摘要
随着经济的发展和人口的增加,水资源短缺正日益成为制约人类社会可持续发展的瓶颈因素。环境问题是关系到人类前途与命运的大事,但说到底环境问题就是一个经济问题。
伴随着人类历史的发展,河流、湖泊为人类提供了赖以生存的基本条件之一—水资源,并且沿流域形成了一系列“流域城市”。这些城市用于生活、生产的水资源来自于流域,但与此同时,产生的污废水也排入了其中。而同一流域中的流域城市上下游互相影响,是一个自我生成、又不可分割的共生体,它们因“水”相互依存,相互关联,故流域城市的水环境污染问题是关系到其生活、生产和发展乃至是否毁灭的关键问题。
本文以黄河流域为例,选取黄河上游兰州段的三个排污断面,设为同一流域三个城市的取水点及排污点,运用“科斯定理”等环境经济学、微观经济学基础理论,进行城市水环境污染治理的水交易机制研究,从而构建流域城市水交易平台,探索一种流域城市水环境污染治理的有效方法及途径,解决流域内用水矛盾,使整个流域水环境与经济协调发展。
本文的研究内容主要包括三方面。(一)在对黄河流域兰州段水资源和污染物基本情况进行调查分析的基础上,找出了黄河兰州段水资源和水体污染特点及其变化趋势。研究表明,由于受季风的影响,黄河上游降水量整体呈下降趋势。同时,沿河水库蓄水量也在下降,导致水资源的整体需求趋于紧张。而工业废水是黄河兰州段水域的主要污染源,其年排放量将超过5000万吨,并且其处理达标率仅为59.7%。(二)运用环境经济学、微观经济学和环境学等理论知识利方法,进行了水权交易市场模式和排污权交易市场模式的构建研究,并根据所进行的研究,对构建水市场所需要的各种参数进行了分析计算。(三)结合水权和排污权交易模式相关的研究内容,进行了多级水交易市场的构建方法的探索,确定水交易方案的主要内容为:水的实时监控系统、水交易平台、水信息综合数据库。在调研大量数据的基础上,本文选用模糊优选法对黄河流域兰州段的初始水权进行了分配;采用模糊数学的方法分别计算了黄河流域兰州段工程水价、环境水价以及资源水价,进而得到黄河流域兰州段水权交易“保护价格”为3.98元/吨;通过对水环境容量计算模型的比选,采用二维水质模型进行了黄河流域兰州段水环境容量的计算;利用层次分析法对黄河流域兰州段排污份额进行了初始的分配;应用C(费用)—Q(处理规模)—S(等标负荷量)模型,进行了“排污权交易保护价格”的计算,得到黄河流域兰州段排污权交易“保护价格”为0.85元/吨。进而为水交易市场中这些难以计算的经济要素实现定量化,使水交易得以有效的进行。
在研究中,本文首次提出了“流域城市”的基本概念,首次将水权交易和排污权交易建立在同一市场体系中,形成“水交易”市场体系,并首次提出了“保护价格”的概念,认为水权交易和排污权交易的价格可以放手让市场机制来决定,政府只需要给出一个合理的底线价格,即“保护价格”。在水权交易过程中,如果交易价格低于“保护价格”,双方交易并不能够达到环境与经济双优的效果,则政府不允许双方进行交易;只有在交易价格高于“保护价格”时,双方才可以进入交易市场进行水权的交易。
在研究中,本文忽略了流域水质、水量变化的季节因素对水交易所产生的影响,同时基于研究的时间限制、影响水交易市场因子的复杂性以及流域南北差距等原因,并未对城市之间社会经济、消费水平等进行详细研究,这些都是进一步深入探讨水交易市场的重要因素,也是后续研究的主要内容。
With the development economy and growth population , the shortage of water resources is becaming the bottlenecks of restricting the sustainable development of human society. Environmental problems is the important event related to the future and destiny of humanity,however, actually environmental problems is an economic issue.
With the development of human history, rivers and lakes provide one of the basic conditions for survival to human-- water resources,and a series of "Valley City" is formed along the valley. The water resources used for life and production in these cities comes from the valley,but at the same time the polluted and waste water produced in the cities pour into the vally.And the upstream and downstream valley cities interrelate in the same valley. They are one formed naturally and indivisible symbion. They are interdependent and interrelated because of water. So water pollution problems of the valley city is the key to their production and development as well as whether or not their destruction.
This article set the Yellow River Valley as an example,and select three sewage cross-section in Lanzhou of the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The three sewage cross-section are supposed as the water and sewage point of three cities in the same valley. This article are using Environmental Economics and Microeconomics basic theory such as "Coase Theorem" to study Water trading mechanism of the Urban water pollution treatment. So this article construct a water trading platform of the Valley City ,seek effective ways and means of the Valley City water pollution control and solve Valley Water conflicts to make water environment and the economy coordinated developing in the whole valley.
The article is composed by three main research contents. 1.We find out the changes and trend of the Lanzhou section of Yellow River water resources and water pollution which on the basis of the Lanzhou section of Yellow River Basin water resources and pollution fundamental analysis of the survey conducted,, The research shows that the Precipitation of the upper reaches of the Yellow River shows a downward trend that due to the impact of the monsoon. At the same time, reservoir water storage capacity along the river is also going down which the overall demand of water resources leading to tensions,, Industrial waste water the main sources of pollution of the water of the Yellow River in Lanzhou section,, The emissions will be more than 50,000,000 tons every year, but its standard rate is only 59.7 percent by disposing. 2.We finish the study of the water trading market model and emissions trading model by using environmental economics > micro-economics and environmental studies theoretical knowledge and methods. And according to the study , we finish the analysis and calculation on the variety of parameters of construction of water. 3.Combining the research of water rights and tradable emission permits trading pattern , explore the construction approach of multi-stage water trading market and determine the main content of water trading program: real-time monitoring of water system、water trading platform、water information database. At the basic of researing great deal of date,this article using fuzzy optimization distribute the initial water rights of Lanzhou section of Yellow River valley; using fuzzy approach respectively calculate the project water price , environmental water price and resources water price in Lanzhou section of Yellow River valley therefore get that water trading protection price in Lanzhou section of Yellow River valley is 3.98 RMB/t;by the water environment of the computing model volume selection,using two-dimensional water quality model calculate the water environment volume in Lanzhou section of Yellow River valley;using AHP distribute the initial sewage share in Lanzhou section of Yellow River valley;using C-Q-S model, calculate tradable emission permits protection price therefore get that tradable emission permits protection price in Lanzhou section of Yellow River valley is 0.85 RMB/t. So this article make the difficult assessed economic factor in the water trading market quantitative so as to procee the water trading smoothly and effective.
In the research, the article first bring up the basics notion of the "Valley City",, Also the water trading and the establishment of an emissions trading market are set up in the same system for the first time. It formations the water trading market system and brings up the notion of the "price protection" . It thinks that the price of the water trading and emissions trading may allow the market mechanism to decide, the government need only to give a reasonable bottom line price , that is price protection. In the process of the water trading, If the trading prices lower than the "price protection", the two sides trading can not reach deal with the both good at the effects of the environmental and economic, then the two sides are not allowed to trade by the government.. The two sides are allowed to trade into the water trading market which only in the trading price higher than the "price protection".
In the study, This article ignores the seasonal changes of the basin water quality and changes in the water which will produce to impact on the Water Trading.. At the same time, because of the Complexity of studying of the time constraints, the impact of water trading market factor and the difference of the Valley North-South. The article does not take the research on both Socio-economic and Consumption level between the city carefully. All these are important factors what Further in-depth study the water trading market, also is the main content that Follow-up research.,
引文
[1]马中著.环境与资源经济学概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[2]N.Brnus著.水资源科学分配[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[3]Pearson&P.D.Walsh.The Derivation and Use of Control Carves for the Regional Allocation of Water Resourchs[J].Proeeedings of the Enter SymPosium,1982:135.
[4]E.Romijn.M.Taminga.Allocation of Waer Resources[J].Proceedings of the SymPosium,1982:135.
[5]Afzal,Javaid Noble David H.Optimization model for alternative use of different quality irrigation water[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,Mar-APr1992,218-228.
[6]Wong,Hugh S,Sun Ne-zheng.Optimization of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater with water quality constraints[J].Proceedings of the Annual Water Resources planning and Management Conference,1997(4),6-9.
[7]Kumar,Arun Minocha Vijay K.Fuzzy Optimization model for water quality management of a river system[J],Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,May-Jun,1999,179-180.
[8]甘泓,尹明万等.河北省邯郸市水资源规划管理决策支持系统应用研究[R].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院.1998.
[9]尹明万,李令跃等.大连市大沙河流域规划[R].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院.1999.
[10]王劲峰,刘昌明等.区际调水时空优化配置理论模型探讨[J].水利学报,2001,(4):7-14.
[11]贺北方,周丽等.基于遗传算法的区域水资源优化配置模型[J].水电能源科学,2002,20(3):10-12.
[12]赵建世,王忠静,翁文斌.水资源复杂适应配置系统的理论与模型[J].地理学报,2002,57(6):56-59.
[13]谢新民,岳春芳,阮本清等.珠海市优化配置的水资源安全保障体系综合规划[R].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院.2003.
[14]唐德善.黄河流域多目标优化配水模型[J].河海大学学报,1994,22(1):46-52.
[15]董新光,郭西万.流域水资源规划的系统模型-以新疆玛纳斯河流域规划为例.灌溉排水[J],1997,16(3):7-11.
[16]陈晓宏,陈永勤,赖国友.东江流域水资源优化配置研究.自然资源学报[J],2002,17(3):366-372.
[17]唐德善,王霞,赵洪武,冯东昕,李晓明.流域水资源优化配置研究,水电能源科学[J].2005,23(3):38-40.
[18]Singh Chhatrapati.Water Rights and Principles of Water Resources Management[M].India Law Institute,1991.
[19]World Bank,刘斌等译.美国日本水权、水价、水分配[M].天津:科学技术出版社,2003.
[20]李晶,宋守度,姜斌.水权与水价-国外经验研究与中国改革方向探讨[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2003.
[21]刘洪先.国外水权管理特点辨析[J].水利发展研究,2002(6):1-3
[22]Clay Landy.Market transfers of water for environmental protection in the western United States[J].Water police,1998(1):60-65.
[23]Brajer V,Martin W.Water Rights Markets:Social and Legal Considerations[J].American Journal of Economics and Sociology,1990(49):35-44.
[24]Alfred L,Birch R,Bruce Maclock.Water Conservation and Transferable Water Rights:Australia and Alberta[J].Canadian Water Resources Journal,1992,17(3):20-23.
[25]World Bank,孟志敏译.国外水权交易市场-机构设置、运作表现及制约情况[J].水利规划设计,2001(1):34-38.
[26]Rosegrant M,Binswanger.Markets in Tradable Water Rights:potential for Efficiency Gains in Developing-country Water Resource Allocation[J].World Development,1994(11): 1613-1625
[27]K William Easter,Robert Hearne.Water Market and Decentralized Water Resources Management:International Problems and Opportunities[J].Water Resources Bulletin,1995,31(1):19-21.
[28]刘斌等.水权制度与我国水管理[J].水利规划设计,2001(1):39-41.
[29]汪恕诚.水权和水市场-谈实现水资源优化配置的经济手段[J].中国水利,2000(11):6-9.
[30]赵伟.水权的法律解释及制度建立[J].水权与水市场资料选编之二,北京:水利部政策法规司,2001年12月.
[31]王治.关于建立我国水权与水市场制度的思考[N].中国水利报,2001年12月25日.
[32]胡鞍钢,王亚华.从东阳-义乌水权交易看我国水分配体制改革[J].中国水利,2001(6):35-37.
[33]刘杰.我国农业水权浅析.水权与水市场资料选编之二,北京:水利部政策法规司,2001年12月.
[34]钟玉秀.对水权交易价格和水市场立法原则的初步认识[J].水利发展研究,2001(4):14-16.
[35]苏青,施国庆等.水权研究综述[J].水利经济,2001(4):3-11.
[36]姜文来.水权基本理论研究.水权与水市场资料选编之二,北京:水利部政策法规司,2001年12月.
[37]周玉玺,胡继连,周霞.流域水资源产权的基本特性与我国水权制度建设研究[J].中国水利,2003,6(A):16-18.
[38]崔建远.水权与民法理论及物权法典的制定[J].法学研究,2002(3):37-62.
[39]傅春,胡振鹏.国内外水权研究的若干进展[J].中国水利,2000(6):40-42.
[40]姜文来.水权及其作用探讨[J].中国水利[J].2000(12):13-14.
[41]邵益生.试论水的“三权分离”与“三权分立”[J].中国水利,2002(12):26-28.
[42]冯尚友.水资源持续利用与管理导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[43]沈满洪,陈锋.我国水权理论研究述评[J].浙江社会科学,2002(5):175-180.
[44]张范.从产权角度看水资源优化配置[J].中国水利,2001(6):38-39.
[45]王治.关于建立水权转让制度的思考[J].中国水利,2003,7(A):13-15.
[46]黄河.水市场的特点和发展措施[J].中国水利,2000(12):15-16.
[47]范黎,王舒曼.水资源市场化的经济分析及实现途径-东阳、义乌的水权交易引发的思考[J].云南地理环境研究,2002,14(1):31-36.
[48]傅涛.水权分离与政府水管理范围界定[OL].太湖流域水污染治理网,2003年4月30日.
[49]顾浩.基于水权理论的水资源经济管理初探[J].中国水利,2003,10(A):12-14.
[50]蔡守秋.论水权体系和水市场(上)[J/OL].中国水网,www.h2o-china.com,2005.
[51]姜文来.水资源价值研究.中国优秀博士学位论文全文数据库[D].北京:北京师范大学.1995.
[52]Fakhraei SH.Naraganan reprise Rigidity and Quantity Rationing Rules Under Stochastic Water Supply Water Resour[J].Res,1984,20(6).
[53]Moncur,J ET.Urban water pricing drought management[J].Water resource Res.,1987,23(3).
[54]Moncur,J ET.Drought episodes management:The role price[J].Water resource,Bull,1988,24(2).
[55]Murdock.S.H.Role of sociodemographic characteristics in projecti -ons of water use [J].Water resources planning and management,1991,117(2).
[56]Schoolmaster,F.A.Water marketing and water rights transfers in the lower Ria Grande Valley Texas[J].Prof.Geogra2 pher,1991,43(3).
[57]Robert C.Johansson.Pricing irrigation water:a review of theory and practice[J].Water Policy,2002(4):173-199.
[58]Colin Green著,夏军译.水资源经济学手册:原理与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[59]United Nations Statistics Division.Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Water Resources[M].2006.
[60]J.Goicoechea.Economic value of water in the R BRAVO basin(Mexico)[M].2005.
[6l]姜文来,王华东.我国水资源价值研究的现状与展望[J].地理学与国土研究,1996,12(1):2-5.
[62]李金昌.资源核算论[M].北京:海洋出版社,1991.
[63]胡昌暖,王彦,黎玖高.资源价格研究[M].北京:中国物价出版社,1993.
[64]王彦.论自然资源价格确定[J].价格理论与实践,1992,(2).
[65]颜振元.试论水资源的劳动消耗[J].水利经济,1988,(4).
[66]颜振元.关于浮动水价计算方法的探讨[J].水利经济,1993,1(3).
[67]黄贤金.自然资源二元价值论及其稀缺价格研究[J].中国人口、资源与环境,1994,4(4)。
[68]张志乐.初论天然水资源价格[J].水利科技与经济,1996,2(3).
[69]张志乐.水资源费或间接水价的数量分析方法[J].水利科技与经济,1997,3(1).
[70]姜文来.水资源价值论[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[71]沈大军,梁瑞驹,王浩等.水价理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[72]温善章,石春先.河流可供水资源影子价格研究[J].人民黄河,1993,(7).
[73]姜文来,王华东.北京市水资源价格研究[J].中国给水排水,1994,10(5).
[74]张晋光,李翠玲.太原城市水资源价格改革探讨[J].中国物价,1996,(12).
[75]贾绍凤.提高水价对水资源需求的影响分析-以华北地区为例[J].水利科学进展,2000,11(1).
[76]孙光生.西安市水工业发展过程中的定价问题研究[J].城市规划,2001,25(5).
[77]孙凤华.关于建立北京市合理供水水价体系的建设[J].北京水利,2002,(2).
[78]毛春梅,袁汝华.黄河流域水资源价值的计算与分析[J].中国人口、环境与资源,2003,13(3):25-29.
[79]罗定贵.模糊数学在水资源价值评价中的应用[J].地下水,2003,25(3):181-182.
[80]曹剑峰,钦丽娟,平建华等.灰色理论在水资源价值评价中的应用[J].人民黄河,2005,27(7):20-22.
[81]沈剑飞,涪江遂宁段水环境容量研究[J].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2007.
[82]杨展里,水污染物排放权交易技术方法研究[J].中国优秀博士学位论文全文数据库,2001.
[83]李寿德,王家祺.初始排污权不同分配下的交易对市场结构的影响研究[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2004(1):40-43.
[84]王先甲,肖文,胡振鹏.排污权初始权分配的两种方法及其效率比较[J].自然科学进展,2004(一):81-87.
[85]陈德湖.排污权交易理论及其研究综述.外国经济与管理[J].2004,26(5):45-49.
[86]Whittlesey N,etal.Water policy issues for the twenty-first century.American Journal of Agriculture Economics[J],1995(5).
[87]Hamilton J &Whittlesey N.Interruptible water markets in the Pacific Northwest[J].American Journal of Agriculture Economics,Pullman.1989.
[88]论水权体系和水市场.http://www.zhupao.com,2005.
[89][澳]水改革高级指导小组.鞠茂森,张仁田泽.澳大利亚水交易[M].黄河水利出版社,2001.
[90]陈明.澳大利亚的水资源管理[J].中国水利,2000(6).
[91]尉永平.澳大利亚水改革的成功经验及启示[J].山西水利科技,2003(4).
[92]胡鞍钢.转型期水资源配置的第三种思路:准市场和政治民主协商[J].中国水利,2000(11),网络版.
[93]汪雅梅,水资源短缺地区水市场调控模式研究与实证[J].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2007.
[94]甘肃省水资源公报2004-2006.
[95]张志分.排污权交易制度优化研究.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.南京:河海大学,2007
[96]施纪文.污权交易的理论探讨利交易制度设计.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.杭州: 浙江大学.2005
[97]黄桂琴,论排污权交易制度[J].河北学刊,2003(5):202-204
[98]吴健,排污权交易-环境容量管理制度创新[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
[99]张粒子.燃煤电厂二氧化硫排污权交易制度的研究.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.保定:华北电力大学.2006
[100]陈天一,排污权也可以买卖[J].生态环境与保护,2004(1)
[101]范丹.我国创建排污权交易市场及寡头垄断市场交易探讨.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
[102]姚傑宝.流域水权制度研究[J].中国优秀博士学位论文全文数据库,2006.
[103]M.Schiffier.Intersectoral Water Markets:A Solution for the Water Crisis in Arid Areas[A].Water:Economics,Management and Demand[C].E&FN Spon,1997
[104]张洪波.基于水权交易的流域水量联合调度系统研究[J].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2006.
[105]卢现祥,西方新制度经济学[M].中国发展出版社,2004(2)
[106]陈琴,构建我国水权法律制度体系的初步设想[J].中国水利,2003,(7)
[107]胡振鹏,傅春,水资源产权配置与管理[J].南昌大学学报(人社版),2001(10)
[108]黄少安著,产权经济学导论[M].济南:山东人民出版社,1995
[109]英若智,海河流域应率先建立水权制度[J].海河水利,2003(6)
[110]姚傑宝,王道席,柴成果,黄河流域初始水权配置优先位序初步研究[J].人民黄河,2005,(5):47-49
[111]张郁,吕东辉等,水权交易市场构想[J].中国人口资源与环境,2001,11(4):59-61
[112]王金霞,黄季焜,国外水权交易的经验及对中国的启示[J].农业技术经济,2002,(5):56-62
[113]吴季松,现代水资源管理概论[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002
[114]黄锡生,水权制度研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:137-140
[115]赵晓,现代产权制度的内在演进力量[N].南方周末,2003-12-11(B14)
[116]沈满洪,论水权交易与交易成本[M].人民黄河,2004,26(7):19-22
[117]Dellapenna.J.W.The myth of markets for water.Water resources management Ⅲ.2003:323-332
[118]Barry O.Solomon.New directions in emissions trading:the potential contribution of New Institutional Economics[J].Ecological Economics.1999,30:371-387
[119]徐瑾,万威武,排污权交易体系两种基本模式的比较[J].云南环境科学,2001,9:22-25
[120]马中,(美)杜丹德,总量控制与排污权交易[M].中国环境科学出版社,1999:124-179
[121]《中国环境管理制度》编写组,中国环境管理制度[M].中国环境科学出版社,1991:61-63
[122]罗佩宁.水污染物排放权交易体系研究[J].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2006.
[123]李寿德,黄桐城,初始排污权分配的一个多目标决策模型[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(6)
[124]Cason.Timothy N.An experimental investigation of the seller in centives in the EPA's emission trading auction[J].The American Economic Review,1995.85(4):223-230
[125]辛勤,污染物排放权交易体系理论模型与实用设计[A].2004
[126]谢新民,蒋云钟,闫继军等.水资源实时监控管理系统理论与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社2004.
[127]秦思平.水权制度及初始水权分配的探讨[J].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2005,南京:河海大学.
[128]南方证券股份有限公司研究所.水务行业2004年下半年投资策略[R].水务行业,2004-5-31
[129]春天.黄河污染物已超过黄河水环境容量[N].中央电视台国际频道,新闻30分,2005-6-14.
[130]朱婕.兰州水价要上涨[N].兰州晨报,2004-6-17.
[131]兰州市供水有限公司.兰州市供水发展与污水处理费征收情况[R].中国水网,2001-7-27.
[132]王嫒,徐锬.应用模糊数学的方法计算天津市的资源水价[J].国土及自然资源研究,2003(3):63-64.
[133]许德智.水管理及水价的国际比较[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2001(5):15-19.
[134]田红,阎晓涛.论兰州市供水有限公司“三滩”水源地地下水环境[Z].中国公众科技网,2001-9-20.
[135]兰州市2004年环境状况公报[Z].兰州市人民政府公众信息网,2005-06-05.
[136]王猛.水权市场研究-以塔里木河流域为例,新疆大学,中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2004.
[137]邓海峰.环境容量的准物权化及其权利构成.中国法学,2005,(4):59-66.
[138]杨锐.风景区环境容量初探-建立风景区环境容量概念体系.城市规划汇刊,1996,(6):12-15.
[139]刘培哲.水环境容量研究的理论与实践.环境科学论文集,1990:8-20.
[140]环境科学大辞典.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1991.
[141]张永良.水环境容量基本概念的发展.环境科学研究,2000,5(3):59-61.
[142]张永良,刘培哲.环境容量综合手册.北京:清华大学出版社,1991:20-23.
[143]胡涛,王华东.中国的环境经济学从理论到实践.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996.
[144]Scherer,Charles R..On the Efficient Allocation of Environmental Assimilative Capacity:The Case of Thermal Emissions to a Large Body of Water.Water Resource Research.1975,11(1):180-181.
[145]Cairns,John Jr.,Matching Heated Waste Water Discharges to Environmental Assimilative Capacity.Symp on Energy Prod and Therm Eff,Proc,Oak Brook,IL,..USA,1973:Sep.10-11.
[146]张永良.水环境容量基本概念的发展.环境科学研究,2000 5(3),3:59-61.
[147]水利部水政水资源司.水资源保护管理基础.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996.
[148]宋新山,邓伟.环境数学模型.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[149]李炜.环境水力学进展.武汉:武汉水利电力大学出版社,1999.
[150]叶桂忠,刘俊.漓江桂林市区段水环境容量研究.水资源保护,2003,3:10-13.
[151]关卉.九洲江广东段水环境容量研究,水资源保护,2003,2:20-23.
[152]胡国华,赵沛伦等.黄河孟津-花园口河段水环境容量研究.水资源保护,2002,1:26-28.
[153]逄勇,程炜等.鹤地水库文官至石角段水环境容量研究.河海大学学报自然科学版,2003,1(31):76-79.
[154]闫欣荣等.渭河宝鸡段的水环境容量与水质分析.陕西师范大学学报,2004,6(32):155-157.
[155]方子云.水资源保护手册.南京:河海大学出版社,1988.
[156]赵庆良.开封市河流水质变化趋势与水环境容量研究:中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.郑州:河南大学,2003.
[157]孙程.渭河陕西段水环境污染和水环境容量的计算模拟:中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2004.
[158]曹刚.河流水环境容量价值研究:中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.西安:西安理工大学,1999.
[159]汤一凡.乐山市水环境容量研究:中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.成都:西南交通大学,2004.
[160]郑英铭,高建群.潮汐河流水环境容量研究.环境科学,1989,11(3):63-69.
[161]中国环境规划院.全国水环境容量核定技术指南.北京:2003,9.
[162]H.W.Streeter and E.B.Phelps.A Study of the Pollutional and natural Purification of the Ohio River.Public Helth Bulletion,1985.
[163]Fischer H.B.,Imberger.J.,List.E.J,roh.R.C.Y.,Brooks,N.H.Mixlng in Inland and Coastal waters,Academic prees,1979.
[164]Gabriel Gulis.Monika Czompolyova,James R Cerium.Anecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancerincidence in Tmava District,Slovakia.Environmental Research Section A.2002.88(A):182-187,
[165]周密,王华东,张义生.环境容量.长春:东北师范大学出版社,1987.
[166]国家环境保护局,中国环境科学研究所.总量控制技术手册.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[167]王超.污水处置理论与技术.南京:河海大学出版社,1998.
[168]郑孝宇,褚君达,朱维斌.河网非稳态水环境容量研究.水科学进展,1997,8(1):25-31.
[169]刘兰芳,张祥伟,夏军.河流水环境容量预测方法研究.水利学报,1998,(7):16-20.
[170]Daoyang ding,Philip L-F liu.An Operator-splitting Algorithm for Two-dimension Convection Dispersion Reaction Problems.Proc.Of Int.on Computational Methods in Flow Analysis,Ed.By H.Niki,M.Kawahara tokoyo,1988:1101-1108.
[171]Holly FM,Jt,Two-Dimensional Maxs Dispersion in river Colorado State University,1975,No.78.
[172]Jean A cunge.Two-dimensional modeling of flooding plains.Unsteady flow in open channels.1975(2):705-763.
[173]Lowe,S.A.Improving the Water Quality Calculation in Watershed Models.Journal of Environmental Hydrology,2001,9(2):2.
[174]金忠青,韩龙喜.一种新的平原河网水质模型组合单元水质模型.水科学进展,1998.3:35-40.
[175]唐秀云,杨永泰.汾江河水LAS降解特性研究.佛山科学技术学院学报(自然科学版),2003,21(1):43-45.
[176]李锦秀,廖文根.水流条件巨大变化对有机污染物降解速率影响研究.环境科学研究,2002,15(3):45-48.
[177]刘鹏.水环境生化降解系数的确定及应用.企业技术开发,2002,21(4):16-17.
[178]王春梅.石油类生化降解系数的测定研究.资源与环境,2006,8:181-182.
[179]慕金波,酒济明.河流中有机物降解系数的室内模拟实验研究.山东科学,1997,10(2):50-55.
[180]王有乐,周智芳,王立京等.黄河兰州段氨氮降解系数的测定.兰州理工大学学报,2006,32(5):72-74.
[181]王有乐,孙苑菡,周智芳等.黄河兰州段COD_(cr)降解系数的实验研究.甘肃冶金,2006,28(1)27-28.
[182]Machchiwa,Praxedak.Water quality management and sustainability,the experience of lake Victoria environment management project,Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003,28(20-27):1111-1115.
[183]Wang.X,Integrated water quality management and land-use planning in a watershed context,Journal of Environmental Management,2001,61(1):25-36.
[184]《兰州年鉴》编纂委员会.《兰州年鉴》.北京:中国统计出版社,2001-2006.
[185]范丽丽,逄勇,孙丽萍等.徐州市水环境容量研究.水资源保护,2007,23(1):57-59.
[186]卢薇.东莞市水环境现状分析及治理对策研究:中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.广州:中国科学院研究生院,2005.
[187]钟红云.江门市主要江河污染物排放总量控制研究.广东水利水电,2005,5:67-69.
[188]邓海峰.环境容量的准物权化及其权利构成.中国法学,2005,(4),59-66.
[189]杨锐.风景区环境容量初探-建立风景区环境容量概念体系.城市规划汇刊,1996,(6):12-15.
[190]刘培哲.水环境容量研究的理论与实践.环境科学论文集,1990:8-20.
[191]Li Shiyu,Tohru Morioka.Optimal allocation of waste loads in a river with probabilistic t ributary flow under transverse mixing.Water Environment Research,1997,71(2):156-162.
[192]Ellis.J.H..Stochastic water quality optimization using imbedded chance constraints.Water Resources Research,1987,23(12):2227-2238.
[193]Cardwell H,Ells H.Stochastic dynamic programming models for water quality management.Water Resources Research,1993,29(4):803-813.
[194]Chih sheng Lee,Ching gung Wen.Application of multi-objective programming to water quality management in a river basin.Journal of Environment Mangement,1996,47:11-26.
[195]Joshi V,Modak P.Heuristic algorithms for waste load allocation in a river basin.Water Sci.Tech.,1989,21:1057-1064.
[196]Ecker.C.H.A Geometric Programeming Model for Optimal Allocation of Stream Dissolved Oxygen.Management Science,1975,21(6):581-591.
[197]Thomann R V.,Sobel M.S.,Estuarine Water Quality Management and Forecasting,Journal of Sanitary Enginerring Division,ASCE,1964,89(5):9-36.
[198]严如忠.污染物总量控制指标层次分配模式研究.环境导报,2002,(2):12-14.
[199]杨玉峰,傅国伟.区域差异与国家污染物排放总量分配.环境科学学报,2001,21(2):129-133.
[200]林巍,傅国伟,刘春华.基于公理体系的排污总量公平分配模型.环境科学,1996,17(3):35-37.
[201]汪俊启,张颖.总量控制中水污染物允许排放量公平分配研究.安庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000,6(3):37-40.
[202]张颖,王勇.我国排污权初始分配的研究.绿色经济,2004,1:50-52.
[203]王有乐.区域水污染控制多目标组合规划模型研究.环境科学学报,2002,22(1):107-110.
[204]袁辉,王里奥,胡刚等.三峡重庆库区水污染总量的分配.重庆大学学报,2004,27(2):136-139.
[205]王素娜.曹娥江支流水质评价与河流水系环境容量分析(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[206]张志耀,张海明.污染物排放总量分配的群体决策方法研究.系统科学与数学,2001,21(4):437-479.
[207]马晓明.环境规划理论与方法.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[208]毛战坡,李怀恩.总量控制中削减污染物合理分摊问题的求解方法.西北水资源与水工程,1999,10(1):25-30.
[209]徐百福.允许排放总量分配方法与公平-效益原则.污染防治技术,1994,7(2):14-25.
[210]于术桐,黄贤金,郑通汉等.流域排污权初始分配模型构建及其应用研究--以淮河流域为例[J]排污交易国际研讨会论文集2008,11:373-385.
[211]杜卓,甘永峰,林燕新。产权市场:探索排污权交易权市场.2007,11,40-42.
[212]李克国,排污许可证交易的理论与实践,重庆环境科学,2000,22(4):10-12.