摘要
我国农业有机固体废物产量位居世界前列,其中农作物秸秆年产量达7.24亿t,畜禽粪便年排放量多达27亿t,这些有机废弃物是重要的可再生资源。我国每年产生的有机废物中蕴涵的N、P、K贮量分别达到3.Ox107t、2.5x107t和2.8x107t,在农业上具有巨大的开发潜力。运用合理技术对其进行有效处理和利用,对节约自然资源、防止环境污染、实现农业生态良性循环具有重要意义。
洱海是云南省九大高原湖泊之一,洱海北部流域是洱海的主要补水流域,也是大理市农业和养殖业的主要集中地,长期以来,洱海北部流域农业和养殖业有机固体废物已成为洱海氮磷污染的主要来源。本论文以洱海北部流域农村有机固体废物氮磷污染控制为主要目的,以农村有机固体废物中氮磷的环境影响和控制对策为主要研究对象,在对洱海北部流域农村有机固体废物管理及处理现状进行调研的基础上,依据输出系数模型构建理念,结合生命周期评价和层次分析法,以氮磷在农村生产活动中的流动分析为主线,建立了洱海北部流域农村有机固体废物元素流分析模型(ORSOWARE, Organic Solid Waste Research)。ORSOWARE模型共有152个输入项,507个参数,模型所有节点均设置平衡项,用热力学第三定律—质量平衡方程验算各节点输入输出的平衡。
采用ORSOWARE模型,计算了2008年洱海北部流域内农业有机固体废物中氮磷排放对环境的影响。计算结果表明：2008年洱海北部流域内由农村有机固体废物排放到大气、水体内的氮、磷污染物总量分别为899.22吨、33.38吨；洱海北部流域农村居民生产生活消费过程从外界摄入氮、磷元素量分别为1232.51吨、234.69吨；系统对外界输送氮、磷元素量分别为1434.3吨、193.11吨,人口增长带来的元素沉积量分别为氮2.05吨、磷0.684吨；系统氮亏损203.84吨,磷盈余70.90吨：氮磷物料衡算平衡率达83%以上。在处置效率方面,洱海北部流域内农村有机固体废物的表象利用量高,但是现有的利用方式无法从根本上解决污染问题；洱海北部流域农村有机固体废物氮磷引起的水体污染富营养化潜势为847.51吨PO43-eq,农村畜禽粪便直排控制是富营养化控制的关键因素；有机固体废物氮素类气体温室气体贡献0.35吨CO2-eq,有机固体废物的直接还田和各种粪便的堆沤、贮存过程以及种植秸秆的露天焚烧是流域温室气体控制的关键因素。
针对洱海北部流域内农村面源污染现状,本论文提出“源头控制、过程削减、末端治理”思路,在模型中选择了收集-堆肥一体化技术、户用沼气强化技术、中温太阳能沼气发酵技术、食用菌基质化利用技术以及有机肥生产技术。模拟结果表明：采用上述技术后,在洱海北部流域固体废物收集率达80%的条件下,由固体废物造成的水体直接或间接排放的氮、磷削减量分别为2101.15t/a、124.17t/a,削减率分别达80%以上：堆肥化技术改进后比改进前NH3排放量减少50%,户用沼气池比原沼气池排放NH3减少70.04%,沼气发酵工程改进后实现减排NH3为92.17%。考虑环境、经济、社会综合效益,利用权重总和计分排序法优选出农村面源污染控制中有机固体废物控制最佳实用技术,结果表明应以户用沼气池、户用堆肥推广为主,大中型工程依次考虑基质化工程、沼气工程和有机肥厂。
本论文提出了洱海北部流域内农村固体废物资源化成套技术体系与规范,并在洱海北部流域内以示范工程的形式得以实施。示范工程实施以后,由有机固体废物氮磷引起的水体污染减排氮9.35吨、磷0.6吨,氮磷减排率分别达到了92.48%和81.08%；对氮素类温室气体减排了26.89吨,减排率达到70.8%。示范工程采用的各项技术减排效果良好,正常稳定运行。现场示范工程运行效果与ORSOWARE模型模拟结果一致,证明了模型具有较高的准确性。
在示范工程实施的基础上,本论文还形成了易于推广、经济实用的农村固体废物资源化成套技术体系与规范。本文所提农村固体废物资源化成套技术体系方案及相关规范有效削减了洱海北部流域内农村面源污染负荷,保障了各项示范工程长期有效运行,最终实现了示范区污染减排、环境改善的总体目标。
Organic solid waste production in China is largest in the world, annual production of crop stalks are724million tons and animal manure are2.7billion tons. The storage of N, P, K in those organic waste are respectively3.0×107tons,2.5×107tons and2.8×107tons. They are important renewable resource and have a huge potential for development in agriculture. It's significant to conserve natural resources and control environmental pollution if processing and utilizing these organic solid waste with suitable technology.
Erhai Lake is one of the nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province. The northern basin is the birthplace of Erhai Lake, but also a main concentration of agriculture and aquaculture in Dali City. For a long time, Organic solid waste generated by agriculture and aquaculture has become a major source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution into Erhai Lake. A research methodology which named Organic Solid Waste Research Modeling (ORSOWARE) on nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of rural organic waste in northern Erhai Lake basin was developed in this dissertation, based on Output Coefficient Model, combined with Life Cycle Assessment and Elements Flow Analysis, restricted in the circulation of nitrogen and phosphorus during the residents'food consumption and its pollution treatment. According to the research methodology, Organic Solid Waste Research Modeling has152entries and507parameters. All nodes of the model set balancing items, and checked by the mass balance equation. The calculation results shows that899.22tons nitrogen and33.38tons phosphorus was discharged into the watershed and atmosphere in2008in Northern Erhai Lake Basin. Food consumption process of residents intake1232.51tons of nitrogen and234.69tons of phosphorus from outside, and conveyed1434.3tons of nitrogen and93.11tons of phosphorus to the outside. The amount of deposited elements caused by population growth were2.05tons of nitrogen and0.684tons of phosphorus. Therefore, the food consumption process system has a loss of203.84tons nitrogen and a surplus of70.90tons phosphorus. The balance rate of Nitrogen and phosphorus reached80%. The simulation results were basically consistent with the actual investigation. So this model can be used to prediction rural non-point source pollution in a similar plateau lakes.
The apparent recovery of organic solid waste is high, but the techniques of utilization can not solve the pollution fundamentally. According to the predicted results of ORSOWARE, eutrophication potential of organic solid waste in northern Erhai Lake Basin was847.51tons PO43-eq. Directly discharge of rural breeding waste was the key factor of eutrophication. N2O from organic solid waste was607.07tons CO2-eq. The storage process as well as the open burning of organic solid waste were the key factor of greenhouse gas emission.
According to the pollution status, this dissertation presents a series of practical technology of organic solid waste control and conduct a comparative study of the pollution reduction. The results show that2101.15t/a nitrogen and124.17t/a phosphorus will be reduced of the watershed pollution when the collection rate were80%, so the reduction rate was respectively more than80%. Meanwhile, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by more than50%after technological improvements. Consider the environmental, economic, social benefits, this dissertation selected the best practical technology of organic solid waste control of rural non-point source with weight scoring method. The results show that household bio gas digesters and household compost pool with the optimal efficiency. Large and medium-sized projects consider edible fungi engineering, biogas and organic fertilizer plant in turn.
This dissertation presents a best technology integration program of organic solid waste control for rural non-point source and implements in the form of demonstration projects. It reduced9.35tons of nitrogen and0.6tons of phosphorus to water in demonstration area after the implementation of demonstration projects, water pollutant reduction rate reached92.48%and81.08%. The reduction of greenhouse gas was26.89tons, gas emission reduction rate reached70.8%. All the techniques presented in this dissertation were efficiently reducing emissions of pollutants. The program even formed a set of resource technical and specification system of rural solid waste which was easy to spread, economical and practical. They effectively reduced the rural non-point source pollution load in Erhai Lake basin, and guarantees the long-term effective running of all demonstration projects. It achieved the overall objectives that pollution reduction and environmental improvement in demonstration area ultimately.
引文
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