摘要
以燃烧分析仪、CO-HC化合物自动测试仪、透射和扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、气／质联用仪、激光纳米粒度分析仪等现代分析检测技术为手段，对柴油机废气中污染物的组成及物理化学性能等进行了较为系统的分析与表征。实验结果表明，颗粒物大多呈絮状及链状形态，其构成主要为有机物或为有机物所覆盖的碳微粒，粒径分布峰值约为40nm；柴油机废气中颗粒物浓度为32.6mg／m~3～143.6mg／m~3，NO_x浓度为208×10~(-6)～568×10~(-6)(v／v)，SO_2和HC化合物浓度分别为18×10~(-6)和16×10~(-6)(v／v)。
针对柴油机污染物的组成及特性，通过大量对比实验筛选出凹凸棒石粘土为主吸收剂，并对其进行了稀土改性。采用喷射鼓泡反应器考察了吸收液组成、液位高度、吸收液pH值、温度和柴油机工况等因素对柴油机废气污染物脱除效率的影响。实验得出吸收液最佳配方为：凹凸棒石粘土28％，稀土为粘土加入量的6％，NaOH约1.0％。在最佳实验条件下，柴油机颗粒物脱除率为71.3％，NO_x脱除率可达90.6％，SO_2和HC的脱除率均大于90％。实验室结果经工程应用试验得到了验证。
利用电镜、热重分析、激光粒度分析和红外光谱等实验手段，从凹凸棒石粘土的结构及其胶体液性质入手，对其净化柴油机废气的机理进行了实验和理论探讨。结果初步表明，在吸收液中NO脱除是一个催化氧化以及碱中和的联合吸收过程；颗粒物和HC主要为在凹凸棒石外表面及胶体粒子表面上的吸附；而SO_2等酸性气体的去除则主要为碱中和吸收过程。
Based on modern monitoring and analyzing technologies such as combustion analyzer, CO-HC automatic analyzer, Tem, Sem, EDS , GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and Zetasizer, this thesis investigates the composition, physical and chemical properties of the contaminants in the diesel exhaust gas. The experimental results show that most of the diesel particulates are wad-shaped and chain-shaped and composed mainly of organic compounds or carbon particles covered with organic compounds. The peak value of the diesel particle size distribution is about 40 nm. In the exhaust gas, the PM concentration was 32. 6mg/m~3～143.6mg/m~3, NO_x 208 × 10~(-6) ～ 568×10~(-6)(v/v), SO_2 18 × 10~(-6)(v/v) and HC about 16 × 10~(-6)(v/v).
.According to the physical and chemical properties of the diesel contaminants, a lot of experiments have been made before attapulgite clay was chosen as the main absorbent. Work has also been made on the rare earth modification of the attapulgite. The experiment used a jet bubble reactor to investigate the effects of the composition and pH value of absorbent solution, liquid level in the reactor, temperature and operating mode on the removal efficiency of the diesel contaminants. The optimal formula of the absorbent solution is as follows: Attapulgite clay 28%, m (Rare earth):m (Attapulgite clay) 6%, NaOH about 1%. Under the optimal experimental condition, the diesel particulates have been removed from the exhaust gas by 71. 3%, NO_x by 90.6%, all other harmful gas such as HC and SO_2 by over 90%. This experimental result was validated in engineering application trials.
After experimenting with Tem, Sem, Tg, Master sizer and Infrared spectra, the paper illustrates the crystalline structure of attapulgite and the colloidal properties of the absorbent solution, explores the mechanism of the diesel particulates and other contaminants removal from diesel exhaust gas. The initial result shows that the NO in the exhaust gas was removed through combined absorbent process of catalytic oxidation and alkali neutralization; the diesel particulates and HC were removed by the adsorption on the outer surface of attapulgite clay and colloid particles; the removal of the SO2 and other acid gases is a process of alkali neutralization.
引文
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