摘要
大豆三垄栽培、玉米茬原垄卡种大豆、大垄密、大垄行间覆膜和农村农户方式是目前黑龙江三江平原东部地区几种主要的大豆栽培模式。其中,国有农场系统依托大中型农业机械作业,而农村地区个体农户则依赖小型农机具作业。为了比较和优化大豆栽培技术模式,本文对不同生产规模和农机作业条件下几种栽培模式的产量和效益进行了比较。试验结果如下：
1、在国有农场系统,四种栽培模式的产量均比农村农户的种植方式产量高,尤其以大垄行间覆膜增产更为显著。近几年,大豆高产创建的高产典型都是采用大垄行间覆膜技术取得的,这与相关试验结果是相吻合的。玉米茬原垄卡种大豆能充分利用前茬残肥,减少化肥投入,减少机械整地作业层次,是实现低碳环保的栽培措施,也创造了较高的产量水平,但其受春季雨水的影响较大,造成播期拖后,可能影响产量。大垄密植是一项以增加群体密度,充分利用光合效率的一项大豆高产栽培措施,但大垄密播种匀度问题始终没有得到解决,造成播种不匀,不能真止达到群体结构合理分布,在多雨年份难以实现高产。三垄栽培技术是上述三项栽培技术模式的基础,既抗旱又抗涝,是低洼地种植大豆的首选栽培方式。
2、农村农户在没有大马力机械作业条件下作业,一般不进行秋季深松整地,而是春天在原有茬的基础上进行旋地后进行播种。由于没有大马力机械深松整地作业,这种栽培方式受春季雨水的影响较大,土壤的库容小,蓄水保墒能力弱,既不抗旱也不抗涝,抗灾能力差无法保证播种期和出苗质量。同时,农村小农户也不能进行合理轮作,造成大豆病虫害严重,产量普遍偏低。
3、根据调查和试验结果,作者提出,三江平原地区应大力推广行间覆膜技术。由于该项技术一次性投入比其它模式高55-65元/亩,因此,有条件的农户可采用此项技术。原垄卡种技术不管是产量水平还是亩纯效益上都是较好的,产量仅次于大垄行间覆膜,但亩纯效益却超过行间覆膜,应该得到大力推广。三垄栽培技术在低洼地和大垄密在岗地白浆土地上应用多年都得到较好收益的,这两项技术的应用具有其区域性的优势。
There are main cultivation models of soybean in the eastern region of Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province at present, which included'Ridge three'technique, no-tillage with maize stubble technique,'big ridge, condensed planting','big ridges, plastic film covered in rows'and conventional plant model of private farmers. In general, state farms rely on large and medium-sized agricultural mechanical operation, and individual farmers depend on mini-type farming machines in rural areas. In order to compare and optimize of soybean cultivation models, analysis on yield and benefit was carried out under different production scales and agricultural machinery workings of several cultivation models. The results are as follows:
1. The yields by four cultivation models in state farms are higher than rural farmers, and the model of big ridges, plastic film covered in rows had a significant increase. In recent years, the soybean typical high yields attained were contributed to the model of big ridges, which is consistent with the trial results. When the no-tillage with maize stubble technique was applied, the residual fertilizer of previous crop can be fully used by soybean, and chemical fertilizer inputs can be reduced, the mechanical soil preparation operation reduced as well, which created higher yield levels. But the above model is greater impacted by spring rainfall, and postpones sowing date, affects yields probably. The model of big ridge, condensed planting is a high-yield cultivation pattern by increasing population density, full using of photosynthetic efficiency. But the sowing evenness of big ridge, condensed planting model was remained unresolved. So the rational distribution of population structure cannot really achieved, high yield can not get in rainy years. The technique of three ridges is the bases of the upper three cultivation models, and was preferred for low land and water logging prone area.
2. The rural individual farmers generally have soil no deeply loosen and preparation in autumn for lack of high horsepower machines, they only sowed on the previous stubble ridges after rotary tillage. This cultivation model was easily affected by the rainfall of spring, and the soil moisture storage capacity is weak. So the suitable sowing time and emergence quality can not be guaranteed. Meanwhile, small farmers in rural areas can not comply with reasonable rotation which can result serious pests and diseases and low yield of soybean.
3. We greatly suggested that the "big ridges, plastic film covered in rows" model should be extended widely by the conclusions of experiment. And the affluent farmers can employ this technique for the total input of that is higher than the others by 55-65 yuan per 667 m2.The yield and economic benefit of no-tillage with maize stubble technique are superior, only lower than the "big ridges, plastic film covered in rows" model, but the pure profit per 667 m2 is higher. For this reason, the no-tillage with maize stubble technique should be made wide extension. The "three ridges" technique in lowland and the "big ridge, condensed planting" model in mound albic (planosol) soil both obtained better benefits for several years'application.
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