde, Railway Timetable Stability Analysis Using Max-Plus System Theory [J], Transportation Research Part B,2007,41 (2):179-201.
[34]I.A.Hansen荷兰铁路最新研究成果[J].中国铁道科学,2002,23(6)：1-14.
[35]周磊山,秦作睿,列车运行计划与调整的通用算法及其计算机实现[J].铁道学报,1994,16(3)：56-65.
[36]刘志明.“客运专线运营调度仿真实验室”获铁道部批准开工建设[J].中国铁道科学,2007,28(6)：11,18.
[37]Tornquist,J.Computer-based decision support for railway traffic schedul and dispatching:A review of models and algorithms[A].In CD-ROM Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Algorithmic Methods and Models for Optimization of Railways [C]. Palma de Mallorca, Spain,2005:1-23.
[38]Ho,T.K.Optimal&Norton,J.P. Traffic control at railway junctions [J]. IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications,1997,144(2):140-148.
[39]S.M.Oh,S.H.Hong & I.C. Choi.Railway conflict detection and resolution in the Korean railway system[J].Computers in Railways IX,2004:675-684.
[40]Alexander Fay. A fuzzy knowledge-based system for railway traffic control system[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence.2000,13:719-729.
[41]Yu Cheng, Optimal train traffic rescheduling simulation by a knowledge based system combined with critical path method [J], Simulation Practice and Theory 1996,4(6):399-413.
[42]F.Makkinga &S.Metselaar. Automatic conflict detection and decision support for optimal usage of railway infrastructure[A].Proceeding of Computers in Railways VII[C]. Bologne,2000:1057-1064.
[43]Susanf Hallowell, Patrickt Harker. Predicting on-time performance in scheduled railroad operations:Methodology and application to train scheduling [J] Transport Research Part A,1998,32(4):279-295.
[44]Maura Mozzarella. A traffic management system for real-time traffic optimization in railways[J].Transportation Research Part B 2007,41(2):246-274.
[45]Garey,M.R.,Jonhson, D.S.. Computers and Intractability:A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness. W.H.Freeman[J], San Francisco, CA,1979,56-68.
[46]Goodman CJ, Takagi R. Dynamic rescheduling of trains after disruption [A]. In:Computers in railways IX [C].WIT,Southampton,2004:765-774.
[47]Oh S,Hong S,Choi I. Railway conflict detection and resolution in the Korean railway system [A]. Proceedings of Computers in railways IX [C]. WIT, Southampton,2006:675-684.
[48]Adenso-Diaz B, Gonzalez MO, Gonzalez-Torre P. Online timetable resc-heduling in regional train services[J].Transp Res Part B,1999,33(6):387-398.
[49]D'Ariano A, Pranzo M, Hansen I.Conflict resolution and train speed coordination for solving real-time timetable perturbations[J].IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst,2007,8(2):208-222.
[50]D'Ariano A, Albrecht T.Running time reoptimization during realtimetimetable perturbations[A].In:Computers in railways X[C]. WIT, Southampton,2006: 531-540.
[51]Jacobs J. Reducing delays by means of computer aided on-the-spot rescheduling[A].In:Computers in railways IX[C].WIT, Southampton, 2004:603-612.
[52]Pardalos, P.M.,Resende,G.C.:Handbook of applied optimization[M].Oxford University Press, N.Y, USA,2002.
[53]Thomas Albrecht. The Influence of Anticipating Train Driving on the Dispatching Process in Railway Conflict Situations[J].Networks and Spatial Economics,2009,9(1):85-101.
[54]Maree Lake and Luis Ferrreira.Minimizing the conflict between rail operation and infrastructure maintenance [A].Transportation and Traffic Theory in the 21st Century:Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory[C].Edited by Michael A.P.Taylor,Adelaide, Australia,2002, 6:63-74.
[55]C.W.Tsang and T.K.Ho.The conflict resolution at connected railway junctions [A]. Computational methods in engineering and science [C]. Lu et al. (eds), Swets&Zeitlinger, Lisse,2003:987-993.
[56]Rodriguez J. A constraint programming model for real-time trains scheduling at junctions [J]. Transp Res Part B 2007,41(2):231-245.
[57]D'Ariano A,Corman F,Pacciarelli D, Pranzo M. Real-time train conflict detection and resolution:global sequencing and local rerouting[A]. In:van Zuylen HJ (ed) Proceedings 9th TRAIL congress, selected papers [C].Delft University Press, Delft,2006:77-92.
[58]D'Ariano A, Pacciarelli D, Pranzo M.A branch and bound algorithm for scheduling trains in a railway network[J]. Eur J Oper Res,2007,183(2):643-657.
[59]A.Stolk. Automatic conflict detection and advanced decision support for optimal usage of railway infrastructure Purpose and concepts [A].Proceeding of Computers in Railways VI [C].1998:629-638.
[60]M. Mazzarello & R.Copello.Conflict resolution in railway traffic control by a distributed intelligence approach [A]. Computers in Railways VII [C], WIT Press: Southampton,2000:789-798.
[61]Yu Cheng.Hybrid simulation for resolving resource conflicts in train traffic rescheduling [J].Computers in Industry,1998,35(3):233-246.
[62]Yu Cheng. A network based train traffic simulation with changeable rescheduling strategies[A]. proceedings of International Symposium on Parallel architectures, algorithms, and networks [C],Beijing,1996:214-220.
[63]Mascis A,PacciarelliP, Pranzo M. Scheduling models for shortterm railway traffic optimization [A]. Proceedings of the 9th international conference on computeraided scheduling of public transport[C].Lecture notes in economic and mathematical systems, San Diego,2004:385-401.
[64]D'Ariano A, Pranzo M, Hansen IA. Conflict resolution and train speed cordination for solving real-time timetable perturbations[J]. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst.2007,8(2):208-222.
[65]T Kvist, P Hellstrom, B Sandblad & J Bystrom. Decision support in the train dispatching process [A]. Computers in Railways Ⅷ [C], WIT Press:Lemnos, Greece,2002:1085-1095.
[66]T.huisman.Forecasting delays on railway sections[A].Computers in Railw-ays VIII [C], WIT Press:Lemnos, Greece,2002:779-786.
[67]Alessandro Mascis,Dario Pacciarelli & Marco Pranzo.Scheduling Models for Short-Term Railway Traffic Optimization [A].Computer-aided Systems in Public Transport [C].2008, Volume 600, Part 1:71-90
[68]Jianxin Yuan and Ingo A. Hansen.Closed Form Expressions of Optimal Buffer Times between Scheduled Trains at Railway Bottlenecks [A]. Proceedings of the 11th International IEEEConference on Intelligent Transportation Systems [C]. Beijing, China, October 12-15,2008:675-680.
[69]Pedro Alexandre de Carvalho Afonso. Railway Traffic Management[D]. Master thesis, Electrical and Computer Engineering,2008.
[70]I.Sahin.Railway traffic control based on inter-train conflict management[A]. Transporta-tion Research Forum 37th Annual Meeting[C],Chicago,19-21,Oct,1995:608-626.
[71]I. Sahin.Railway traffic control and train scheduling based on inter-train conflict management[J].Transportation Research Part B 1999,33(7):511-534.
[72]Jovanovic D & P. T. Harker. Tactical Scheduling of Railway Operations:The SCAN Ⅰ System[J].Transportation Science,1991,25(1):46-64.
[73]周伟,秦世引,万百五.高速铁路列车运行调整的状态空间模型及算法[J].西北纺织工学院学报,1997,11(3)：210-215.
[74]聂磊,胡安洲,郭富娥.高速铁路列车运行图自动移线方法的研究[J].中国铁道科学,1997,18(4)：108-116.
[75]金福才,胡思继,刘智丽.列车运行调整方案实时安全诊断算法研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2004,14(1)：53-56.
[76]周学松,朱钰,胡思继.基于列车运行状态推导图的列车运行调整算法[J].铁道学报,1999,21(6)：1-5
[77]郭治国.列车调度中的阶段计划自动调整[J].铁道运输与经济,2006,3：78-80.
[78]聂磊,张星臣,赵鹏等.高速铁路列车运行计划调整策略的研究[J].铁道学报,2001,23(4)：1-6.
[79]宋钢.欧洲铁路运输管理系统(ERTMS)在德国铁路的运用现状[J].中国铁路,2003,11：57-59.
[80]史峰,黎新华,秦进,邓连波.单线列车运行调整的最早冲突优化方法[J].中国铁道科学,2005,26(1)：106-113.
[81]周磊山.计算机编制列车运行调整计划的理论与方法研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,1994,3.
[82]刘皓玮.行车指挥系统的Petri网建模与列车运行调整的遗传优化的研究[D]北京：中国铁道科学研究院,2000,8.
[83]周伟.基于DEDS模型预测的高速列车群运行调整新方法研究[D].西安：西安交通大学,1997,7.
[84]陈军华,张星臣,俞文锦.基于稳定性的列车运行图编制模型与算法[J].物流技术.2009,28(3)：70-72.
[85]陈军华.基于稳定性的客运专线列车运行图编制与评价问题研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2009,6.
[86.]黄士哲.高速铁路列车冲突解决及绩效评价的研究[D].台湾：成功大学,2001,6.
[87]安利平,吴育华,仝凌云.基于粗糙集理论的冲突分析和谈判模型[J].北京科技大学学报,2002,24(1)：91-95.
[88]孟波,凌文,王浣尘.用于冲突分析的决策理论与方法[J].决策借鉴,1993,4：35-37.
[89]曾庆良,万丽荣.并行工程中的资源与决策冲突消解策略及评价[J].山东科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(3)：20-24.
[90]刘婷,崔杜武.一种基于冲突消解的资源分配算法[J].西安理工大学学报,2006,22(3)：294-296.
[91]曹春平.基于多Agent和Petri图的车间冲突消解研究[J].现代制造工程,2006,4：30-32,123.
[92]胡苏.基于MAS的群体冲突模型与动态预测[D].广州：中山大学,2007,5.
[93](苏)Π.C.格伦托夫著；陈秀凤,阎长安译.车站运营可靠性[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1991：3-4.
[94]何华武.无碴轨道技术[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2005：26.
[95]张星臣,胡安洲,杨浩.一种基于有控随机与随机有控约束的列车运行仿真模型[J].铁道学报,1995,17(3)：21-27.
[96]汪应洛.系统过程理论、方法与应用(第二版)[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1992,5：301.
[97]李旭升.冲突管理[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008.5：2-4.
[98]乌鲁木齐铁路局.车务行车规章应知必会问答(第二版)[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2008.5：19.
[99]李萍,常天庆.基于并行工程的产品研制过程中的冲突管理系统的开发[J].制造业自动化,2003,25(4)：52-55.
[100]王玉国.运输业资源效率评价和优化利用研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2006,7.
[101]Katz D,Kahn RL. The social psychology of organizations[M].New York:Wiley,1978:56-58.
[102]Rahim M A.Referencent role and styles of handling interpersonal conflict [J].Journal of Social Psychology,1986,126:79-86.
[103]L.A.COSER. The Function of Social Conflict [M].New York:Free Press, 1956:38-41.
[104]齐绍荣.电焊机电磁兼容技术中的几个名词术语[J].电焊机,2007,37(2)：20-22.
[105]张勇,赵明,汪希时.基于移动自动闭塞条件的列车运行仿真系统[J].系统仿真学报,1999,11(3)：198-204.
[106]Riksrevisionsverket,1986.Tagtrafikens punktlighet, Revisionsrapport, Dnr. 1986:1091. Riksrevisionsverket, Stockholm, Sweden.
[107]http://www.banverket.se
[108]Nils O.E.Olsson,Hans Haugland.Influencing factors on train punctuality results from some Norwegian studies [J]. Transport Policy.2004,11(4):387-397.
[109]Michiel Vromans. Reliability of Railway Systems[D]. Erasmus University Rotterdam.2005,5.
[110]http://www.china-mor. gov.cn/zxft/zf04.html
[111]李兰波.关于提高旅客列车正点率的思考与分析[J].铁道运输与经济,2002,24(3)：24-25.
[112]李兰波.提高旅客列车正点率的理性认识[J].中国铁路,2002,3：26-28.
[113]何邦模,徐忠民,宋玉春.列车区间运行时分偏离的分析[J].铁道运输与经济,1981,(5)：57-63.
[114]胡思继.列车运行组织及通过能力理论[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1993：187,246.
[115]Yuan, JX.Statistical analyses of train delays at The Hague HS[A],Train delays at stations and network stability[C].TRAIL,Delft, Netherlands.2001: 352-368.
[116]彭其渊,朱松年,闫海峰.列车运行图可调整度评价系统研究[J].西南交通大学学报,1998,33(4)：367-371.
[117]张星臣,杨浩,胡安洲.运行线上撒点储备能力分配模式的计算机模拟研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,1997,10：84-90.
[118]易语言公司教材编委会.易语言编程系统[M].西安地图出版社,2005,3：1-2.
[119]吴伟民,舒勤.基于关系数据库表示产生式规则[J].四川联合大学学报(工程科学版),.1998,2(6)：89-95.
[120]舒红,陈军,杜道生,等.时空拓扑关系定义及时态拓扑关系描述[J].测绘学报1997,26(4)：299-306.
[121]EgenhoferMJ, Franzosa D R. Point-SetTopological Spatial Relations[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1991,5(2):161-174.
[122]等(俄).铁路行车事故的分类.国外铁道车辆[J].1998(2)：39-43.
[123]中华人民共和国铁道部.铁路行车事故处理规则[S].2000,4,28.
[124]Pawlak Z.Rough Sets[J].International Journal of Information and Computer Science,1982,11 (5):341-356.
[125]王国胤.Rough集理论与知识获取[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2001.5：17-18.
[126]苗夺谦,李道国.粗糙集理论、算法与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.4：168-169.
[127]张文修,吴伟志.粗糙集理论介绍和研究综述[J].模糊系统与数学,2000,14(4)：1-12.
[128]张文修,吴伟志,梁吉业等.粗糙集理论与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2001：38-39.
[129]曾黄麟.智能计算：关于粗集理论、模糊逻辑、神经网络的理论及其应用 [M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2004.6：145-148.
[130]Liang J Y.Chin K S,Dang C Y and Yam R C M.A new method for measuring uncertainty and fuzziness in rough set theory.Intl.Journal of General Systems, 2002,31(4):331-342.
[131]黄康.基于粗糙集理论的行车指挥知识获取与决策的应用研究[D].北京：中国铁道科学研究院.2003,8.
[132]王明慧.粗糙集理论在铁路行车调度指挥系统中应用的研究[J].中国铁道科学.2004,25(4)：103-107.
[133]曹秀英,梁静国.基于粗糙集理论的属性权重确定方法[J].中国管理科学,2002,10(5)：98-100.
[134]叶阳东,贾利民.带有对象的Petri网及其在列车运行模型建立中的应用[J].中国铁道科学,2001,22(3)：15-19.
[135]杜彦华.基于EFTPN不确定时间知识的分析处理及其在铁路中的应用[D].铁道部科学研究院,2006.
[136]袁崇义Petri网原理与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005.3：4-6.
[137]范玉顺.工作流管理技术基础[M].北京：清华大学出版社,德国：施普林格出版社,2001：12-14.
[138]W.M.P.van der Aalst,JEE Van K M. Business process redesign:a Petri net-based approach[J].Computers in industry,1996,29(12):15-26.
[139]姜艳萍.基于判断矩阵的决策理论与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2009,1：95.
[140]闻立杰,王建民,孙家广.用着色Petri网建模工作流模式[J].计算机科学,2006：33(6)：135-139.
[141](苏)巴利奇等著,王鹤鸣等译.铁路运输调整[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1992：2.
[142]周伟,秦世引,万百五.列车运行调整问题研究现状及发展趋势[J].系统工程,1997,15(2)：17-22.
[143]李致中,孙焰.单线区段货物列车运行图的一种优化方法[J].铁道学报,1991,13(1)：60-68.
[144]金福才.多目标优化列车运行调整理论与方法研究[D].北京交通大学,2004,10.
[145]王凌.智能优化算法及其应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001：8-9.
[146]玄光男,程润伟.遗传算法与工程设计[M].北京：科学出版社,2001：18-23.
[147]韩瑞锋.遗传算法原理与应用实例[M].北京：兵器工业出版社,2010：284-288.
[148]李平.面向对象遗传算法及其在铁路行车指挥中的应用[D].中国铁道科学研究院,2004.
[149]郭莉,吕红霞,陈焕云.基于遗传算法的铁路车站到发线运用优化研究[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2005,31(1)：28-31.
[150]卜雷,刘海旭,蒲云,尹传忠.遗传算法确定零担货物的选择装箱方式[J].交通运输工程学报,2002,2(3)：93-96.
[151]赵军,彭其渊,文超,徐进.技术站广义动态配流问题的遗传算法[J].铁道学报2010,32(3)：9-15.
[152]王花兰,周伟,李国伟.集装箱中心站柔性优化设计[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2010,10(3)：99-104.
[153]宗芳,王琳虹,贾洪飞.综合客运枢纽内各方式协调调度模型[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(3)：53-57.
[154]雷英杰,张善文,李续武,周创明.遗传算法工具箱及应用[M].西安：西安电子科技出版社,2005：74.